Accession of Montenegro to the European Union
Accession of Montenegro to the European Union is on the agenda for future enlargement of the EU.
Accession of Montenegro to the European Union | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Status | Candidate negotiating (screening complete) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Earliest possible entry | 2028 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Shortly after voting for independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in a referendum in 2006, Montenegro began the process of accession to the European Union by agreeing to a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU, which officially came into force on 1 May 2010.
Montenegro officially applied to join the EU on 15 December 2008, and membership negotiations began on 29 June 2012. With all the negotiating chapters opened, the country enjoys widespread support among EU members' officials, and the accession of the country to the EU was considered possible by 2025 as of March 2021.[1]
It is one of nine current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Among the six candidates with open negotiations (Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia, Moldova and Ukraine), the most advanced stage of the negotiations - defined as meeting the interim benchmarks for negotiation chapter 23 and 24 which allow the closing process of all negotiation chapters to start - has so far only been reached by Montenegro.[2] As of June 2024, thirty out of 33 chapters remain to be closed.
Montenegro's goal - shared by chief negotiator Predrag Zenović and the President of Montenegro - is to achieve membership of the EU by 2028.[3][4]
History
editSince Montenegro's potential candidate status was granted
editIdentification
editMontenegro was granted potential candidate status in December 2002, when it was still in a union with Serbia. The EU recognized the new and independent country's European Perspective on 21 June 2003 at the Thessaloniki Summit. The adoption of the Thessaloniki Declaration of 2003 was a promise by the EU that the former Yugoslav republics along with Albania have "unequivocal support for future integration and full membership of these states in the Union".[5]
Recommendation
editThe European Commission recommended Montenegro as a candidate country on 9 November 2010. Montenegro officially was granted candidate status on 17 December 2010.[6]
Candidacy
editMembership application
editMontenegro officially applied to join the EU on 15 December 2008.
Questionnaire
editOn 23 April 2009, the Council invited the European Commission to submit its opinion on the application. The Commission presented Montenegro with a questionnaire to assess its application on 22 July 2009.[7] On 9 December 2009, Montenegro delivered its answers to the EC questionnaire.[8] In 2010, the Commission issued a favourable opinion on Montenegro's application, identifying seven key priorities that would need to be addressed for negotiations to begin.
Treaties
editStabilisation and Association Agreement
editThe State Union of Serbia and Montenegro started the process of Accession to the European Union in November 2005, when negotiations over a Stabilisation and Association Agreement began. The EU concluded such agreements with states that wish to become members. In exchange for commitments to political, economic, trade, or human rights reform in the country, tariff-free access to some or all EU markets (industrial goods, agricultural products, etc.), and financial or technical assistance may be offered by the EU.
In May 2006, Montenegro voted for independence in a referendum, and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved. Serbia continued with the existing SAA negotiations, and separate negotiations were launched with Montenegro in September 2006.[9][10][11]
The Agreement was initiated on 15 March 2007 and signed on 15 October 2007. After all the 27 member-states of EU had ratified the SAA, it came into force on 1 May 2010.[12][13]
N/A: Not applicable.
|
EU programs and organisations
edit- Eastern Partnership: 22 January 2007
- Energy Community: joined 15 December 2006
- European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity:
- Southeast Europe Transport Community: since establishment in 2017
Public opinion
editMontenegro's population is overwhelmingly pro-EU, with 76.2% being in favor according to polling and only 9.8% against, in October 2009.[30]
As of May 2023, the support of the citizens of Montenegro for the country's membership in the European Union reached a record high of 79.3%, according to a survey commissioned by the EU Delegation to Montenegro. The survey reported 75.9% of citizens believe that Montenegro will become a member of the EU. Over 90% of citizens would vote in the referendum, and 81.1% of those voting would support Montenegro's membership in the EU.[31]
Negotiations and conditions
editMontenegro signed an agreement with the Bulgarian government in December 2007 in which Bulgaria would assist Montenegro with its Euro-Atlantic and EU integration for the following three years.[32] Reports at that time indicated Montenegro had ecological, judicial, and crime-related problems that may hinder its accession bid.[33]
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro has a special agency dedicated to accession to the EU, the Office for Assistance to the Chief Negotiator. The office's goal is to support the task of the Chief Negotiator for Montenegro's Accession to the EU, Zorka Kordić. On 27 July 2010, the Parliament passed a non-discrimination law that includes sexual orientation and gender identity as prohibited grounds of discrimination. This was one of the requirements the country had to meet for EU membership.[34]
In December 2011, the Council agreed to launch the accession process, with negotiations beginning on 29 June 2012.
The 2015 European Commission Progress Report on Montenegro noted that the country had made good progress toward meeting the benchmarks to join the EU, but the nation needed to address institutional frameworks, including competition policy, fighting against corruption and organized crime, and work in the areas of the environment and climate change.[35][36] A 2015 study of the readiness to join the EU by using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey collected from enterprise owners and management indicated that Montenegro passed three out of six business dimensions: basic infrastructure, goods delivery, and secure legal secure environment, but was lower than four other candidate nations in resources, technology support, and regulations.[36]
In its 2016 assessment of the accession progress, the European Parliament identified Montenegro as having the highest level of preparation for membership among the negotiating candidate nations.[37]
From 2014 through 2020, Montenegro received €279.1 million of developmental aid (not including the allocation for Cross-border Cooperation) from the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, a funding mechanism for EU candidate countries.[38] The priority areas for these funds include: democracy and governance, rule of law and fundamental rights, environment and climate action, transport, competitiveness and innovation, education, employment and social policies, agriculture and rural development, regional and territorial cooperation.[38]
With all the negotiating chapters opened as of 2021, Montenegro had widespread support among EU members' officials with possible accession to the EU considered by 2025.[1]
There are thirty open chapters, three have been provisionally closed, and two are in which there is nothing to adopt.
Clusters | Acquis Chapter | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Overview | Overview | 33 out of 33 | 6 out of 6 | 0 out of 6 |
Fundamentals | 23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights | Opened | Opened | – |
24. Justice, Freedom & Security | Opened | |||
Economic criteria | – | |||
Functioning of democratic institutions | – | |||
Public administration reform | – | |||
5. Public Procurement | Opened | |||
18. Statistics | Opened | |||
32. Financial Control | Opened | |||
Internal Market | 1. Free Movement of Goods | Opened | Opened | – |
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers | Opened | |||
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services | Opened | |||
4. Free Movement of Capital | Opened | |||
6. Company Law | Opened | |||
7. Intellectual Property Law | Opened | |||
8. Competition Policy | Opened | |||
9. Financial Services | Opened | |||
28. Consumer & Health Protection | Opened | |||
Competitiveness
and inclusive growth |
10. Information Society & Media | Opened | Opened | – |
16. Taxation | Opened | |||
17. Economic & Monetary Policy | Opened | |||
19. Social Policy & Employment | Opened | |||
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy | Opened | |||
25. Science & Research | Closed | |||
26. Education & Culture | Closed | |||
29. Customs Union | Opened | |||
Green agenda
and sustainable connectivity |
14. Transport Policy | Opened | Opened | – |
15. Energy | Opened | |||
21. Trans-European Networks | Opened | |||
27. Environment | Opened | |||
Resources, agriculture
and cohesion |
11. Agriculture & Rural Development | Opened | Opened | – |
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy | Opened | |||
13. Fisheries | Opened | |||
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments | Opened | |||
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions | Opened | |||
External relations | 30. External Relations | Closed | Opened | – |
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy | Opened | |||
34. Institutions | – | – | – | |
35. Other Issues | – | – | – |
Progression | 33 / 33
|
33 / 33
|
33 / 33
|
3 / 33
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acquis chapter[40] | Screening Started | Screening Completed | Chapter Opened | Chapter Closed | |||||||||||||
1. Free Movement of Goods | 2013-01-14 | 2013-03-06 | 2017-06-20 | – | |||||||||||||
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers | 2013-05-13 | 2013-06-07 | 2017-12-11[42] | – | |||||||||||||
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services | 2012-10-23 | 2012-11-30 | 2017-12-11[42] | – | |||||||||||||
4. Free Movement of Capital | 2013-01-18 | 2013-02-21 | 2014-06-24[43] | – | |||||||||||||
5. Public Procurement | 2012-09-27 | 2012-11-19 | 2013-12-18 | – | |||||||||||||
6. Company Law | 2012-10-02 | 2012-11-22 | 2013-12-18 | – | |||||||||||||
7. Intellectual Property Law | 2012-10-11 | 2012-11-21 | 2014-03-31 | – | |||||||||||||
8. Competition Policy | 2012-10-03 | 2012-12-04 | 2020-06-30 | – | |||||||||||||
9. Financial Services | 2013-04-17 | 2013-06-11 | 2015-06-22[44] | – | |||||||||||||
10. Information Society & Media | 2012-12-06 | 2013-01-22 | 2014-03-31 | – | |||||||||||||
11. Agriculture & Rural Development | 2012-11-06 | 2012-12-13 | 2016-12-13 | – | |||||||||||||
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy | 2012-10-15 | 2013-02-01 | 2016-06-30 | – | |||||||||||||
13. Fisheries | 2013-03-14 | 2013-06-06 | 2016-06-30 | – | |||||||||||||
14. Transport Policy | 2013-04-22 | 2013-05-30 | 2015-12-21 | – | |||||||||||||
15. Energy | 2013-02-27 | 2013-04-11 | 2015-12-21 | – | |||||||||||||
16. Taxation | 2013-04-08 | 2013-04-30 | 2015-03-30 | – | |||||||||||||
17. Economic & Monetary Policy | 2013-01-10 | 2013-02-26 | 2018-06-25 | – | |||||||||||||
18. Statistics | 2013-06-03 | 2013-06-25 | 2014-12-16[45] | – | |||||||||||||
19. Social Policy & Employment | 2013-01-23 | 2013-03-13 | 2016-12-13 | – | |||||||||||||
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy | 2012-10-25 | 2012-11-28 | 2013-12-18 | – | |||||||||||||
21. Trans-European Networks | 2013-04-22 | 2013-05-30 | 2015-06-22[44] | – | |||||||||||||
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments | 2012-11-14 | 2012-12-18 | 2017-06-20 | – | |||||||||||||
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights | 2012-03-26[46] | 2012-05-31 | 2013-12-18 | – | |||||||||||||
24. Justice, Freedom & Security | 2012-03-28[46] | 2012-05-25 | 2013-12-18 | – | |||||||||||||
25. Science & Research | 2012-09-24 | 2012-09-25 | 2012-12-18 | 2012-12-18[47] | |||||||||||||
26. Education & Culture | 2012-09-26 | 2012-11-16 | 2013-04-15 | 2013-04-15[48] | |||||||||||||
27. Environment & Climate Change | 2013-02-04 | 2013-03-22 | 2018-12-10[49] | – | |||||||||||||
28. Consumer & Health Protection | 2013-02-19 | 2013-04-16 | 2014-12-16[45] | – | |||||||||||||
29. Customs Union | 2013-05-23 | 2013-06-21 | 2014-12-16[45] | – | |||||||||||||
30. External Relations | 2013-05-14 | 2013-06-12 | 2015-03-30 | 2017-06-20 | |||||||||||||
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy | 2013-05-17 | 2013-06-27 | 2014-06-24[43] | – | |||||||||||||
32. Financial Control | 2013-05-16 | 2013-06-19 | 2014-06-24[43] | – | |||||||||||||
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions | 2013-05-15 | 2013-06-26 | 2014-12-16[45] | – | |||||||||||||
34. Institutions | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||||
35. Other Issues | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Acquis chapter | October 2011[50] | October 2012[51] | October 2013[52] | October 2014[53] | November 2015[54] | November 2016[55] | April 2018[56] | May 2019[57] | October 2020[58] | October 2021[59] | October 2022[60] | November 2023[61] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Free Movement of Goods | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation |
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Considerable efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
4. Free Movement of Capital | Some level of preparation | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
5. Public Procurement | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† |
6. Company Law | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation |
7. Intellectual Property Law | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation |
8. Competition Policy | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
9. Financial Services | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
10. Information Society & Media | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
11. Agriculture & Rural Development | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
13. Fisheries | Further efforts needed | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation |
14. Transport Policy | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† |
15. Energy | Moderately prepared | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation |
16. Taxation | Further efforts needed | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
17. Economic & Monetary Policy | Considerable efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
18. Statistics | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
19. Social Policy & Employment | Early stage | Considerable efforts needed | Further efforts needed | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation |
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy | Considerable efforts needed | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† |
21. Trans-European Networks | Further efforts needed | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† | Good level of preparation† |
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments | Early stage | Considerable efforts needed | Early stage | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Further efforts needed | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
24. Justice, Freedom & Security | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Further efforts needed | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
25. Science & Research | Moderately prepared | Further efforts needed | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation |
26. Education & Culture | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation |
27. Environment & Climate Change | Considerable efforts needed | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation |
28. Consumer & Health Protection | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | No major difficulties expected | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
29. Customs Union | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
30. External Relations | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | No major difficulties expected | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation |
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy | Further efforts needed | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | No major difficulties expected | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation | Good level of preparation |
32. Financial Control | Some level of preparation | Early stage | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared | Moderately prepared |
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Early stage | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation | Some level of preparation |
34. Institutions | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt |
35. Other Issues | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt | Nothing to adopt |
Legend:
Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters. † indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "moderately prepared" AND "good level of preparation". totally incompatible early stage considerable efforts needed some level of preparation further efforts needed moderately prepared no major difficulties expected good level of preparation well prepared / well advanced |
Economy
editDevelopmental Aid
editInstrument for Pre-Accession Assistance
IPA I
€236 M
(2007-2013)
IPA II
€271 M
(2014-2020)
IPA III
c. €300 M
(2021-2027)
Unilateral euro adoption
editMontenegro has no currency of its own. As a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia following World War II, and later of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Montenegro used the Yugoslav dinar as its official currency. In November 1999, the government of Montenegro unilaterally designated the Deutsche Mark as its co-official currency with the dinar, and on 1 January 2001 the dinar officially ceased to be a legal tender in Montenegro.[62][63] When the euro was introduced and the Deutsche Mark yielded in 2002, Montenegro followed suit and began using the euro as well, with no objection from the European Central Bank (ECB).[64][65]
The European Commission and the ECB have since voiced their discontent over Montenegro's unilateral use of the euro on several occasions.[66] A statement attached to their Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU read: "unilateral introduction of the euro was not compatible with the Treaty."[67] The EU insists on the strict adherence to convergence criteria (such as spending at least 2 years in the ERMII system) which are not negotiable before euro adoption, but have not intervened to stop the unilateral adoption of the euro by Montenegro in 2002.[66][68] The issue is expected to be resolved through the negotiations process.[66] The ECB has stated that the implications of unilateral euro adoption "would be spelled out at the latest in the event of possible negotiations on EU accession."[67]
Diplomats have suggested that it is unlikely Montenegro will be forced to withdraw the euro from circulation in their country.[64][67] Radoje Žugić, Montenegro's Minister of Finance, has stated that "it would be extremely economically irrational to return to our currency and then later to again go back to the euro."[69] Instead, he hopes that Montenegro will be permitted to keep the euro and has promised "the government of Montenegro, will adopt some certain elements, which should fulfil the conditions for further use of the euro; such as adopting fiscal rules."[69]
Travel
editSchengen Visa liberalisation process
editOn 1 January 2008, the visa facilitation and readmission agreements between Montenegro and the EU entered into force.[70] Montenegro was added to the list of visa exempt nationals on 19 December 2009, allowing their citizens to enter the Schengen Area and Cyprus without a visa when traveling with biometric passports.[71] The visa liberalisation process does not include travels to Ireland which, with the United Kingdom which left the EU during Montenegro's accession process, operate the Common Travel Area for visas outside of the Schengen Area.[72]
From May 2025 citizens of Montenegro will be required to register on the EU's ETIAS before entering the Schengen area.[73]
Montenegro's foreign relations with EU member states
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Kajosevic, Samir (26 March 2021). "Montenegro Targets 2025 to be Ready for EU Accession". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ Council of the European Union (26 June 2024). "Sixteenth meeting of the Accession Conference with Montenegro at Ministerial level (press release by the Council of the EU)". Consilium. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
- ^ "The EU-Montenegro Joint Consultative Committee: Montenegro is advancing in the EU accession path". European Economic and Social Committee. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ Tatiana Marinova; Simona-Alex Mihaleva (17 June 2024). "President Radev: Bulgaria Supports Montenegro's European Integration". BTA. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
- ^ "Twenty years since the Thessaloniki promise of the European perspective of the Western Balkans". europeanwesternbalkans.com. 21 June 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Commission Opinion on Montenegro's application for membership of the European Union". European Commission. 9 November 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "EC questionnaire to Montenegro" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- ^ "Montenegro delivers answers to EC questionnaire". SETimes. 10 December 2009. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Montenegro Key Events". European Commission - Enlargement. 2007. Archived from the original on 22 May 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Germany prepares to take over EU presidency". Southeast European Times. 28 December 2006. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Montenegro". European Commission. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "SAA comes into force for Montenegro". Archived from the original on 3 May 2010.
- ^ "Montenegro: Stabilisation and Association Agreement comes into force". Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "SAA Agreement with Macedonia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "SAA Agreement with Croatia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "SAA Agreement with Albania". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "SAA Agreement with Montenegro". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "EU, Montenegro complete negotiations on pre-membership deal to bring country closer to bloc". International Herald Tribune. The Associated Press. 1 December 2006. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ^ "SAA Agreement with Bosnia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "SAA Agreement with Serbia". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "SAA Agreement with Kosovo*". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ^ "Feasibility Study for a Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo*" (PDF). European Commission. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ a b "EU starts the Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations with Kosovo". European Commission. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ "Stabilization and Association Agreement is initialled". Ministry of European Integration of the Republic of Kosovo. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo signed". European Commission. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ "Kosovo to negotiate on Stabilisation and Association Agreement". 27 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement negotiations successfully completed". European External Action Service. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
- ^ "Kosovo Launches Crucial SAA Talks With EU". Balkan Insight. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
- ^ "Information relating to the entry into force of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and Kosovo (*), of the other part". EUR-Lex. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ "Političko javno mnjenje Crne Gore" (PDF). Centar Za Demokratiju i Ljudska Prava. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Record high public support for Montenegro's EU membership". Delegation of the European Union to Montenegro. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Новини от България и света, актуална информация 24 часа в денонощието". News.bg. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- ^ "Ren: Kriminal prepreka Crnoj Gori". 28 November 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ ILGA Europe:Montenegro fulfils EU membership requirement and protects LGBT people from discrimination. 19 August 2010.
- ^ "Key findings of the 2015 report on Montenegro". European Commission. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ a b Bahhouth, Victor; Ziemnowicz, Christopher (2019). "Meeting the global challenges of doing business in the five candidate countries on the road to join the European Union". Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 10: 1297–1318. doi:10.1007/s13132-018-0531-3.
- ^ "Report on the 2016 Commission Report on Montenegro". Committee on Foreign Affairs European Parliament. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ a b "Montenegro - financial assistance under IPA". European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR) European Commission. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Application of the revised enlargement methodology to the accession negotiations with Montenegro and Serbia". Brussels: General Secretariat of the Council. 6 May 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
- ^ "Montenegro - European Commission". neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ a b "EU Accession Negotiations". 21 December 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
As of 21 December 2015, twenty-two negotiating Chapters, including the rule of law Chapters, 23 – Judiciary and fundamental rights and 24 – Justice, freedom and security, have been opened, out which two Chapters (25 – Science and research and 26 – Education and culture) have been provisionally closed.
- ^ a b "EU advances membership talks for Montenegro, Serbia". euractiv.com. AFP. 12 December 2017.
- ^ a b c "EU otvorila još tri poglavlja u pregovorima s Crnom Gorom". 26 November 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- ^ a b "Sixth meeting of the Accession Conference with Montenegro at Ministerial level - 2 new chapters opened" (Press release). Latvian Presidency of the Council of the European Union. 22 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Potpredsjednik Vlade Igor Lukšić na Međuvladinoj konferenciji o pristupanju Crne Gore EU" [Deputy Prime Minister Igor Luksic at the Intergovernmental Conference on Montenegro's Accession to the EU]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European integration (in Montenegrin). 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
- ^ a b "EU 'Screening' of Montenegro Starts in Brussels". 28 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Montenegro - Membership status". 27 June 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ "EU-Montenegro promote accession talks". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
- ^ "MNE Chapter 27".
- ^ "Montenegro 2011 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- ^ "Montenegro 2012 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- ^ "Montengero 2013 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- ^ "Montenegro 2014 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- ^ "Montenegro 2015 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- ^ "Montenegro 2016 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- ^ "Montenegro 2018 Report" (PDF). European Commission. 17 April 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- ^ Montenegro 2019 Report (PDF). European Commission (Report). 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ Montenegro 2020 Report (PDF). European Commission (Report). 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ Montenegro 2021 Report. European Commission (Report). 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
- ^ "Montenegro Report 2022" (PDF). European Commission. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Montenegro Report 2023". European Commission. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ Amerini, Amerini (2004). "Exchange rates in Western Balkan countries" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2006.
- ^ Republic of Montenegro: Selected Issues. International Monetary Fund. February 2008. p. 34. ISBN 9781451826715.
- ^ a b "EU to question Montenegro's use of euro". 8 October 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ "Montenegro's euro challenge". BBC. 3 January 2002. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
- ^ a b c "EU warns Montenegro over Euro". b92.net. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- ^ a b c "Montenegro heading for EU membership". 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ "EU prijeti Crnoj Gori ukidanjem eura: Niste sposobni za našu valutu" [EU threatens revoking the euro from Montenegro: You're not capable enough for our currency]. Index.hr (in Croatian). 1 June 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Montenegro's peculiar path to EU membership". 7 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ "Montenegro - EU-Montenegro relations". European Commission. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ "EU lifts visa restrictions for Serbia". 30 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 December 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
- ^ "The British-Irish Visa Scheme" (PDF). Retrieved 7 September 2023.
- ^ "Schengen Visa Fees from Montenegro". Retrieved 3 August 2023.