The Ashtadiggajas (Sanskrit: अष्टदिग्गज, romanized: Aṣṭadiggajas, lit. 'eight elephants of the quarters') is a group of eight legendary elephants that appear in Hindu cosmology, serving as the guardians of the eight zones of the universe.[1] There are also eight female elephants that stand beside the Ashtadiggajas, referred to as the Ashtadikkarinis.
List
editThere are a total of eight Ashtadiggajas and Ashtadikkarinis that stand guard over the eight zones:[2][3][4]
| Direction | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|
| East | Airāvata | Abhramu |
| South-east | Puṇḍarīka | Kapilā |
| South | Vāmana | Piṅgalā |
| South-west | Kumuda | Anupamā |
| West | Añjana | Tāmrakarṇī |
| North-west | Puṣpadanta | Śubhradantī |
| North | Sārvabhauma | Aṅganā |
| North-east | Supratīka | Añjanāvatī |
Literature
editBesides the Ashtadiggajas, there are four elephants who support the earth from the four directions from the netherworld, whose names are given in the Ramayana: Virūpākṣa (east), Mahāpadmasama (south), Saumanasa (west), and Bhadra (north).[5][6][3][4]
The Matanga Lila associates the Ashtadiggajas as vehicles (vahana) of the Ashtadikpala, eight divine guardians of the directions. It states that the Unborn (Creator) took half shells of the cosmic egg in his hands; the Ashtadiggajas - eight elephants led by Airavata emerged from the shell in the right hand as the sages chanted the saman hymns; while the eight cow-elephants came from the left shell as their consorts. Ashtadiggajas reproduced with their consorts, populating the forests, the mountains with elephants. They aided the gods in defeating the demons in battle.[7][8]
In popular culture
editThe popular rendition of the World Turtle supporting one or several World Elephants is recorded in 1599 in a letter by Emanual de Veiga.[9] Wilhelm von Humboldt claimed that the idea of a world-elephant may be due to a confusion, caused by the Sanskrit noun Nāga having the dual meaning of "serpent" and "elephant" (named for its serpent-like trunk), thus representing a corrupted account of the world-serpent.[10][11][12]
Love and Death
On the wondrous dais rose a throne,
And he its pedestal whose lotus hood
With ominous beauty crowns his horrible
Sleek folds, great Mahapudma; high displayed
He bears the throne of Death. There sat supreme
With those compassionate and lethal eyes,
Who many names, who many natures holds;
Yama, the strong pure Hades sad and subtle,
Dharma, who keeps the laws of old untouched.[13]
Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable lists Maha-pudma and Chukwa are names from a "popular rendition of a Hindu myth in which the tortoise Chukwa supports the elephant Maha-pudma, which in turn supports the world".[14] The spelling Mahapudma originates as a misprint of Mahapadma in Sri Aurobindo's 1921 retelling of a story of the Mahabharata.
In Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels, the Disc sits atop the shoulders of four elephants that stand on top of a giant turtle. There is a legendary fifth elephant that plummeted into the ground and left a legacy of valuable minable materials.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2018-05-14). "Diggaja, Dish-gaja: 14 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2019-01-28). "Story of Aṣṭadiggajas". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
- ^ a b Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0.
- ^ a b Dalal, Roshen. "Ashtadiggajas". Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK.
- ^ Williams, Monier (July 2003). Monier-Williams, Indian Wisdom, p. 430f. Kessinger. ISBN 9780766171985. Retrieved 2013-04-14.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Maharshi Valmiki, Ramayana, Bala Kanda, Sarga 40, Verses 12--22". Retrieved 2018-12-14.
- ^ Rajamangalam), Nīlakaṇṭha (of (1985). The Elephant-lore of the Hindus: The Elephant-sport (Matanga-lila) of Nilakantha. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 47–8. ISBN 978-81-208-0005-2.
- ^ Das, Chandrima (2022). "Analytical study of Matangalila and Hastyayurveda in the light of available epigraphic data on elephants in early India". Calcutta University.
- ^ J. Charpentier, 'A Treatise on Hindu Cosmography from the Seventeenth Century (Brit. Mus. MS. Sloane 2748 A).' Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 3(2) (1924), pp. 317-342, citing John Hay, De rebus Japonicis, Indicis, and Peruanis epistulæ recentiores (Antwerp, 1605, p. 803f.)
- ^ Sadashiv Ambadas Dange, Glimpses of purāṇic myth and culture (1987), p. 70.
- ^ "INDOLOGY archives - April 2010 (#17)". Listserv.liv.ac.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
- ^ "INDOLOGY archives - April 2010 (#33)". Listserv.liv.ac.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
- ^ "Love and Death: Love and Death". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
- ^ Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 15th ed., revised by Adrian Room, HarperCollins (1995), p. 1087. also 14th ed. (1989).