A monoamine neurotoxin, or monoaminergic neurotoxin, is a drug that selectively damages or destroys monoaminergic neurons.[1] Monoaminergic neurons are neurons that signal via stimulation by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.[1] Examples of monoamine neurotoxins include the serotonergic neurotoxins para-chloroamphetamine (PCA), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT);[2] the dopaminergic neurotoxins oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine), MPTP, and methamphetamine; and the noradrenergic neurotoxins oxidopamine and DSP-4.[1] Dopaminergic neurotoxins can induce a Parkinson's disease-like condition in animals and humans.[1][3] Serotonergic neurotoxins have been associated with cognitive and memory deficits and psychiatric changes.[4][5][6][7]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/6-Hydroxydopamine.svg/225px-6-Hydroxydopamine.svg.png)
List of monoamine neurotoxins
editSerotonergic neurotoxins
editPhenethylamines
edit- 2,4-Dichloroamphetamine (2,4-DCA)[8]
- 2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine (2,4,5-THA)[9]
- 2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine (2,4,5-THMA)[9]
- 3-Chloroamphetamine (3-CA)[8][10]
- 3,4-Dichloroamphetamine (3,4-DCA)[8]
- 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)[1][11][2][9]
- 3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA)[11][12]
- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)[1][2][13][14]
- 4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine (4-CAB; 4-chloro-α-desmethyl-α-ethylamphetamine; α-ethyl-PCA)[11]
- α-Methyldopamine (3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine; 3,4-DHA)[2]
- α,N-Dimethyldopamine (3,4-dihydroxy-N-methylamphetamine; 3,4-DHMA)[2]
- Fenfluramine[1][15][16][17]
- Methamphetamine[1][14][9]
- Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine (MBDB)[11][12]
- Norfenfluramine[17][18]
- para-Bromoamphetamine (PBA; 4-bromoamphetamine; 4-BA)[19]
- para-Chloroamphetamine (PCA; 4-chloroamphetamine; 4-CA)[1][2][12]
- para-Chloromethamphetamine (PCMA; 4-chloromethamphetamine; 4-PCMA)[8]
- para-Iodoamphetamine (PIA; 4-iodoamphetamine; 4-IA)[11][20]
Tryptamines
edit- 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT)[1][2]
- 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT)[1][2]
- α-Ethyltryptamine (αET)[12][21][22]
2-Aminoindans
edit- 5-Iodo-2-aminoindan (5-IAI) (weak)[23][12][11]
- 5-Methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindane (MMAI) (with amphetamine)[24][25]
- 5,6-Methylenedioxy-2-aminoindan (MDAI) (weak; alone and with amphetamine)[26][11][27]
MPTP-related
edit- 2'-Amino-MPTP[1]
- Haloperidol[1][28]
- HPP+ (haloperidol pyridinium)[1][28]
Dopaminergic neurotoxins
editPhenethylamines
edit- 2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine (2,4,5-THA)[9]
- 2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine (2,4,5-THMA)[9]
- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (in mice but not in humans)[14][6]
- 6-Hydroxydopamine quinone (6-OHDA quinone; oxidopamine quinone)[29][30]
- Amphetamine[1]
- Methamphetamine[1][13][14]
- Oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine; 6-OHDA)[31][32][29]
Dopamine and metabolites
edit- 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL; dopamine aldehyde)[33][34]
- 5-S-Cysteinyldopamine (5-S-CyS-DA)[35]
- DOPA quinone[36][37]
- DOPAL quinone[38]
- Dopamine[39]
- Dopamine quinone[36][37]
- N-Methylnorsalsolinol[40]
- Norsalsolinol[40]
- Salsolinol[40][41]
Tryptamines
edit- 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT)[42]
MPTP-related
editPesticides
edit- Benomyl[45]
- Daidzin[45]
- Dieldrin[45]
- Fenpropathrin[46][47][48]
- Mancozeb[49]
- Maneb[49]
- Paraquat[46][49][50]
- Rotenone[1][46][49]
- Ziram[45]
Others
editNoradrenergic neurotoxins
editPhenethylamines and related
edit- 2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine (2,4,5-THA)[9]
- 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)[9]
- 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT)[42]
- 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT)[42]
- 6-Hydroxydopa[1]
- DSP-4[54][55]
- Oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine; 6-OHDA)[31][29]
- Xylamine[1]
Others
editUnsorted or unknown
editSee also
editReferences
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Ironically, in the 1960s, MPP+ itself had been tested as an herbicide under the commercial name of cyperquat (Di Monte, 2001).
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