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List of wars of independence

(Redirected from List of wars of independence (national liberation))

This article is about wars of secession by a breakaway region from a state. For wars of succession during succession crises, see List of wars of succession.

This is a list of wars of independence (also called liberation wars). These wars may or may not have been successful in achieving a goal of independence.

List

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Dates Name Independent state Anti-independence state Result
701 BC Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant Judah, Phoenicia, Philistia  Assyria Reestablishment of Assyrian hegemony over Levant
626–620 BC Revolt of Babylon  Babylonia  Assyria Formation of the Neo-Babylonian Empire; beginning of the Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
499–493 BC Ionian Revolt Ionia, Aeolis, Doris, Caria, Cyprus  Persia Defeat of insurgents; beginning of the first Persian invasion of Greece
484 BC Babylonian revolts  Babylonia  Persia Defeat of Babylonian insurgents
460–454 BC Inaros' revolt  Egypt  Persia Defeat of Egyptian insurgents
206–186 BC Great Theban Revolt  Upper Egypt  Ptolemaic Empire Defeat of Egyptian insurgents
167–141 BC Maccabean Revolt  Judea  Seleucid Empire Independence of Judea from the Seleucid Empire; creation of the Hasmonean dynasty
66–73 Great Jewish Revolt  Judea   Roman Empire Defeat of Jewish insurgents; Roman Empire retains control of Judea; expulsion of Jews
132–136 Bar Kokhba revolt
698 Battle of Tianmenling Balhae   Zhou China Independence of Balhae from China
1038–1047 Miecław's Rebellion Miecław's State   Duchy of Poland Defeat of Miecław; his state is reincorporated into Poland
1185–1188 Uprising of Asen and Peter   Bulgaria   Byzantine Empire Independence of Bulgaria from the Byzantine Empire; creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire
1282 Sicilian Vespers   Sicily   Angevin Monarchy Liberation of Sicilly from Angevin regime
1296–1357 Wars of Scottish Independence   Scotland   England Scotland retains its status as an independent nation
1351–1368 Red Turban Rebellions   Ming China   Yuan Empire (Mongols) Creation of the Ming dynasty; retreatment of the Yuan court to Mongolian Plateau
1353–1359 Ekdala Wars   Bengal   Delhi Sultanate Independence of Bengal from Delhi
1418–1427 Lam Sơn uprising   Vietnam   Ming China Independence of Vietnam from China; creation of the Lê dynasty
1468–1500 Kazakh War of Independence Kazakh Khanate Uzbek Khanate Kazakh Khanate maintains independence from the Uzbek Khanate
1480 Great Stand on the Ugra River   Muscovy   Great Horde The end of Tatar yoke in Russia
1499 Swabian War   Switzerland   Holy Roman Empire Switzerland was de facto acknowledged as a separate political entity
1521–1523 Swedish War of Liberation   Sweden   Kalmar Union Independence of Sweden from the Kalmar Union
1568–1648 Eighty Years' War   Netherlands   Spain Independence of the Netherlands from Spain
1576–1612 Baro-Bhuyans' revolt Baro-Bhuyans   Mughal Empire Baro Bhuyans' defeated; Mughal Empire retains control of Bengal
1584–1593 Burmese–Siamese War   Thailand   Myanmar Independence of Thailand from Myanmar
1586–1589 First War of Kashmiri Independence   Kashmir   Mughal Empire Defeat of the Kashmiri insurgents; Mughal Empire retains control of Kashmir
1618–1620 Bohemian Revolt   Bohemia   Habsburg Monarchy Defeat of insurgents; the elective monarchy of Bohemia was abolished in favour of the hereditary succession of Habsburg monarchs
1640–1668 Portuguese Restoration War   Portugal   Spain Restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain
1679–1707 Rathore rebellion   Marwar   Mughal Empire Rathores retain their Independence from the Mughal Empire
1680–1707 Maratha War of Independence   Maratha Empire   Mughal Empire Mughals fail to annex Maratha Empire
1703–1711 Rákóczi's War of Independence   Hungary   Habsburg Monarchy Limited autonomy for Hungary within the Habsburg monarchy
1775–1783 American Revolutionary War
(United States War of Independence) 		  United States   Great Britain Independence of the United States from Great Britain
1791–1804 Haitian Revolution   Haiti   France Independence of Haiti from France
1804–1813 First Serbian Uprising
(Serbian Revolution) 		  Serbia   Ottoman Empire Defeat of insurgents; Ottoman Empire retains control of Serbia
1808–1814 Peninsular War   Portugal

  Spain

  France Independence of Portugal and Spain from France
1810s–1820s Latin American wars of independence   Spanish Empire Independence of many Spanish-American colonies from Spain
Argentine War of Independence   Río de la Plata
Bolivian War of Independence   Bolivia
Chilean War of Independence   Chile
Colombian War of Independence   Colombia
Ecuadorian War of Independence   Ecuador
Mexican War of Independence   Mexico
Peruvian War of Independence   Peru
Venezuelan War of Independence   Venezuela
1813 German campaign   German states   France Dissolution of Confederation of the Rhine
1814 Swedish–Norwegian War   Norway   Sweden Partial independence of Norway within the later United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
1815–1817 Second Serbian Uprising
(Serbian Revolution) 		  Serbia   Ottoman Empire Semi-independence of Serbia within the Ottoman Empire
1821–1829 Greek War of Independence   Greece   Ottoman Empire Independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire
1822–1824 Brazilian War of Independence   Brazil   Portuguese Empire Independence of the Empire of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1825–1828 Cisplatine War   Uruguay   Brazil

  Río de la Plata

Disputed between the Empire of Brazil and United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Independence of Uruguay from Brazil
1826–1831 Separation of Venezuela and Ecuador   Ecuador

  Venezuela

  Colombia Venezuela and Ecuador declared independence from the Republic of Colombia. Dissolution of Gran Colombia and creation of the Republic of New Granada.
1826–1828 Lao Rebellion   Vientiane
  Champasak 		  Thailand Defeat of Lao insurgents
1830–1831 November Uprising   Poland   Russia Defeat of Polish insurgents. Russian retains control of Poland, introduction of the Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland, liquidation of Polish autonomy.
1830–1839 Belgian Revolution   Belgium   Netherlands Independence of Belgium from the Netherlands
1834–1835 Ja Thak Wa uprising Champa   Vietnam Defeat of insurgents; displacement of Chams by the Vietnamese Government
1835–1845 Ragamuffin War   Riograndense Republic   Brazil The Riograndense Republic is dissolved; reintegration with Brazil
1835–1836 Texas Revolution   Texas   Mexico Independence of Texas from Mexico
1837–1838 Lower Canada Rebellion  Republic of Lower Canada   United Kingdom Defeat of insurgents: unification of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada
1837 Upper Canada Rebellion  Republic of Canada
1840–1841 Cambodian Rebellion   Cambodia   Vietnam Independence of Cambodia from Vietnam
1844–1856 Dominican War of Independence   Dominican Republic   Haiti Independence of Dominican Republic from Haiti
1846 Bear Flag Revolt   California   Mexico The California Republic declares independence from the Centralist Republic of Mexico. The republic is quickly annexed by the United States
1848–1849 Italian War of Independence   Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont   Austria Sardinia-Piedmont defeated by the Austrian Empire; Italian unification not achieved
1850–1864 Taiping Rebellion   Taiping Heavenly Kingdom  Qing Empire Defeat of insurgents
1857–1858 Indian War of Independence Sepoy mutineers led by   Mughal Empire   British East India Company East India Company loses power to Great Britain, vide Government of India Act 1858.
1859 Second Italian War of Independence   Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont

  Lombardy–Venetia

  Parma

  Modena

  Tuscany

  Austria France and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia defeat the Austrian Empire; most of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia transferred to France and then to Piedmont-Sardinia; Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Papal Legations annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia
1861–1865 American Civil War   Confederate States   United States (Union) Defeat and dissolution of the Confederacy; U.S. retains control of the South
1863–1865 January Uprising   Poland   Russia Defeat of Polish insurgents; Russia retains control of Poland
1863–1865 Dominican Restoration War   Dominican Republic   Spain Independence of Dominican Republic from 4 year occupation by the Spanish Empire; ousts Spain from Hispaniola
1866 Third Italian War of Independence   Italy   Austria Austrian Empire loses Veneto to Kingdom of Italy
1868–1878 Ten Years' War   Cuba   Spain Defeat of insurgents; Spain retains control of Cuba
1876 April Uprising   Bulgaria   Ottoman Empire Defeat of Bulgarian nationalists by the Ottoman Empire; subsequent reprisals by the Ottomans led to the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78 and the 1878 independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire.
1877 Romanian War of Independence   Romania   Ottoman Empire Independence of Romania from the Ottoman Empire
1885 North-West Rebellion   Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (Métis)   Canada Collapse of the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan
1895 Japanese invasion of Taiwan   Republic of Formosa   Japan Defeat of Taiwanese insurgents; Annexation of Taiwan by Japan
1896–1898 Philippine Revolution   Philippines   Spain Inconclusive; Philippines independence from Spain then achieved by Spanish–American War
1895–1898 Cuban War of Independence   Cuba   Spain Independence of Cuba from Spain following four years of American occupation
1899–1913 Philippine–American War   Philippines   United States Defeat of Philippine insurgents; United States retains control of the Philippines
1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia   Panama   Colombia Separation of Panama from Colombia and construction of the Panama Canal
1911 1911 Revolution   Republic of China   Qing Empire Creation of the Republic of China
1911–1912 Mongolian Revolution of 1911   Mongolia   Qing Empire Independence of Mongolia from Qing's rule
1911–1912 Xinhai Lhasa Turmoil   Tibet   Qing Empire Independence of Tibet from Qing's rule
1916–1918 Arab Revolt   Hejaz   Ottoman Empire Defeat of Arab aspirations for independence by post-World War I partition of Arab Ottoman Empire lands into protectorates controlled by United Kingdom and France
1917–1921 Ukrainian War of Independence   Ukraine   Soviet Russia

  Poland

Independence of Ukraine from Russia; partition of Ukraine by Soviet Union and Poland
1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence   Estonia   Soviet Russia Independence of Estonia from Russian Empire/Russian SFSR
1918–1920 Latvian War of Independence   Latvia   Soviet Russia Independence of Latvia from Russian Empire/Russian SFSR
1918–1920 Lithuanian War of Independence   Lithuania   Soviet Russia

  Poland

Independence of Lithuania from Russian Empire/Russian SFSR and Poland
1919–1921 Irish War of Independence   Ireland   United Kingdom Anglo-Irish Treaty; Partition of Ireland; secession of 26 of Ireland's 32 counties (the Irish Free State) from the United Kingdom
1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence   Turkey   Ottoman Empire

Allies of World War I

Creation of the Republic of Turkey
1919–1924 Mahmud Barzanji revolts   Kingdom of Kurdistan   Mandatory Iraq Defeat of Kurdish insurgents
1920–1926 Rif War   Republic of the Rif   Spain Defeat of insurgents and Rif Republic; Spain retains control of Spanish Morocco
1921 Mongolian Revolution of 1921   Mongolia   China Independence of Mongolia from the Chinese government's rule
1927–1931 Ararat rebellion   Republic of Ararat   Turkey Defeat of Kurdish insurgents
1931–1934 Kumul Rebellion   East Turkestan   China Defeat of Uyghur insurgents
1936–1939 Waziristan Uprising   Waziristan   British Empire Rebellion suppressed
1940–1944 1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya   Provisional Popular Revolutionary Government of Chechen-Ingushetia   Soviet Union Deportation of Chechens and Ingushes
1942–1947 Second Indian War of Independence   Free India   United Kingdom INA captured parts of North-East India and Andaman & Nicobar Islands, later INA Trials triggered Bombay Mutiny & Royal Air Force mutiny which resulted in Indian Independence Act 1947[1]
1944–1948 Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine   Israel   United Kingdom Independence of Israel from the United Kingdom
1944–1946 Ili Rebellion   East Turkestan   China Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
1945 August Revolution   Democratic Republic of Vietnam   Japan Establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1945–1949 Indonesian National Revolution   Indonesia   Netherlands Independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands
1946–1954 First Indochina War   South Vietnam
  Laos
  Cambodia 		  France Independence of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia from France; partition of Vietnam
1948–1949 First Arab–Israeli War, aka Israel's War of Independence   Israel   Arab League Defeat of Arabs; Israel retains independence
1948–1951 First Balochistan conflict   Kalat   Pakistan Suppression of rebellion
1948–1960 Malayan Emergency Malayan Communist Party   United Kingdom Deafeat of MCP; independence of the Federation of Malaya
1952–1960 Kenyan Mau Mau Uprising   Kenya   United Kingdom Defeat of insurgents; United Kingdom retains control of Kenya
1954–1962 Algerian War   Algeria   France Independence of Algeria from France
1954–ongoing Insurgency in Northeast India Separatist groups in Northeast India   India Ongoing (low level insurgency)
1955–1959 Cyprus Emergency   Cyprus   United Kingdom Independence of Cyprus from United Kingdom
1955–1972 First Sudanese Civil War   Southern Sudan   Sudan Conflict between Sudan and South Sudan
1959 1959 Tibetan uprising   Tibet   People's Republic of China Uprising suppressed; dissolution of the Tibetan Government
1961–1974 Angolan War of Independence   Angola   Portugal Independence of Angola from Portugal
1961–1991 Eritrean War of Independence   Eritrea   Ethiopia Independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia
1961–ongoing Papua conflict   Free Papua   Indonesia Ongoing
1961–1963 Aden Emergency   South Yemen   United Kingdom Independence of South Yemen from United Kingdom
1963–1974 Guinea-Bissau War of Independence   Guinea-Bissau   Portugal Independence of Guinea-Bissau from Portugal
1964–1974 Mozambican War of Independence   Mozambique   Portugal Independence of Mozambique from Portugal
1966–1988 Namibian War of Independence   Namibia   South Africa Independence of Namibia from South Africa
1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War   Biafra   Nigeria Defeat and dissolution of the Republic of Biafra
1968–2019 Moro conflict   Bangsamoro   Philippines Decleration of the peace agreements; establishment of Bangsamoro Transition Authority
1971 Bangladesh Liberation War   Bangladesh   Pakistan Independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan
1975–ongoing Cabinda War   Cabinda   Angola Ongoing
1975–1991 Western Sahara War   Western Sahara   Morocco Partition of Western Sahara between Morocco and Sahrawi Republic
1975–1976 Indonesian invasion of East Timor  East Timor   Indonesia Deafeat of FALINTIL; Annexation of East Timor by Indonesia
1976–2005 Insurgency in Aceh   Free Aceh Movement   Indonesia Special autonomy granted to Aceh, disarmament of the GAM
1979–1983 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran  Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan   Iran Defeat of Kurdish insurgents
1981–1991 Somaliland War of Independence   Somaliland   Somalia De facto independence of Somaliland from Somalia
1982–ongoing Casamance conflict   Casamance   Senegal Low-level conflict since 2014
1983–2005 Second Sudanese Civil War   South Sudan   Sudan Independence of South Sudan from Sudan
1983–2009 Sri Lankan civil war   Tamil Eelam   Sri Lanka Defeat of LTTE; Sri Lankan government reestablishes control over entire island
1984-1995 Insurgency in Punjab   Khalistan movement   India Insurgency quelled
1988–1994 First Nagorno-Karabakh War   Artsakh   Azerbaijan De facto independence of the Republic of Artsakh from Azerbaijan
1988–1998 Bougainville Civil War   Bougainville   Papua New Guinea Bougainville receives autonomy in 2002; voted in favour of independence in 2019
1989–ongoing Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir   Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front   India Ongoing
1990–1992 Transnistria War   Transnistria   Moldova De facto independence of Transnistria from Moldova
1991–1992 South Ossetia War   South Ossetia   Georgia De facto independence for South Ossetia from Georgia
1991 Liberation of Kuwait   Kuwait   Iraq Part of the Gulf War; Kuwait regains independence
1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence   Croatia   Yugoslavia Independence of Croatia from Yugoslavia
1991 Ten-Day War   Slovenia   Yugoslavia Independence of Slovenia from Yugoslavia
1992–1995 Bosnian War   Bosnia and Herzegovina   FR Yugoslavia[2]
  Croatia[2] 		Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina from SFR Yugoslavia; the new country is divided between two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska[3]
1992–1993 War in Abkhazia   Abkhazia   Georgia De facto independence for Abkhazia from Georgia
1994–1996 First Chechen War   Chechen Republic of Ichkeria   Russia Chechnya maintains de facto independence from Russia
1998–1999 Kosovo War   Kosovo   Serbia & Montenegro No legal changes to Yugoslav borders according to the Resolution 1244, but de facto independence of Kosovo from the rest of Yugoslavia
1999–2000 1999 East Timorese crisis   East Timor   Indonesia Defeat of pro-Indonesian militia by INTERFET; independence of East Timor after UN administration
1999–2009 Second Chechen War   Chechen Republic of Ichkeria   Russia Defeat of Chechnya; reincorporation into Russia
2000–2005 Second Intifada   Palestine   Israel Uprising suppressed
2004–ongoing South Thailand insurgency  Patani   Thailand Ongoing
2012 Tuareg rebellion (2012)   Azawad   Mali Unrecognized independence of Azawad from Mali; renounced its independence in 2013
2014–ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War   Ukraine   Russia Also called a "rebirth," or a war of independence from Russia by some Ukrainian sources.[4][5][6]
2014–2022 War in Donbas   Donetsk

  Luhansk

  Ukraine Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War; recognition of independence by Russia on 21 February 2022; annexed by Russia on September the same year.
2017–ongoing Anglophone Crisis   Ambazonia   Cameroon Ongoing
2020–ongoing Western Togoland Rebellion   Western Togoland   Ghana Ongoing

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bhat D. "RIN mutiny gave a jolt to the British". The Tribune. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
  2. ^ a b "ICTY: Conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  3. ^ "The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina". OHR.int. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  4. ^ "Ukraine will fight to the end: Zelenskyy's Independence Day vow". Al Jazeera. August 24, 2022. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. A new nation appeared in the world on February 24 at 4 o'clock in the morning. It was not born, but reborn.
  5. ^ "Російсько-український конфлікт: проміжні підсумки" [The Russian-Ukrainian conflict: interim results]. DT.ua (in Ukrainian). 23 October 2015. Currently, Ukraine is experiencing the third round of struggle for independence in 100 years
  6. ^ ""Війна на сході — це війна за незалежність України", — Зеленський в Польщі (відео)" ["The war in the east is a war for the independence of Ukraine," — Zelenskyy in Poland (video)]. FOCUS (in Ukrainian). 3 May 2021. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. We have been fighting for independence for many decades. And today the same thing is happening in the east of our country. We are fighting for our independence again.
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