The Mangalica (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmɒŋɡɒlit͡sɒ], also Mangalitsa or Mangalitza) is a Hungarian breed of domestic pig. It was developed in the mid-19th century by crossbreeding breeds from the nearby Romanian Salonta (Hungarian: Nagyszalonta, colloquially Szalonta) and Hungarian Bakony with the European wild boar and the Serbian Šumadija breed.[3] The Mangalica pig grows a thick, curly coat of hair. The only other pig breed noted for having a long coat is the extinct Lincolnshire Curly Coat pig of England.
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History
editThe name Mangalica derives from Serbo-Croatian, meaning approximately roll-shaped and suggesting the animals are well fed.[4] The blonde Mangalica variety was developed from older, hardy types of Hungarian pig (Bakonyi and Szalontai) crossed with the European wild boar and a Serbian breed (and later others like Alföldi[5]) in Austria-Hungary (1833).[1] That year, Prince of Serbia Miloš Obrenović sent 12 pigs of the autochthonous Serbian Šumadinka breed, ten sows and two boars. Pigs originally grown at the prince's Topčider farm near Belgrade were used to create the Syrmian black lasa breed, also known as the black mangalica. The prince sent the animals to the Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary, on whose estate the new breed was to be created.[6][1]
The new, quick-growing, "fat-type" hog did not require any special care, which caused it to become very popular in Hungary. In 1927, the National Society of Fat-Type Hog Breeders (Mangalicatenyésztők Országos Egyesülete) was established, with the objective of improving the breed.[1] Mangalica was the most prominent swine breed in the region until 1950 (30,000 of them were in Hungary in 1943).[1] Since then, the popularity as well as the population of Mangalica has been decreasing, with the rising availability of food from farther away and refrigeration.[7] In 1991, there were fewer than 200 remaining Mangalica in Hungary. Monte Nevado, a Spanish company began the breeding and recovery of Mangalica, and they were awarded with the Middle Cross of Hungary in 2016.[8] Nowadays, the keeping of Mangalica has become a popular hobby.[1] Slightly over 7,000 Mangalica sows in Hungary are producing around 60,000 piglets a year.[9]
Apart from Hungary, the Mangalica is present in Austria, Canada,[10] Croatia,[11] the Czech Republic, Germany, The Netherlands, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and the United States.[12][13][14] In Serbia, the breed (which is called mangulica in Serbian) almost completely died out in the 1980s. In 1998, Mangalica were introduced into the Zasavica wetlands. They are left to roam free in a reservation, becoming partially feral, with cases of breeding with wild boars known. By the early 2010s, their number had grown to 1,000 in Zasavica and in populations kept in the individual farms in the Syrmia and Mačva regions. As both autochthonous Serbian breeds of domestic pig, Šiška and Mangalica's predecessor Šumadinka, have died out, Mangalica are considered the only surviving autochthonous breed in Serbia.[15] In March 2006, seventeen of the pigs were exported from Austria to the United Kingdom, where they are registered with the British Pig Association,[16] and a Mangalica population is part of an environmental project in Dorset, England.[17] In 2007, some were exported to the United States.[18][19][20][21]
The Romanian Native or Bazna breed was created in 1872 by cross-breeding Mangalitsa and Berkshire stock.[22]
Husbandry
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The Mangalica produces too little lean meat, so it has been gradually replaced by modern domestic breeds. It is usually fed with a mix of wild pasture, supplemented with potatoes and pumpkins produced on the farm.[1]
The primary product made from this pig is sausage, usually packed in the pig's duodenum. The minced meat is seasoned with salt, pepper, sweet paprika, and other spices. It is then eaten in slices with pickled vegetables. The pork is also served braised with sauerkraut, potatoes, and stuffed peppers as a side dish. Farmers also produce smoked hams.[23] The fresh meat tastes strong and juicy; the suckling pigs are much preferred for their good fresh meat qualities.[24]
Slaughter weight (for meat production) is generally achieved beyond 12 months of age.[25]
Meat from the Mangalica can be easily found in Hungary, as Hungarian farmers produce about 60,000 animals each year.[26]
Varieties
editThere are three existing varieties of Mangalitsa, differing only in colour: "blonde", "swallow-bellied", and "red". The "blonde" Mangalica is blonde, the "swallow-bellied" (originally produced by crossing the Blonde Mangalica with the extinct Black Mangalica)[1] has a blonde lower-portion of its body while the upper-portion of its body is black, and the "red" (produced by crossing the Blonde Mangalica with the Szalonta breed)[1] is ginger-coloured. Other varieties (including "black", "wolf", and "baris") have become extinct as pure-bred forms, though their reconstruction from selective breeding of mixed varieties is being debated in Hungary.[1]
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dr. Radnóczi László. "The Hungarian Mangalica". agroservice.hu. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012.
- ^ "🐖Breeding programme". www.moe.org.hu.
- ^ Kohl, Wilhelm; Toth, Peter (2014). The Mangalitsa Pig: Royalty is Coming to America. United States: Book Publishing Hungary. ISBN 978-6155417047.
- ^ "That'll Do Pig: The Marvelous Rise of Mangalica". tastehungary.com. 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Interessensgemeinschaft der Wollschweinzüchter Österreichs" (in German). home.tele2.at. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008.
- ^ J. Slatinac, "Zbog mangulice u Zasavicu", Politika (in Serbian)
- ^ "Salvan raza de cerdo magiar parecida al ibérico" [Magyar pig breed similar to the Iberian is saved]. La Prensa. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014.
- ^ "Hungría reconoce a Monte Nevado por su labor de recuperación de la raza Mangalica". www.qcom.es.
- ^ "Megjelent a mangalica Angliában: megmentett hobbiállat vagy régi magyar fajta". 31 January 1999. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- ^ Campbell, Twyla (14 February 2017). "Mangalitsa: The hairy pig makes its Alberta debut". Eat North. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ "Svinja, domaća" (in Croatian). enciklopedija.hr. 30 May 2024.
- ^ "Maiale Mangulica - Arca del Gusto". Fondazione Slow Food (in Italian). Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ Draper, Robert (18 June 2014). "With Wind Calm, Serenity in Slovenia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ "American Mangalitsa Association". American Mangalitsa Association. 23 July 2018.
- ^ Dragica Bajić (29 April 2008). "Mangulica, dabar i lokvanji". Politika Online (in Serbian). Politika. p. 41.
- ^ "Rare pigs are mistaken for sheep". BBC News. 19 April 2010.
- ^ Morris, Steven (26 May 2023). "Dorset 'super reserve' recreates ancient savannah habitat to boost biodiversity". BBC News. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
Instead of aurochs, considered the wild ancestor of domestic cattle, 200 red Devon cattle are to be found roaming the Purbeck Heaths, while Exmoor ponies are stand-ins for the tarpan horses and curly coated Mangalitsa pigs are doing the sort of rooting around that boars used to excel at here.
- ^ "An Old Breed of Hungarian Pig Is Back in Favor". The New York Times. 26 March 2009.
- ^ "Meet the Mangalitsa, the Hairy Pig That's the Kobe Beef of Pork". Modern Farmer. 14 March 2014.
- ^ "Is Mangalitsa the next 'it' pig?". The Seattle Times. 8 January 2011.
- ^ "Gentleman Pig Farmer". Barron's. 14 September 2013.
- ^ "Breeds of Livestock – Bazna Swine". 29 December 2010. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ "The Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity". fondazioneslowfood.it. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008.
- ^ "Breeds of Livestock – Switzerland". ansi.okstate.edu. 19 January 2021.
- ^ Sanders, Michael S. (1 April 2009). "An Old Breed of Hungarian Pig Is Back in Favor". The New York Times.
- ^ "Hungarian mangalica is introduced in the U.K" (in Hungarian). origo.hu. May 2010.