Maximillian Oppenheimer (/ˈɒpənhaɪmər/ OP-ən-hy-mər, German: [maksiˈmiːli̯aːn ˈʔɔpn̩ˌhaɪmɐ]; 6 May 1902 – 26 March 1957),[1] known as Max Ophüls (UK: /ˈɔːfəls/ AW-fəlss, US: /ˈoʊfəls/ OH-fəlss,[2] German: [maks ˈʔɔfʏls]) or simply Ophuls, was a German and French film director and screenwriter. He was known for his opulent and lyrical visual style, with heavy use of tracking shots, and his melancholic, romantic themes.[3] The Harvard Film Archive referred to Ophüls as "a supreme stylist of the cinema and a master storyteller."[3]
Max Ophüls | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Maximillian Oppenheimer 6 May 1902 |
| Died | 26 March 1957 (aged 54) |
| Resting place | Père Lachaise Cemetery |
| Other names |
|
| Citizenship |
|
| Occupation(s) | Director, Writer |
| Years active | 1931–1957 |
| Spouse | Hildegard Wall (m. 1926) |
| Children | Marcel Ophuls |
A refugee from Nazi Germany, Ophüls worked in Germany (1931–1933), France (1933–1940 and 1950–1957), and the United States (1947–1950). He made nearly 30 films, the latter ones being especially notable: The Reckless Moment (1949), Letter from an Unknown Woman (also 1949) La Ronde (1950), Le Plaisir (1952), The Earrings of Madame de… (1953) and Lola Montès (1955).
Life
editYouth and early career
editMax Ophüls was born in Saarbrücken, Germany,[4] the son of Leopold Oppenheimer, a Jewish textile manufacturer and owner of several textile shops in Germany, and his wife Helene Oppenheimer (née Bamberger). He took the pseudonym Ophüls during the early part of his theatrical career so that, should he fail, it would not embarrass his father.[5]
Initially envisioning an acting career, he started as a stage actor in 1919 and played at the Aachen Theatre from 1921 to 1923. He then worked as a theater director, becoming the first director at the city theater of Dortmund. Ophüls moved into theatre production in 1924. He became creative director of the Burgtheater in Vienna in 1926. Having had 200 plays to his credit,[citation needed] he turned to film production in 1929, when he became a dialogue director under Anatole Litvak at UFA in Berlin. He worked throughout Germany and directed his first film in 1931, the comedy short Dann schon lieber Lebertran (literally In This Case, Rather Cod-Liver Oil).
Of his early films, the most acclaimed is Liebelei (1933), which included a number of the characteristic elements for which he was to become known: luxurious sets, a feminist attitude, and a duel between a younger and an older man.
It was at the Burgtheater that Ophüls met the actress Hilde Wall.[6] They were married in 1926.[7]
Exile and post-war career
editPredicting the Nazi ascendancy, Ophüls, a Jew, fled to France in 1933 after the Reichstag fire and became a French citizen in 1938. After the fall of France to Germany, he travelled through Switzerland and Italy, where he had directed Everybody's Woman (1934). In July 1941, before leaving for the United States, he stayed in Portugal, in Estoril, at Casa Mar e Sol.[8] Once in Hollywood, championed by director Preston Sturges, a longtime fan, he directed a number of distinguished films.[citation needed]
His first Hollywood film was the Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. vehicle, The Exile (1947). Ophüls' Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), derived from a Stefan Zweig novella, is the most highly regarded of the American films.[1] Caught (1949), and The Reckless Moment (1949) followed, before his return to Europe in 1950.
Back in France, he directed and collaborated on the adaptation of Arthur Schnitzler's La Ronde (1950), which won the 1951 BAFTA Award for Best Film, and Lola Montès (1955) starring Martine Carol and Peter Ustinov, as well as Le Plaisir and The Earrings of Madame de... (1953), the latter with Danielle Darrieux and Charles Boyer, which capped his career. Ophüls died from rheumatic heart disease on 26 March 1957 in Hamburg, while shooting interiors on The Lovers of Montparnasse, and was buried in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. This final film was completed by his friend Jacques Becker.
Ophüls's son Marcel Ophüls became a documentary-film maker, director of The Sorrow and the Pity and other films examining the nature of political power.[9]
The annual Filmfestival Max Ophüls Preis in Saarbrücken is named after him.
Style
editAll his works feature his distinctive smooth camera movements, complex crane and dolly sweeps, and tracking shots.
Many of his films inspired filmmakers like Stanley Kubrick[citation needed] and Paul Thomas Anderson, who gave an introduction on the restored DVD of The Earrings of Madame de... (1953).
Some of his films are narrated from the point of view of the female protagonist. Film scholars have analyzed films such as Liebelei (1933), Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), and Madame de... (1953) as examples of the woman's film genre.[10] Nearly all of his female protagonists had names beginning with "L" (Leonora, Lisa, Lucia, Louise, Lola, etc.)
Actor James Mason, who worked with Ophüls on two films, wrote a short poem about the director's love for tracking shots and elaborate camera movements:
- A shot that does not call for tracks
- Is agony for poor dear Max,
- Who, separated from his dolly,
- Is wrapped in deepest melancholy.
- Once, when they took away his crane,
- I thought he'd never smile again.
Filmography
edit| Year | Title | English title | Country | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1931 | Dann schon lieber Lebertran | I'd Rather Have Cod Liver Oil | Germany | Short film |
| Die verliebte Firma | The Company's in Love | Germany | ||
| 1932 | Die verkaufte Braut | The Bartered Bride | Germany | |
| 1933 | Liebelei | Germany | French version Une histoire d'amour released the same year | |
| Lachende Erben | Laughing Heirs | Germany | ||
| On a volé un homme | A Man Has Been Stolen | France | Lost film[11] | |
| 1934 | La signora di tutti | Everybody's Woman | Italy | |
| 1935 | Divine | France | ||
| 1936 | Komedie om geld | The Trouble With Money | Netherlands | |
| Ave Maria | France | Documentary short film | ||
| La Tendre Ennemie | The Tender Enemy | France | ||
| Valse brillante de Chopin | France | Documentary short film | ||
| 1937 | Yoshiwara | France | ||
| 1938 | Le Roman de Werther | The Novel of Werther | France | |
| 1939 | Sans lendemain | There's No Tomorrow | France | |
| 1940 | L'École des femmes | France | ||
| De Mayerling à Sarajevo | From Mayerling to Sarajevo | France | ||
| 1946 | Vendetta | Vendetta | United States | Fired during filming |
| 1947 | The Exile | The Exile | United States | |
| 1948 | Letter from an Unknown Woman | Letter from an Unknown Woman | United States | |
| 1949 | Caught | Caught | United States | |
| The Reckless Moment | The Reckless Moment | United States | ||
| 1950 | La Ronde | Roundabout | France | |
| 1952 | Le Plaisir | France | Nominated for an Academy Award[12] | |
| 1953 | Madame de... | The Earrings of Madame de... | France | |
| 1955 | Lola Montès | France, West Germany |
Eastmancolor film |
- Also worked on Les amants de Montparnasse (1958).
Bibliography
edit- Max Ophüls (1959), Spiel im Dasein. Eine Rückblende. Mit einem Nachwort von Hilde Ophüls und einer Einführung von Friedrich Luft, sowie achtzehn Abbildungen (autobiography), Stuttgart: Henry Goverts Verlag (posthumously published).
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Bock & Bergfelder 2009, p. 574.
- ^ "Ophüls". Collins English Dictionary.
- ^ a b "Plaisir d'amour – The Films of Max Ophuls". Harvard Film Archive. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
- ^ Schneider, Steven Jay, ed. (2007). 501 Movie Directors. London: Cassell Illustrated. p. 125. ISBN 9781844035731. OCLC 1347156402.
- ^ Hollinger 1986, p. 271.
- ^ Seibel 2009, p. 122.
- ^ "Max Ophüls". The Daily Star. 17 December 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
- ^ Exiles Memorial Center.
- ^ Staff, Hollywood.com (21 November 2014). "Marcel Ophuls | Biography and Filmography | 1927". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
- ^ Mulvey, Laura (Spring 2013). "Love, History, and Max Ophuls: Repetition and Difference in Three Films of Doomed Romance". Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies. 43 (1): 7–29. doi:10.1353/flm.2013.a506155. S2CID 141723307.
- ^ Williams, Alan L.; Williams, Alan Larson (1992). Republic of Images: A History of French Filmmaking. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-76268-8.
- ^ "Le Plaisir". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
Sources
edit- Seibel, Alexandra (2009). Vienna, Girls, and Jewish Authorship: Topographies of a Cinematic City, 1920–40. New York, US: New York University. ISBN 978-1-109-90234-1.
- Bock, Hans-Michael; Bergfelder, Tim (2009). The concise Cinegraph: Encyclopaedia of German cinema. New York, US: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-655-9.
- Hollinger, Karen (1986). Letter from an unknown woman. Piscataway, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1160-3.
Further reading
edit- Alan Larson Williams (1977, reprinted 1980, 1992), Max Ophüls and the Cinema of Desire: Style and Spectacle in Four Films, 1948–1955, Dissertations on Film series, New York: Arno Press (reprint). | ISBN 0-405-12924-6
- Susan M. White (1995), The Cinema of Max Ophüls: Magisterial Vision and the Figure of Woman, New York: Columbia University Press. | ISBN 0-231-10113-9
- Lutz Bacher (1996), Max Ophüls in the Hollywood Studios, Rutgers, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. | ISBN 0-8135-2291-9
- Melinda Camber Porter (1993), "Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections on Contemporary French Arts and Culture", Da Capo Press. | ISBN 978-0-306-80540-0
External links
edit
- Dossier about Max Ophüls (edited by Toni D'Angela), on La furia umana, n° 9, 2011, texts (English, French, Italian) by Raymond Bellour, Chris Fujiwara, Leland Monk, Gaylyn Studlar, Susan M. White, Alain Masson, and others. [1]
- Max Ophüls at IMDb
- Max Ophüls at AllMovie
- Max Ophuls Bibliography (via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center)
- Senses of Cinema Essay by Tag Gallagher
- Max Ophüls Award