The Tanganekald people were or are an Aboriginal Australian people of South Australia, today classed as part of the Ngarrindjeri nation.
The clan name Milmenrura (also spelt Milmendura, Milmendjuri, or Milmendjeri) was often used in the early days of the colony of South Australia to mean the whole tribe, in particular in association with the Maria massacre, in which 25 or 26 shipwrecked survivors of the brig Maria were massacred by local people on the Coorong.
Country
editThe Tanganekald lay to the southeast of the Jarildekald[1] (aka Yaralde[2]) and occupied 750 square miles (1,900 km2), predominantly about the narrow coastal strip along Coorong. Norman Tindale gives the following precise locations, based on detailed work with his informant, Clarence Long (Milerum), the last full blooded adult survivor of the Tangane.[3]
from Middleton south to Twelve Mile Point (north of Kingston); inland only to about inner margin of first inland swamp and dune terrace, the Woakwine or 25 foot (7.5 m.) terrace, usually no more than 5 to 10 miles (8 to 16 km.); on islands in Lake Alexandrina, except eastern and western extremities of Hindmarsh Island; around Meningie at south and of Lake Albert, at Salt Creek and Taratap (Ten Mile Point).[4]
Law professor Irene Watson wrote in a 2019 article about the Maria massacre: "The ancient identity and name of the Milmendjeri, one of the Tanganekald peoples, belong to the Coorong. They are ancient names that have become almost lost to living memory. Post-invasion, the peoples and territories of the Coorong have become known as Ngarrindjeri — this name is now privileged in native title claims over the lands and affairs of traditional First Nations nations such as Ramindjeri, Tanganekald, and Yaralde."[2]
A distinction was made between (a) teŋgi - the sandy grassed limestone slopes just back of the pandalapi (Coorong lagoon) where they fished and favoured for camping, as was the southern seaward side, the pariŋari, protected by the natunijuru, duned sandhills between them and the seashore (jurli) - and the inland mallee and swamps, known as lerami, which were good for hunting.[5]
The introduction of intensive pastoral practices, with sheep and cattle livestock, and rabbits, wrought havoc on the traditional Tanganekald landscape, leading one aged informant to grieve that,
'Our maldawuli (ancestors) told us, long, long ago, to 'beware of ants'. Whitemen must be the 'ants' he spoke of, for he has eaten away all my people, my herbs, my game, and even my sandhills.'[6]
Language
editTanganekald, also known as Thangal, is one of several dialects of the Ngarrindjeri language,[7] but is now extinct.[8]
Social organisation
editAccording to Norman Tindale, the Tanganekeld people consisted of some 22 bands.[9]
- Kondoliorn (lit. "whale men", composed of kondoli (whale) and -the suffix -orn (a contraction of korn meaning 'man, person')[10]
The Tanganekald were divided into the following clans:[citation needed]
| Clan name | Totems |
|---|---|
| Timpuruminďerar. | maluwi. (a large fish), ťili (blue fly) |
| Kargarďerar. | yalŋarinďeriorn. (bull ant), )?) kanmera. (mullet). |
| Kaikalabinďerar. | |
| Kanmerarorn/Kanmerinďerar. | |
| Mantändar. | |
| Ŋaiyinďerar. | |
| Puruwinďerar. | |
| Momakenďerar. | |
| Neŋkandular. | |
| Milminďerar.[11] |
Culture
editTindale recorded and transcribed many Tanganekald songs from Milerum, several of them bawdy.[12] One story cycle describes legends associated with the people the Tanganekald regarded as having lived in their land before their arrival. These people, the Thakuni, inhabited the lagoons around the Robe district's limestone coastal area. They could render themselves invisible at will, and were the object of particular horror for their piercing eyes, which could, at a mere glance, kill a person. They could only be observed by making swift slanting gazes. These people were said to have finally driven out of their habitats by the ancestral forefathers of the tribe, who managed to drive them into the sea. There they were transmogrified either into jagged limestone boulders on the outer reefs, or became fairy penguins.[13]
Mythology
editAccording to Tanganekald belief, ancestral human-like beings, the Ŋurunderi and others, collectively referred to by the term maldawuli, were responsible, together with ŋaitje, (totemtotemic animals, consisting mostly of birds) for the creation of the landscape they now inhabit. One story in this sequence, whose events are associated with a crater near McGrath Flat homestead, concerns an aged woman, Prupe,[a] and her sister Koromarange, both of the Marntandi clan. Growing sightless, Prupe had turned cannibal and had eaten almost all of the district's children, save one, her sister's granddaughter Koakaŋgi. To save her grandchild and stave off Prupe's intrusive foraging for her, Koromarange would bring her sister food. This only made the latter suspicious and, as she went blind, she thought of taking the child to harvest her eyes so she might regain her sight. While the grandmother was netting fish, Prupe managed to kidnap her young ward, who had revealed her presence by crying out for water, and took her back to her camp. When Koromarange realized what had happened, she followed their spoors and came across Prupe, who was about to extract Koakaŋgi's eyes. Feigning fatigue she asked her sister to fetch her some restorative water, giving her a pierced skull as a water-dish, causing Prupe to lose time ladling in the water, while Koromarange contrived a snare nearby, and fled with the child. On discovering the deception, Prupe rushed forth, only to be trapped in the snare, and, kicking some live coals as she lashed out, was incinerated. The intensity of the fire caused a crater to be formed on the spot where she camped. Thus, Koromarange and her grandchild Koakaŋgi managed to get back to their beach camp.
Alternative names
editAccording to Tindale, various names were applied to this group:Tindale 1974
- Dangani
- Kalde (means language).
- Milmenrura (a clan name only; often used in early days for the whole tribe, presumably owing to the notoriety associated with their murder of survivors of the shipwrecked Maria), with the following versions: Milmendura, Milmendjuri (also spelt Milmendjeri[2]), Milmain-jericon
- T(h)unga, Thungah
- Tangalun
- Tangane (short form), Tanganalun, Tanganarin, Tangani
- Tenggi (Potaruwutj term, actually name of the Coorong itself)
- Tenkinyra
- Wattatonga (name applied by the Bunganditj, lit. "men of the evening", because they live to the west)
Notable people
editNotable people of Tanganekald heritage include:
Footnotes
edit- ^ The word reflects a term, brupe, registered by Meyer in his Ramindjeri wordlist in 1837, as meaning 'bad, old, imperfect',[14] and, according to Tindale, 'ugly'. (Tindale 1938, pp. 19–20)
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Brown 1918, p. 241.
- ^ a b c d Watson, Irene (2019). "Colonial Logic and the Coorong Massacres". Adelaide Law Review 167. pp. 167–171. Retrieved 17 December 2023 – via AustLII.
My Aboriginal identity belongs to Tangalun, a place known to the Tanganekald and Meintangk Peoples as the end place of the Tangane language. It's at the southern end of the Coorong, and it is where Tanganekald country meets Meintangk people's lands and territories. It was renamed Kingston by colonial settlers in 1851.
- ^ Monaghan 2009, pp. 236–238.
- ^ Tindale 1974.
- ^ Tindale 1974, p. 21.
- ^ Tindale 1938, p. 20.
- ^ "Thangal/Tanganekald". Mobile Language Team. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ S11 Tanganekald at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Tindale 1974, p. 218.
- ^ Tindale 1974, p. 29.
- ^ Brown 1918, pp. 228–229.
- ^ Tindale 1937, pp. 107–120.
- ^ Tindale 1974, p. 76.
- ^ Meyer 1843, pp. 57, 106.
Sources
edit- Brown, A. R. (July–December 1918). "Notes on the Social Organization of Australian Tribes". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 48: 222–253. doi:10.2307/2843422. JSTOR 2843422.
- Meyer, H. A. E. (1843). Vocabulary of the language spoken by the aborigines of the Southern and Eastern portions of the settled districts of South Australia: preceded by a grammar. Adelaide: James Allen.
- Monaghan, Paul (2009). "Placenames in the Norman B. Tindale collection of papers" (PDF). In Hercus, Luise; Koch, Harold (eds.). Aboriginal Placenames: Naming and Re-naming the Australian Landscape. Australian National University Press. pp. 226–250. ISBN 978-1-921-66608-7.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1937). "Native songs of the South East of South Australia". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 61: 107–120.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1938). "Prupe and Koromarange, a Legend of the Tanganekald, Coorong, South Australia". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 62: 18–24.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1946). "Australian (Aborigine)". In Shipley, J. T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Literature (PDF). Vol. 1. Philosophical Library. pp. 74–78.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Tanganekald (SA)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.