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Interstate 240 (Tennessee)

(Redirected from Memphis Loop)

Interstate 240 (I-240) is a 19.27-mile-long (31.01 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway in the US state of Tennessee that forms a bypass around the southern and eastern neighborhoods of Memphis. Combined, I-240 and its parent, I-40, form a contiguous beltway around most of Memphis. I-240 runs from I-40 in Midtown Memphis to I-40 and Sam Cooper Boulevard in East Memphis. Throughout its length, it provides access to I-55, multiple U.S. and state routes, and the Memphis International Airport. The segment between the western terminus and I-55 is a north–south route, and the segment between I-55 and the eastern terminus runs east to west. Throughout its length, I-240 is designated as the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Expressway, the W.B. Fowler Sr. Expressway, and the Avron B. Fogelman Expressway.

Interstate 240 marker
Interstate 240
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Expressway
W.B. Fowler Sr. Expressway
Avron B. Fogelman Expressway
Map
I-240 highlighted in red
Route information
Auxiliary route of I-40
Maintained by TDOT
Length19.27 mi[1] (31.01 km)
ExistedNovember 12, 1958[2]–present
NHSEntire route
Major junctions
West end I-40 / SR 14 in Memphis
Major intersections
East end I-40 / Sam Cooper Boulevard in Memphis
Location
CountryUnited States
StateTennessee
CountiesShelby
Highway system
← SR 239→ SR 240

The first sections of I-240 were opened in 1962, and the present-day route was completed in 1971. I-240 was first envisioned in the 1950s as a complete circular beltway around Memphis. The western segment between I-40 and I-55 was designated as I-255 until 1973, however. Citizen opposition to the routing of I-40 through Overton Park in the central part of Memphis resulted in I-40 being rerouted onto what was originally the northern loop of I-240 in 1981. As a result of this change, I-240's exits are still numbered according to their original mileage, which today is inconsistent with its length.

Route description

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I-240 begins as a north–south route in Midtown Memphis east of downtown at a directional T interchange with I-40, which shifts from an east–west to a temporary north–south alignment here. The ramps carrying traffic between I-40 and I-240 merge approximately 0.75 miles (1.21 km) north of this interchange in order to avoid interference with the State Route 14 (SR 14, Jackson Avenue) interchange on I-40, which is also directly accessible from I-240 northbound here. I-240 runs almost directly south here, carrying six throughlanes, and reaches interchanges with Madison Avenue, Union Avenue, and E. H. Crump Boulevard/Lamar Avenue (unsigned U.S. Route 78 (US 78)) a short distance beyond this point. Access between these interchanges is provided via a complex network of collector–distributor lanes, and direct access to and from I-40 is also provided for Madison Avenue. Shifting slightly to the west, I-240 continues southward, crossing a railyard and passing next to Elmwood Cemetery before reaching a cloverleaf interchange with South Parkway about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) later. The freeway the continues south, shifting slightly eastward, and reaches a combination interchange with I-55 in South Memphis about four miles (6.4 km) later. Here, a series of two-lane ramps carry I-240 traffic from a north–south to an east–west alignment.

I-240 continues east-northeast once again as a six-lane freeway and immediately crosses US 51 (Elvis Presley Boulevard) without an interchange. It then passes through the southern neighborhoods of Memphis for the next four miles (6.4 km) before intersecting with a connector road to the Memphis International Airport to the south. This interchange is almost a complete cloverleaf, with three loop ramps and one underpass ramp. A few miles later, the highway reaches US 78 (Lamar Avenue) in an interchange that is also nearly a complete cloverleaf, with three loop ramps and one flyover ramp. Here, the Interstate expands to eight lanes and shifts slightly east-southeast. A short distance later, I-240 has a partial cloverleaf interchange (parclo) with the northern terminus of SR 176 (Getwell Road). Over the next three miles (4.8 km), I-240 runs along the northern bank of Nonconnah Creek, shifting east-northeast before reaching an interchange with the western terminus of SR 385 (Bill Morris Parkway), a controlled-access spur that serves the southeastern suburbs of Memphis, where it briefly reduces to six lanes. The highway then turns and proceeds north, expanding back to eight lanes, and reaches an unusually configured interchange with US 72 (Poplar Avenue) a short distance later. Continuing almost directly north, the freeway reaches a parclo interchange with Walnut Grove Road (the unsigned western terminus of SR 23) almost two miles (3.2 km) beyond this point. I-240 then gradually shifts northwest and reaches its northern terminus almost two miles (3.2 km) later at a four-level stack interchange with I-40, Sam Cooper Boulevard, and US 64/US 70/US 79 (Summer Avenue) in East Memphis.

History

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Planning and construction controversies

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1955 Interstate Highway plan for Memphis

I-240 was first planned in 1955 as a 30.8-mile (49.6 km) beltway that would completely encircle midtown Memphis, with the exception of the segment between I-40 and I-55, which was initially designated as I-255. In 1973, that number was decommissioned in favor of I-240 running in a full loop. I-40 was planned to run directly east to west between the western terminus of I-240 in downtown, commonly known as the Midtown Interchange, to what is now the eastern terminus of I-240 in eastern Memphis. However, in 1957, citizens collected 10,000 signatures protesting the route of I-40, which was to cut through Overton Park, a 342-acre (138 ha) public park in Midtown that contained a wooded refuge, the Memphis Zoo, the Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, the Memphis College of Art, a 9-hole golf course, an amphitheater that was the site of Elvis Presley's first paid concert in 1954, and other features.[3] They also founded an activist group called Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, and waged a multiyear legal battle, which culminated in the US Supreme Court ruling in their favor in 1971.

The Supreme Court remanded the case to the District Court for further review, and it ruled that the highway commission had not adequately explored alternative routes.[4] The Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT), however, continued to explore alternative options to construct the route through Overton Park, including tunneling under the park or constructing the highway below grade, but ultimately concluded that these alternatives were too expensive.[5] On January 9, 1981, then-Governor Lamar Alexander submitted a request to the then-Secretary of Transportation Neil Goldschmidt to cancel the route through Overton Park, which was approved seven days later.[6][7] I-40 was then rerouted onto a concurrency with the northern loop of I-240, and I-240 was removed from this section the following year. This turned I-240 into a semi-beltway around the southern part of the city, and exits were not renumbered. Part of the proposed I-40 route was constructed from North Highland Street east to the eastern I-40/I-240 junction. The road is now called Sam Cooper Boulevard and is owned by the city. In addition, right-of-way was acquired west of the park and many structures demolished to make way for the Interstate. Most of these empty lots have since been built over.[8]

Construction

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The first segment of I-240, located between US 51 and US 78 (Lamar Avenue), opened on December 15, 1962.[9] The section between US 78 and Walnut Grove Road opened on December 31, 1962.[10] The section between Walnut Grove Road and the interchange with I-40 and Sam Cooper Boulevard, along with the short segment of I-40 north to US 64/US 70/US 79 (Summer Avenue), which was then part of I-240, was dedicated on October 9, 1963, and opened 14 days later.[11][12] On July 23, 1965, the segment between I-55 and South Parkway opened.[13] The segment between South Parkway and US 78 (Lamar Avenue, E. H. Crump Boulevard) opened on October 20, 1966.[14] The section between US 78 and Union Avenue opened on May 27, 1971.[15] The final section of the present-day alignment of I-240, located between Union Avenue and the Midtown interchange with I-40, opened on July 14, 1971.[16] The connecting segments of I-40 between the Midtown interchange and Chelsea Avenue, which was then signed as part of I-240, and between US 51 and the Midtown interchange, were also opened at the same time.[16] The last section of what was originally part of I-240 to be completed was the section between Chelsea Avenue and US 64/US 70/US 79, which is now part of I-40. Construction on this segment began in April 1974, and the section was opened to traffic on March 28, 1980, after years of delays.[17]

I-40/I-240 interchange reconstructions

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The interchange between I-40 and I-240 in Midtown Memphis in 2003, shortly before reconstruction. Unused ramps and bridges and grading for the canceled section of I-40 (right) are visible.

The cancelation of the section of I-40 through Overton Park rendered both interchanges with I-240 inadequate to handle the unplanned traffic patterns, thus necessitating their reconstruction.[8] In addition, both interchanges contained ramps with hazardous sharp curves with some of the highest crash rates in the state.[18] On the eastern interchange, reconstruction was accomplished in two separate projects.[19] The first project, which began in January 2001 and was completed in June 2003, constructed a new two-lane flyover ramp from I-40 westbound to I-240 westbound, replacing a single-lane loop ramp, and widened I-240 south of the interchange.[20] Also in this project, I-40 directly north of the interchange was reconstructed in preparation for the second project and the interchanges with US 64/US 70/US 79 (Summer Avenue) and White Station Road were modified.[19]

The second project was initially slated to begin in January 2004 but was delayed until October 2013 due to funding and redesign complications.[19][21] A two-lane flyover was constructed to carry I-40 eastbound traffic through the interchange, replacing a one-lane ramp with a slow design speed. The single-lane ramp carrying I-40 westbound traffic through the interchange was rerouted to become the exit ramp for Summer Avenue and replaced with a two-lane flyover that connects to the flyover constructed in the first project. Additional aspects of this project widened the ramp between I-240 eastbound and I-40 eastbound to three lanes, widened both approaches to the interchange on I-40, which required a new 14-lane bridge over the Wolf River, widened the approach on I-240 south of the interchange, added throughlanes to Sam Cooper Boulevard, and reconfigured the SR 204 (Covington Pike) interchange.[22] The project costed $109.3 million (equivalent to $141 million in 2023[23]), which was, at the time, the highest-bid contract in state history and was completed on December 15, 2016.[21][24]

The interchange with the western terminus of I-240 near Midtown Memphis was reconstructed between June 2003 and December 2006.[25] This project consisted of converting the interchange into a directional T-interchange and the demolition of several unused ramps and bridges that had been constructed with the intent of I-40 continuing directly east of this interchange prior to the Overton Park controversy.[26] The nearby cloverleaf interchange with SR 14 (Jackson Avenue) was also converted into a parclo interchange, and several additional auxiliary lanes and slip ramps were constructed. The northern merge with I-40 and I-240 was moved north of the SR 14 interchange.[27]

Other projects

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I-240 has seen significant reconstruction over its history as usage has exceeded design capacity. The portion between US 78 (Lamar Avenue) and Mount Moriah Road was widened to eight throughlanes in the early 2000s.

On January 18, 2008, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) authorized the states of Mississippi and Tennessee to extend I-69 from the I-40/SR 300 interchange in north Memphis to an interchange on I-55 in Hernando, including the north–south portion of I-240. Tennessee has not signed the extension of the route, although Mississippi has already done so.[28]

A widening project began on the stretch of I-240 from north of SR 385 to north of Walnut Grove Road in April 2011. This included adding one throughlane in each direction and a redesigning of the US 72 (Poplar Avenue) interchange, as well as new retaining walls and noise barriers. The project was completed in late 2014, more than one year later than initially expected.[29]

Major incidents

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Further information: Memphis tanker truck disaster

On December 23, 1988, a tanker truck hauling liquefied propane crashed at the interchange between I-40 and the western terminus of I-240 and exploded, producing a massive fireball that enveloped the Interstate and started multiple structural fires. The tank was then propelled from the highway by the force of the combusting gas within the tank and crashed into a nearby duplex, starting additional fires. The incident resulted in the deaths of six motorists and three occupants of nearby buildings and injured 10 people.[30][31][32]

On March 24, 2010, a sinkhole formed in the two leftmost northbound lanes north of the Walnut Grove interchange. It was initially thought to have been a smaller pothole and had been paved over the day before. It formed around 3:00 pm and damaged several cars, although no injuries were reported. These two lanes were shut down until March 28 while the sinkhole was filled.[33]

Exit list

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The exits on I-240 run clockwise, reflecting their initial numbering as part of a circumferential beltway. Because of the rerouting of I-40, I-40 retains I-240's historic exit numbers 1 through 12A–C. The entire route is in Memphis, Shelby County.

mikmExitDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 
  I-40 west – Little Rock		Counterclockwise terminus
12A     US 64 / US 70 / US 79 / SR 1 (Summer Avenue)No westbound exit; SR 1 not signed
12BSam Cooper Boulevard westSam Cooper Blvd. exits 10A–B
12C 
  I-40 east – Nashville		Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; I-40 exit 10A
1.812.9113Walnut Grove Road (SR 23 west)Signed as exits 13A (west) and 13B (east) westbound; eastern terminus of SR 23
3.675.9115  US 72 (SR 57 / Poplar Avenue) – GermantownSigned as exits 15A (east) and 15B (west)
5.18–
5.30		8.34–
8.53		16 
  SR 385 east (Bill Morris Parkway) – Collierville		Western terminus of SR 385
6.079.7717Mount Moriah Road
6.9411.1718Perkins Road
8.3313.4120 
  SR 176 south (Getwell Road)		Signed as exits 20A (south) and 20B (north) eastbound; northern terminus of SR 176
9.7515.6921   US 78 / SR 4 (Lamar Avenue) – BirminghamSR 4 not signed
11.4818.4823  Airways Boulevard - Memphis International AirportSigned as exits 23A (north) and 23B (south)
12.76–
12.87		20.54–
20.71		24Millbranch Road / Nonconnah Boulevard
13.8622.3125  I-55 – Jackson, Miss., St. LouisSigned as exits 25A (south) and 25B (north); south end of future I-69 overlap
14.5323.3826Norris Road
16.3826.3628South ParkwaySigned as exits 28A (east) and 28B (west)
17.8528.7329Lamar Avenue ( US 78 / SR 4) / Crump Boulevard
18.36–
18.49		29.55–
29.76		30Union Avenue ( US 51 / US 64 / US 70 / US 79) / Madison AvenueSigned for Union Avenue northbound, Madison Avenue southbound
19.1330.7931 
  I-40 west – Little Rock		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; exit 1E on I-40
32  SR 14 (Jackson Avenue)Northbound exit and southbound entrance
19.8031.87 
  I-40 east – Nashville		Clockwise terminus; north end of future I-69 overlap
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Staff (October 31, 2002). "Table 2: Auxiliary Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002". Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration.
  2. ^ Johnson, A. E. (November 12, 1958). "Correspondence to Herbert M. Bates". VisualVault. American Association of State Highway Officials. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  3. ^ McNichol, Dan (2006). The Roads that Built America: The Incredible Story of the U.S. Interstate System. New York: Sterling Publishing. pp. 159–160. ISBN 9781402734687 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402 (U.S. Supreme Court 1971).
  5. ^ United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works (April 19, 1978). Proposed Highway Construction Through Overton Park, Memphis, Tenn.: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Transportation, of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, Second Session (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 45–56. 95-H59. Retrieved April 27, 2020 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Brosnan, James W. (January 10, 1981). "State Seeks To Withdraw I-40 Segment". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. p. 3. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ Cunningham, Morris; Brosnan, James W. (January 17, 1981). "I-40 Funds Diverted, Park Route Canceled". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. p. 1, 3. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ a b Risher, Wayne (June 28, 1998). "I-40 vs. the Park: Who Was Right? Overton Decision Brought Tradeoff". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. p. A1, A16, A17. Retrieved November 18, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ "Traffic Flows On New Link Of Memphis' Expressway". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. December 16, 1962. p. 1. Retrieved November 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ "Motorists Will Get 'Bonus' Monday". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. December 27, 1962. p. 25. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  11. ^ "Expressway Link Will Be Opened Next Wednesday". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. October 5, 1963. p. 1. Retrieved November 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ "Summer Section Of Expressway Open To Traffic". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. October 24, 1963. p. 8. Retrieved November 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "Alterations In Traffic Patterns". Memphis Press-Scimitar. July 22, 1965. p. 19. Retrieved January 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ Covington, Jimmie (October 4, 1966). "New I-255 Link Likely To Upset Traffic Pattern". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. p. 1. Retrieved November 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ Enoch, Dale (May 27, 1971). "King Freeway To Open Today -- Minus Signs". The Commercial Appeal. p. 39. Retrieved November 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ a b "Open At Last (Illustration)". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. July 14, 1971. p. 19. Retrieved November 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ Dawson, William (March 29, 1980). "Flow Of Compliments, Traffic Marks Opening Of I-240 Link". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. p. 13. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ "Memphis City Council Wants Quick Redesign of Ramp Where Tanker Exploded". Associated Press. December 27, 1988.
  19. ^ a b c "I-40/I-240 Project". Tennessee Department of Transportation. 2001. Archived from the original on June 16, 2001. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  20. ^ Adams, Tracy (June 26, 2003). "Honk If You Like I-40 Relief". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. p. A1.
  21. ^ a b Reese, Michelle (October 8, 2013). "Construction Set To Begin On I-240/I-40 Interchange". Memphis, Tennessee: WREG-TV. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  22. ^ "I-40/I-240 Interchange". Tennessee Department of Transportation. 2013. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  23. ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
  24. ^ "I-40 / I-240 Interchange – Phase II". Dement Construction Company. 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  25. ^ Charlier, Tom (December 10, 2006). "Midtown I-40/240 Project Wraps Up; Dangerous curves led to deaths of 8 in 1988". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. p. B1, B7. Retrieved November 26, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ^ "I-40/I-240 Midtown Interchange". Tennessee Department of Transportation. 2003. Archived from the original on April 5, 2004. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  27. ^ "I-40/240 Midtown Interchange - Project Facts". Tennessee Department of Transportation. 2003. Archived from the original on December 27, 2005. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  28. ^ Capka, J. Richard (January 18, 2008). "Letter to Paul D. Degges]" (PDF). Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved May 28, 2008.[permanent dead link]
  29. ^ "Interstate 240 Widening Project". Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
  30. ^ Isner, Michael S. (February 6, 1990). Fire Investigation Report: Propane Tank Truck Incident, Eight People Killed, Memphis, Tennessee, December 23, 1988 (Report). National Fire Protection Association. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  31. ^ Serafino, Phil (December 23, 1988). "A propane tanker truck crashed into a bridge support..." United Press International. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  32. ^ "Propane Truck Blows Up; 8 Die, 10 Hurt". Los Angeles Times. December 24, 1988. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  33. ^ "Large sinkhole opens up on I-240". actionnews5.com. March 24, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
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