The maxima clam (Tridacna maxima), also known as the small giant clam, is a species of bivalve mollusc found throughout the Indo-Pacific region.[3]
| Maxima clam | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Cardiida |
| Family: | Cardiidae |
| Subfamily: | Tridacninae |
| Genus: | Tridacna |
| Species: | T. maxima
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| Binomial name | |
| Tridacna maxima Röding, 1798
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| Synonyms | |
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They are much sought after in the aquarium trade, as their often striking coloration mimics that of the true giant clam; however, the maximas maintain a manageable size, with the shells of large specimens typically not exceeding 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length.
Description edit
Bivalves have two valves on the mantle. These siphon water through the body to extract oxygen from the water using the gills and to feed on algae.[4] The maxima is less than one-third the size of the true giant clam (Tridacna gigas).
Shell edit
Adults develop a large shell that adheres to the substrate by its byssus, a tuft of long, tough filaments that protrude from a hole next to the hinge.
Mantle edit
When open, the bright blue, green or brown mantle is exposed and obscures the edges of the shell which have prominent, distinctive furrows. The attractive colours of the small giant clam are the result of crystalline pigment cells. These are thought to protect the clam from the effects of intense sunlight, or bundle light to enhance the algae's photosynthesis.[4] Maxima produce the color white in their mantle by clustering red, blue and green cells, while individual T. derasa cells are themselves multi-colored.[5]
Distribution and habitat edit
The small giant clam has the widest range of all giant clam species. It is found in the oceans surrounding East Africa, India, China, Australia, Southeast Asia, the Red Sea, and the islands of the Pacific.[1][6]
Found living on the surface of reefs or sand, or partly embedded in coral,[7] the small giant clam occupies well-lit areas, due to its symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae, which require sunlight for energy production.[4]
Biology edit
A sessile mollusc, the small giant clam attaches itself to rocks or dead coral and siphons water through its body, filtering it for phytoplankton, as well as extracting oxygen with its gills. However, it does not need to filter-feed as much as other clams since it obtains most of the nutrients it requires from tiny photosynthetic algae known as zooxanthellae.[4]
Beginning life as a tiny fertilised egg, the small giant clam hatches within 12 hours, becoming a free-swimming larva. This larva then develops into another, more developed, larva which is capable of filter-feeding. At the third larval stage, a foot develops, allowing the larva to alternately swim and rest on the substrate. After eight to ten days, the larva metamorphoses into a juvenile clam, at which point it can acquire zooxanthellae and function symbiotically.[4] The juvenile matures into a male clam after two or three years, becoming a hermaphrodite when larger (at around 15 centimetres in length). Reproduction is stimulated by the lunar cycle, the time of day, and the presence of other eggs and sperm in the water. Hermaphroditic clams release their sperm first followed later by their eggs, thereby avoiding self-fertilisation.[4]
Conservation edit
The species is protected under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning international import/export of all parts and derivatives requires CITES permits to be granted.[2]
Gallery edit
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References edit
- Bianconi, J.J. (1869). Specimina zoologica Mosambicana. Fasciculus XVII. Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna, sér. 2. 199–222; Pls. I-IV.
- Hedley, C. (1921). A revision of the Australian Tridacna. Records of the Australian Museum. 13 (4): 163–172, pls 27–34.
- Morton, B. & Morton, J. (1983). The sea shore ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 350 pp.
- Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp
This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Maxima clam" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.
- ^ a b Wells, S. (1996). "Tridacna maxima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T22138A9362499. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T22138A9362499.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207675 on 2022-10-13
- ^ a b c d e f Ellis, S. (1998) Spawning and early larval rearing of giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, 130: 1–55.
- ^ "Giant clams could inspire better color displays and solar cells". www.gizmag.com. January 20, 2016. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
- ^ Huelsken, T., Keyse, J., Liggins, L., Penny, S., Treml, E.A., Riginos, C. (2013) A Novel Widespread Cryptic Species and Phylogeographic Patterns within Several Giant Clam Species (Cardiidae: Tridacna) from the Indo-Pacific Ocean. PLoS ONE, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080858.
- ^ Wells, S.M., Pyle, R.M. and Collins, N.M. (1983) The IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
External links edit
- Maxima clam media from ARKive
- Stephen D. A. Smith, Growth and population dynamics of the giant clam Tridacna maxima (Röding) at its southern limit of distribution in coastal, subtropical eastern Australia; Molluscan Research 31(1): 37–41; ISSN 1323-5818
- Röding, P. F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat Joa. Fried Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. annos proto physicus Hamburgensis. Pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. Trapp, Hamburg. viii, 199 pp
- Lamarck (J.-B. M.) de. (1819). Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Tome 6(1): vi + 343 pp. Paris: published by the author.
- Reeve, L. A. (1862). Monograph of the genus Tridacna. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 14, pl. 1-8 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London.
- Sowerby, G. B. II. (1884). Monograph of the genera Tridacna and Hippopus. In G. B. Sowerby II (ed.), Thesaurus conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells. Vol. 5 (41-42): 179-182, pl. 485-489, 489*. London, privately published.
- Sowerby, G. B. III. (1912). Notes on the shells of Tridacna, and description of a new species. Proceedings of the Malacological Society. 10(1): 29-31
- Iredale, T. (1927). New molluscs from Vanikoro. Records of the Australian Museum. 16(1): 73-80, pl. 5.
- Bonfitto A., Sabelli B., Tommasini S. & Herbert D. (1994). Marine molluscan taxa from Mozambique described by G.G. Bianconi and preserved in the Zoological Museum of the University of Bologna. Annals of the Natal Museum 35:133-138.
- Poorten, J.J. ter, 2009. The Cardiidae of the Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project 2004 and the Panglao 2005 Deep-Sea Cruise with descriptions of four new species (Bivalvia). Vita Malacologica 8: 9-96
