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In computer security, macaroons are authorization credentials that support decentralized delegation between principals.[1]
Macaroons are used in a variety of systems, including the Ubuntu Snappy package manager,[2] the HyperDex data store,[3][4] the Matrix communication protocol, and the Python Package Index.[5]
Claims edit
A macaroon is composed of series of "caveats", for example:
- may upload files to /user/A/ (issued by server)
- only to /user/A/album/123 (derived by A)
- only GIFs, up to 1MB (derived by B)
- until noon today (derived by C)
The macaroon model doesn't specify the language for these caveats; The original paper proposes a model of subjects and rights, but the details are left to individual implementations.
Related technologies edit
Macaroons are similar to some other technologies.
Compared to JSON Web Token (JWT):
- Holder of macaroon can issue a sub-macaroon with smaller power, while JWT is fixed
- Macaroon is notably longer than JWT
- Macaroon is equivalent to signed JWT, but does not offer equivalent to encrypted JWT
Compared to Certificates
- Macaroons are based on a symmetric model, while certificates on asymmetric
- Macaroons are computationally cheaper and require simpler cryptographic primitives
- Using a macaroon (sent to a server) can disclose some private information held by the macaroon holder, meaning that server must be trusted; Using a certificate means signing a payload using a private key, which is not sent to the server, thus communication with untrusted servers is less risky.
Invalidation edit
Implementations need to decide whether the entire macaroon tree is invalidated at once from its root, the server secret key; or if intermediate macaroons are to be blacklisted, comparable to time-bound JWT's.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Birgisson, Arnar; Politz, Joe Gibbs; Erlingsson, Úlfar; Taly, Ankur; Vrable, Michael; Lentczner, Mark (2014). "Macaroons: Cookies with Contextual Caveats for Decentralized Authorization in the Cloud". Proceedings 2014 Network and Distributed System Security Symposium. San Diego, CA: Internet Society. doi:10.14722/ndss.2014.23212. ISBN 9781891562358.
- ^ Nestor, Marius (16 April 2016). "Canonical Announces Snappy 2.0 Ahead of the Ubuntu Core 16.04 LTS Release". softpedia. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
- ^ "Time for Better Security for NoSQL". Hacking Distributed. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
- ^ "My First Macaroon: A New Way to do Authorization". Hacking Distributed. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
- ^ "A new package index for Python [LWN.net]". lwn.net. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
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