Parrots, also known as psittacines (/ˈsɪtəsnz/),[1][2] are the 402 species of birds that make up the order Psittaciformes, found in most tropical and subtropical regions, of which 387 are extant. The order is subdivided into three superfamilies: the Psittacoidea ("true" parrots), the Cacatuoidea (cockatoos), and the Strigopoidea (New Zealand parrots).[3][4] Parrots have a generally pantropical distribution with several species inhabiting temperate regions in the Southern Hemisphere as well. The greatest diversity of parrots is in South America and Australasia.[5]

The Cacatuoidea are quite distinct, having a movable head crest, a different arrangement of the carotid arteries, a gall bladder, differences in the skull bones,[6] and lack the Dyck texture feathers that—in the Psittacoidea—scatter light to produce the vibrant colours of so many parrots.[7] Lorikeets were previously regarded as a family, Loriidae,[8]: 45  but are now considered a tribe (Loriini) within the subfamily Loriinae, family Psittaculidae.[9][10][11] Some species, such as the Puerto Rican amazon (Amazona vittata) have had a population bottleneck (in this case reduced to 13 individuals in 1975) and subsequently have low genetic variability and low reproductive success, leading to complications with conservation.[12]

No consensus existed regarding the taxonomy of Psittaciformes until recently. The placement of the Strigopoidea species has been variable in the past.[13] They were once considered part of the Psittacoidea, but recent 21st-century studies place this group of New Zealand species as their own superfamily next to the Cacatuoidea and remaining members of the Psittacoidea.[9][10][11] Many studies have confirmed the unique placement of this group at the base of the parrot tree.[3][9][11][10] Most authors now recognize this group as a separate taxon[3][14][15] containing two families: Nestoridae and Strigopidae.[3][16] Conversely, the relationships among various cockatoo genera are largely resolved.[9][17][18][19]

Conventions edit

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (15 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (1 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (17 species)
 EN Endangered (38 species)
 VU Vulnerable (54 species)
 NT Near threatened (59 species)
 LC Least concern (219 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (5 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the bird's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN red list for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species listed went extinct after 1500 CE (recently extinct[20]), and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification edit

The order Psittaciformes consists of 387 extant species belonging to 87 genera. The following classification is based on the most recent proposals as of 2012.[9][10][3]

Superfamily Psittacoidea: true parrots[21]

Superfamily Cacatuoidea: cockatoos[17]

Superfamily Strigopoidea: New Zealand parrots[23]

True parrots edit

Family Psittacidae edit

Subfamily Psittacinae edit

Genus Psittacus (grey parrots) Linnaeus, 1758 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Grey parrot P. erithacus
Linnaeus, 1758
eEN IUCN    
Timneh parrot P. timneh
Fraser, 1844
eEN IUCN    
Genus Poicephalus Swainson, 1837 – ten species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Senegal parrot P. senegalus
(Linnaeus, 1766)
LC IUCN West Africa (excluding the Maghreb)  
Red-bellied parrot P. rufiventris
(Rüppell, 1842)
LC IUCN Eastern Horn of Africa, eastern Kenya, and northeast Tanzania  
Rüppell's parrot P. rueppellii
(G. R. Gray, 1849)
LC IUCN Northern Namibia and the coast of Angola  
Brown-necked parrot P. fuscicollis
(Kuhl, 1820)
LC IUCN From Gambia and southern Senegal to Ghana and Togo  
Cape parrot P. robustus
(Gmelin, 1788)
gVU IUCN    
Meyer's parrot P. meyeri
(Cretzschmar, 1827)
LC IUCN    
Red-fronted parrot P. gulielmi
(Jardine, 1849)
LC IUCN    
Yellow-fronted parrot P. flavifrons
(Rüppell, 1842)
LC IUCN Western Ethiopia  
Brown-headed parrot P. cryptoxanthus
(Peters, 1854)
LC IUCN Southeast African coast  
Niam-Niam parrot P. crassus
(Sharpe, 1884)
LC IUCN Central Central African Republic

Subfamily Arinae (neotropical parrots) edit

Tribe Arini

Genus Cyanoliseus Bonaparte, 1854 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Burrowing parrot C. patagonus
(Vieillot, 1818)
LC IUCN Central Argentina stretching to the coasts  
Genus Enicognathus G. R. Gray, 1840 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Slender-billed parakeet E. leptorhynchus
(King, 1831)
LC IUCN Central Chilean coast (central meaning halfway between the northern and southern extremes)  
Austral parakeet E. ferrugineus
(Müller, 1776)
LC IUCN Eastern Patagonian coast, southern Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia  
Genus Rhynchopsitta (thick-billed parrots) Bonaparte, 1854 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Thick-billed parrot R. pachyrhyncha
(Swainson, 1827)
eEN IUCN Sierra Madre Occidental  
Maroon-fronted parrot R. terrisi
Moore, 1947
eEN IUCN Sierra Madre Oriental  
Genus Pyrrhura Bonaparte, 1856 – 28 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Ochre-marked parakeet P. cruentata
(Wied-Neuwied, 1820)
gVU IUCN Scattered populations around the southeastern coast of Brazil (north of São Paulo)  
Maroon-bellied parakeet P. frontalis
(Vieillot, 1818)
LC IUCN Southwest Brazil, northern Uruguay, and southern Paraguay  
Blaze-winged parakeet P. devillei
(Massena and de Souancé, 1854)
iNT IUCN Northern Paraguay and Southwest Brazil along the Brazil/(northern) Paraguay border
Crimson-bellied parakeet P. perlata
(Spix, 1824)
gVU IUCN Central Brazil and along the Brazil/Bolivia border  
Pearly parakeet P. lepida
(Wagler, 1832)
gVU IUCN Northeast Brazil south of the Amazon river  
Green-cheeked parakeet P. molinae
(Massena and de Souancé, 1854)
LC IUCN    
Painted parakeet P. picta
(Müller, 1776)
LC IUCN Northeast South America, north of the Amazon river and east of the Venezuela/Colombia border  
Sinú parakeet P. subandina
(Todd, 1917)
CR IUCN Sinú Valley in northern Colombia near (but not bordering) the Gulf of Darien
Azuero parakeet P. eisenmanni
Delgado, 1985
eEN IUCN Southwest Azuero Peninsula  
Venezuelan parakeet P. emma
Salvadori, 1891
LC IUCN Northern coast of Venezuela  
Santarem parakeet P. amazonum
Hellmayr, 1906
eEN IUCN Central and southeast Amazon in Brazil
Madeira parakeet P. snethlageae
Joseph and Bates, 2002
gVU IUCN Eastern Brazil, west of the Brazil/Bolivia border, south of the Madeira river, and north of the Araguaia river
Bonaparte's parakeet P. lucianii
(Deville, 1851)
LC IUCN Northwest Amazon rainforest in Brazil  
Rose-fronted parakeet P. roseifrons
(Gray, 1859)
LC IUCN Along the Peru/Brazil border and Peru/Bolivia border  
Wavy-breasted parakeet P. peruviana
Hocking, Blake, and Joseph, 2002
LC IUCN Along the Marañón river in northern Peru and Ecuador
White-eared parakeet P. leucotis
(Kuhl, 1820)
gVU IUCN Southeast Brazilian coast, north of Rio de Janeiro and south of Salvador de Bahia  
Grey-breasted parakeet P. griseipectus
Salvadori, 1900
eEN IUCN Scattered populations in northern Ceará, a state in Brazil  
Pfrimer's parakeet P. pfrimeri
de Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920
eEN IUCN Dry forest near the Serra Geral
Fiery-shouldered parakeet P. egregia
(Sclater, 1881)
LC IUCN Venezuela west of the Rio Caroni, and Guyana east of the Mazaruni River  
Santa Marta parakeet P. viridicata
Todd, 1913
eEN IUCN Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta  
Maroon-tailed parakeet P. melanura
(Spix, 1824)
LC IUCN Northwest South America, east of the Andes Mountains  
El Oro parakeet P. orcesi
Ridgely & Robbins, 1988
eEN IUCN El Oro Province in Ecuador
 
El Oro Parakeets
Black-capped parakeet P. rupicola
(Tschudi, 1844)
iNT IUCN Around the Brazil/Peru/Bolivia border within the State of Acre and west of the Andes mountains  
White-breasted parakeet P. albipectus
Chapman, 1914
gVU IUCN Zamora-Chinchipe Province  
Flame-winged parakeet P. calliptera
(Massena and de Souancé, 1854)
gVU IUCN Andes mountains in Colombia  
Blood-eared parakeet P. hoematotis
de Souancé, 1857
LC IUCN Northern coast of Venezuela  
Rose-crowned parakeet P. rhodocephala
(Sclater and Salvin, 1871)
LC IUCN Andes mountains in Venezuela, near Lake Maracaibo  
Sulphur-winged parakeet P. hoffmanni
(Cabanis, 1861)
LC IUCN Continental Divide running through Costa Rica and Panama  
Genus Anodorhynchus (blue macaws) von Spix, 1824 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Glaucous macaw A. glaucus
(Vieillot, 1816)
CR IUCN A small population in northeast Argentina near the Argentina/Brazil/Paraguay border  
Hyacinth macaw A. hyacinthinus
(Latham, 1790)
gVU IUCN    
Lear's macaw A. leari
Bonaparte, 1856
eEN IUCN    
Genus Leptosittaca von Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1894 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Golden-plumed parakeet L. branickii
von Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1894
gVU IUCN Andes mountains in Peru, Colombia, and near the Ecuador/Peru and Ecuador/Colombia borders  
Genus Ognorhynchus Bonaparte, 1857 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Yellow-eared parrot O. icterotis
(Massena and de Souancé, 1854)
eEN IUCN Along the Chocó Department/Antioquia Department border  
Genus Diopsittaca Ridgway, 1912 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Southern red-shouldered macaw D. cumanensis
(Lichtenstein, 1823)
LC IUCN Brazil, south of the Amazon rainforest  
Northern Red-shouldered Macaw D. nobilis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Northern coasts of French Guiana and Suriname, northern Guyana, and eastern Venezuela  
Genus Guaruba Lesson, 1830 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Golden parakeet G. guarouba
(Gmelin, 1788)
gVU IUCN Southern border of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil, but regionally extinct near the coast  
Genus Conuropsis Salvadori, 1891 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Carolina parakeet C. carolinensis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
aEX IUCN Formerly the eastern and southern United States  
Genus Cyanopsitta Bonaparte, 1854 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Spix's macaw C. spixii
(Wagler, 1832)
jEW IUCN Central eastern Brazil  
Genus Orthopsittaca Ridgway, 1912 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Red-bellied macaw O. manilatus
(Boddaert, 1783)
LC IUCN    
Genus Ara de Lacépède, 1799 – nine species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Great green macaw A. ambiguus
(Bechstein, 1811)
EN IUCN    
Blue-and-yellow macaw A. ararauna
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN    
Red-and-green macaw A. chloropterus
Gray, 1859
LC IUCN    
Blue-throated macaw A. glaucogularis
Dabbene, 1921
CR IUCN    
Scarlet macaw A. macao
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN    
Military macaw A. militaris
(Linnaeus, 1766)
gVU IUCN    
Red-fronted macaw A. rubrogenys
de Lafresnaye, 1847
CR IUCN    
Chestnut-fronted macaw A. severus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN    
Cuban macaw A. tricolor
(Bechstein, 1811)
aEX IUCN Formerly Cuba and Isla de la Juventud until 1885  
Genus Primolius Bonaparte, 1857 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Golden-collared macaw P. auricollis
(Cassin, 1853)
LC IUCN    
Blue-headed macaw P. couloni
(Sclater, 1876)
gVU IUCN Southern Peru east of the Andes, and the along the northern Bolivia/Brazil and Bolivia/Peru borders  
Blue-winged macaw P. maracana
(Vieillot, 1816)
iNT IUCN    
Genus Aratinga von Spix, 1824 – six species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Golden-capped parakeet A. auricapillus
(Kuhl, 1820)
iNT IUCN Scattered populations in southeast Brazil, north of São Paulo  
Jandaya parakeet A. jandaya
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN Eastern Brazil  
Sulphur-breasted parakeet A. maculata
(Müller, 1776)
LC IUCN Scattered populations in Pará and Amapá (states in Brazil)  
Nanday parakeet A. nenday
(Vieillot, 1823)
LC IUCN Central Paraguay, spilling over to the southeastern Bolivia/Brazil border  
Sun parakeet A. solstitialis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
eEN IUCN Northwest Roraima (a state in Brazil), and along the Brazil/Venezuela/Guyana border  
Dusky-headed parakeet A. weddellii
(Deville, 1851)
LC IUCN Eastern South America, east of the Andes, south of the Colombia/Peru border, and north of central Bolivia  
Genus Eupsittula Bonaparte, 1853 – six species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Aztec parakeet E. astec
(de Souancé, 1857)
LC IUCN Middle America along the Caribbean Sea  
Peach-fronted parakeet E. aurea
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN Brazil (excluding northwest Brazil), eastern Bolivia, and central Paraguay  
Caatinga parakeet E. cactorum
(Kuhl, 1820)
LC IUCN The Caatinga region in Brazil  
Orange-fronted parakeet E. canicularis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Middle America bordering the Pacific Ocean (excluding the Gulf of California), and introduced to Puerto Rico  
Jamaican parakeet E. nana
(Vigors, 1830)
iNT IUCN Jamaica  
Brown-throated parakeet E. pertinax
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Northern South America and Panama, introduced to the British Virgin Islands and Dominica
Mainland phenotype left, Antillean phenotype right
Genus Psittacara Vigors, 1837 – 12 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Blue-crowned parakeet P. acuticaudatus
(Vieillot, 1818)
LC IUCN Northern Venezuela, southwest Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina (west of the Andes and excluding the coast), and the Caatinga  
Socorro parakeet P. brevipes
(Lawrence, 1871)
NE IUCN [a] Socorro Island
Hispaniolan parakeet P. chloropterus
de Souancé, 1856
gVU IUCN Scattered areas in Hispaniola  
Red-masked parakeet P. erythrogenys
Lesson, 1844
iNT IUCN Ecuador and northern Peru, west of the Andes mountains  
Cuban parakeet P. euops
(Wagler, 1832)
gVU IUCN Scattered areas in Cuba  
Finsch's parakeet P. finschi
(Salvin, 1871)
LC IUCN Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and western Panama (along the Pacific Ocean)  
Cordilleran parakeet P. frontatus
(Cabanis, 1846)
iNT IUCN Peru west of the Andes mountains
Green parakeet P. holochlorus
(Sclater, 1859)
LC IUCN Mexico east of the Sierra Madre Oriental and west of the Sierra Madre Occidental, and Honduras and Guatemala bordering the Pacific Ocean  
Guadeloupe parakeet P. labati
(Rothschild, 1905)
aEX IUCN Formerly Guadeloupe until the mid-18th century  
White-eyed parakeet P. leucophthalmus
(Müller, 1776)
LC IUCN Central South America and the northeast coast  
Puerto Rican parakeet P. maugei
Souancé, 1856
NE IUCN [b] Formerly Puerto Rico until the mid-19th century  
Mitred parakeet P. mitratus
(von Tschudi, 1844)
LC IUCN Andes mountains in Bolivia, southern Peru, and northern Argentina  
Red-throated parakeet P. rubritorquis
(Sclater, 1887)
LC IUCN Honduras, southern Guatemala, and northern Nicaragua, excluding the coasts  
Pacific parakeet P. strenuus
(Ridgway, 1915)
NE IUCN [c] western Nicaragua A green parrot
Scarlet-fronted parakeet P. wagleri
(Gray, 1845)
iNT IUCN Andes mountains in Colombia and Venezuela  
Genus Pionites (caiques) Heine, 1890 – four species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Green-thighed parrot P. leucogaster
(Kuhl, 1820)
eEN IUCN North central Brazil  
Black-legged parrot P. xanthomerius
(Sclater, 1858)
LC IUCN Northern Bolivia, eastern Peru, and western Brazil around the Peru/Brazil and Bolivia/Brazil borders  
Yellow-tailed parrot P. xanthurus
(Todd, 1925)
gVU IUCN Northwest Brazil
Black-headed parrot P. melanocephalus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN    
Genus Deroptyus Wagler, 1832 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Red-fan parrot D. accipitrinus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN    

Tribe Forpini

Genus Forpus Bonaparte, 1857 – eight species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Pacific parrotlet F. coelestis
(Lesson, 1847)
LC IUCN Ecuador and northern Peru, west of the Andes mountains  
Spectacled parrotlet F. conspicillatus
(de Lafresnaye, 1848)
LC IUCN Northern Colombia and eastern Panama  
Mexican parrotlet F. cyanopygius
(de Souancé, 1856)
iNT IUCN Sierra Madre Occidental
Dusky-billed parrotlet F. modestus
(Cabanis, 1849)
LC IUCN Northern Bolivia, northern and eastern Peru, southern Colombia, western Brazil, and the mouth of the Amazon river  
Green-rumped parrotlet F. passerinus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Northern Atlantic coast of South America, and introduced to Barbados and Jamaica  
Turquoise-winged parrotlet Forpus spengeli
(Hartlaub, 1885)
LC IUCN Pacific coast of Colombia
Yellow-faced parrotlet F. xanthops
(Salvin, 1895)
gVU IUCN Marañón Valley, Peru  
Cobalt-rumped parrotlet F. xanthopterygius
(von Spix, 1824)[d]
LC IUCN Eastern Brazil, central Bolivia, and Peru east of the Andes mountains  
Riparian parrotlet F. crassirostris
(Taczanowski, 1883)
NE Southeastern Colombia to western Brazil and northern Peru

Tribe Amoropsittacini

Genus Psilopsiagon Ridgway, 1912 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Mountain parakeet P. aurifrons
(Lesson, 1831)
LC IUCN Andes mountains in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina  
Gray-hooded parakeet P. aymara
(d'Orbigny, 1839)
LC IUCN Andes mountains in Bolivia and Argentina  
Genus Bolborhynchus Bonaparte, 1857 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Rufous-fronted parakeet B. ferrugineifrons
(Lawrence, 1880)
gVU IUCN Andes mountains in southern Colombia
Barred parakeet B. lineola
(Cassin, 1853)
LC IUCN Andes mountains excluding those in Chile and Argentina, and the mountains of Central America  
Andean parakeet B. orbygnesius
(de Souancé, 1856)
LC IUCN Andes mountains of Bolivia and Peru  
Genus Nannopsittaca Ridgway, 1912 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Manu parrotlet N. dachilleae
O'Neill, Munn, and Franke, 1991
iNT IUCN Southern Peru, north of the Andes mountains, along the Peru/Bolivia border
Tepui parrotlet N. panychlora
(Salvin and Godman, 1883)
LC IUCN Scattered in southern Venezuela  
on top
Genus Touit Gray, 1855 – eight species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Lilac-tailed parrotlet T. batavicus
(Boddaert, 1783)
LC IUCN Northern Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana  
Scarlet-shouldered parrotlet T. huetii
(Temminck, 1830)
gVU IUCN Andes mountains in Peru and Ecuador, western Venezuela, northern Guyana, and north central Brazil  
Red-fronted parrotlet T. costaricensis
(Cory, 1913)
gVU IUCN Mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama
Blue-fronted parrotlet T. dilectissimus
(Sclater and Salvin, 1871)
LC IUCN Ecuador and Colombia west of the Andes mountains  
Brown-backed parrotlet T. melanonotus
(Wied-Neuwied, 1820)
eEN IUCN Southeast coast of Brazil  
Sapphire-rumped parrotlet T. purpuratus
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN Northeast South America, stretching to the Peru/Colombia/Ecuador border
Spot-winged parrotlet T. stictopterus
(Sclater, 1862)
gVU IUCN Andes mountains in Ecuador  
Golden-tailed parrotlet T. surdus
(Kuhl, 1820)
gVU IUCN Coast of Brazil, excluding the northeast coast

Tribe Androglossini

Genus Pionopsitta Bonaparte, 1854 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Pileated parrot P. pileata
(Scopoli, 1769)
LC IUCN Southern Paraguay, and the southeast coast of Brazil  
Genus Triclaria Wagler, 1832 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Blue-bellied parrot T. malachitacea
(von Spix, 1824)
iNT IUCN Fragmented populations near Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul  
Genus Pyrilia Bonaparte, 1856 – seven species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Bald parrot P. aurantiocephala
(Gaban-Lima, Raposo, and Hofling, 2002)
iNT IUCN Lower Madeira and Upper Tapajós rivers  
Orange-cheeked parrot P. barrabandi
(Kuhl, 1820)
iNT IUCN Northwest South America east of the Andes mountains  
Caica parrot P. caica
(Latham, 1790)
iNT IUCN Roraima, Pará, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, and eastern Venezuela  
Brown-hooded parrot P. haematotis
(Sclater and Salvin, 1860)
LC IUCN Central America, excluding the mountain ranges  
Rose-faced parrot P. pulchra
(von Berlepsch, 1897)
LC IUCN Ecuador and Colombia west of the Andes mountains
Saffron-headed parrot P. pyrilia
(Bonaparte, 1853)
iNT IUCN Andes mountains in Colombia and western Venezuela  
Vulturine parrot P. vulturina
(Kuhl, 1820)
gVU IUCN Pará south of the Amazon river
Genus Pionus Wagler, 1832 – 8 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Bronze-winged parrot P. chalcopterus
(Fraser, 1841)
LC IUCN Andes mountains in Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela  
Dusky parrot P. fuscus
(Müller, 1776)
LC IUCN Northeast South America and along the Colombia/Venezuela border west of Lake Maracaibo  
Scaly-headed parrot P. maximiliani
(Kuhl, 1820)
LC IUCN Paraguay, southern Brazil, and east and central Bolivia  
Blue-headed parrot P. menstruus
(Linnaeus, 1766)
LC IUCN Northern and central South America, excluding the Andes  
White-crowned parrot P. senilis
(von Spix, 1824)
LC IUCN Central America bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Sierra Madre Oriental  
White-capped parrot P. seniloides
(Massena and de Souancé, 1854)
LC IUCN Andes mountains in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru
Red-billed parrot P. sordidus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Andes mountains in Bolivia, Venezuela, Ecuador, northern Peru, and southern Colombia  
Speckle-faced parrot P. tumultuosus
(von Tschudi, 1844)
LC IUCN Andes mountains in southern Peru and northern Bolivia  
Genus Graydidascalus Bonaparte, 1854 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Short-tailed parrot G. brachyurus
(Temminck & Kuhl, 1820)
LC IUCN Along the Amazon river  
Genus Alipiopsitta Caparroz and Pacheco, 2006 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Yellow-faced parrot A. xanthops
(von Spix, 1824)
iNT IUCN Central Brazil south of the Amazon  
Genus Amazona (Amazon parrots) Lesson, 1830 – 35 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Turquoise-fronted amazon A. aestiva
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Paraguay, western Bolivia, northern Argentina, southern Brazil  
Black-billed amazon A. agilis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
VU IUCN Central Jamaica  
White-fronted amazon A. albifrons
(Sparrman, 1788)
LC IUCN Northwest Costa Rica, western Nicaragua, western Honduras, Western Mexico, and the Yucatán Peninsula  
Orange-winged amazon A. amazonica
(Linnaeus, 1766)
LC IUCN Northern South America and the southeast coast of Brazil  
Red-necked amazon A. arausiaca
(Müller, 1776)
gVU IUCN Central Dominica  
Yellow-naped amazon A. auropalliata
(Lesson, 1842)
gVU IUCN Pacific coast of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, northern Costa Rica, and southern Mexico  
Red-lored amazon A. autumnalis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Central America, northern Colombia, and the Sierra Madre Oriental  
Yellow-shouldered amazon A. barbadensis
(Gmelin, 1788)
gVU IUCN Margarita Island, Blanquilla Island, Curaçao, Bonaire, and northern Venezuela  
Red-tailed amazon A. brasiliensis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
gVU IUCN Southern coast of São Paulo  
Yellow-billed amazon A. collaria
(Linnaeus, 1758)
gVU IUCN Jamaica  
Diademed amazon A. diadema
(von Spix, 1824)
eEN IUCN Northeast Amazonas  
Blue-cheeked amazon A. dufresniana
(Shaw, 1812)
iNT IUCN Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, and east Venezuela  
Festive amazon A. festiva
(Linnaeus, 1758)
iNT IUCN Along the Amazon river  
Lilac-crowned amazon A. finschi
(Sclater, 1864)
eEN IUCN Pacific coast of Mexico  
Mealy amazon A. farinosa
(Boddaert, 1783)
iNT IUCN Central and South America  
Saint Vincent amazon A. guildingii
(Vigors, 1837)
VU IUCN Northeast St Vincent and the Grenadines  
Imperial amazon A. imperialis
Richmond, 1899
eEN IUCN Dominica  
Kawall's amazon A. kawalli
Grantsau and Camargo, 1989
iNT IUCN Southern Amazonas and eastern Pará  
Cuban amazon A. leucocephala
(Linnaeus, 1758)
iNT IUCN Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Abaco Islands, Great Inagua, and the Cayman Islands  
Lilacine amazon A. lilacina
(Lesson, 1844)
eEN IUCN Ecuador west of the Andes mountains  
Martinique amazon A. martinicana
Clark, 1905
aEX IUCN Formerly Martinique until 1779  
Scaly-naped amazon A. mercenarius
(von Tschudi, 1844)
LC IUCN Andes mountains in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and northern Bolivia  
Yellow-crowned amazon A. ochrocephala
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN Northern South America, east of the Andes  
Yellow-headed amazon A. oratrix
Ridgway, 1887
eEN IUCN Scattered coastal areas of southern Mexico  
Red-spectacled amazon A. pretrei
(Temminck, 1830)
gVU IUCN Scattered populations in central Rio Grande do Sul  
Red-browed amazon A. rhodocorytha
(Salvadori, 1890)
eEN IUCN Scattered populations along the southeast coastline of Brazil  
Tucumán amazon A. tucumana
(Cabanis, 1885)
gVU IUCN Andes mountains in northern Argentina and southern Bolivia  
Hispaniolan amazon A. ventralis
(Müller, 1776)
gVU IUCN Hispaniola, Grande Cayemite, Gonâve, Beata, and Saona Island, and introduced to Puerto Rico, St Croix, and St. Thomas Island  
Saint Lucia amazon A. versicolor
(Müller, 1776)
gVU IUCN St Lucia  
Vinaceous-breasted amazon A. vinacea
(Kuhl, 1820)
eEN IUCN    
Guadeloupe amazon A. violacea
(Gmelin, 1789)
aEX IUCN Formerly Guadeloupe until 1779  
Red-crowned amazon A. viridigenalis
(Cassin, 1853)
eEN IUCN Sierra Madre Occidental  
Puerto Rican amazon A. vittata
(Boddaert, 1783)
CR IUCN  
Former range left, current range right
 
Yucatán amazon A. xantholora
(Gray, 1859)
LC IUCN Yucatán Peninsula  
Genus Hapalopsittaca Ridgway, 1912 – four species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Rusty-faced parrot H. amazonina
(des Murs, 1845)
gVU IUCN Andes mountains in Colombia and Venezuela  
Fuertes's parrot H. fuertesi
(Chapman, 1912)
CR IUCN Andes mountains in central Colombia
Black-winged parrot H. melanotis
(de Lafresnaye, 1847)
LC IUCN Andes mountains in northern Bolivia and central Peru  
Red-faced parrot H. pyrrhops
(Salvin, 1876)
gEN IUCN Andes mountains in southern Ecuador  
Genus Brotogeris Vigors, 1825 – eight species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Yellow-chevroned parakeet B. chiriri
(Vieillot, 1818)
LC IUCN Southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia and Paraguay, and introduced to California around Los Angeles and San Francisco, and southern Florida  
Golden-winged parakeet B. chrysoptera
(Linnaeus, 1766)
LC IUCN French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, eastern Venezuela, and northeast Brazil  
Cobalt-winged parakeet B. cyanoptera
(Pelzeln, 1870)
LC IUCN Northwest South America, east of the Andes mountains  
Orange-chinned parakeet B. jugularis
(Müller, 1776)
LC IUCN Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, southern El Salvador and Guatemala, northern Colombia, and northwest Venezuela  
Grey-cheeked parakeet B. pyrrhoptera
(Latham, 1801)
eEN IUCN Ecuador, west of the Andes mountains  
Tui parakeet B. sanctithomae
(Müller, 1776)
LC IUCN Northern Bolivia, eastern Peru, and along the Amazon river in Brazil  
Plain parakeet B. tirica
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN Southern coast of Brazil  
White-winged parakeet B. versicolurus
(Müller, 1776)
LC IUCN Along the Amazon river, and introduced to California around Los Angeles and San Francisco  
Genus Myiopsitta Bonaparte, 1854 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Cliff parakeet M. luchsi
(Finsch, 1868)
LC IUCN Andes mountains in Bolivia  
Monk parakeet M. monachus
(Boddaert, 1783)
LC IUCN Paraguay, Uruguay, and eastern Argentina, introduced to Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Japan, Virgin Islands, the southern and eastern United States, and western Europe  

Family Psittaculidae edit

Subfamily Platycercinae edit

Tribe Platycercini (broad-tailed parrots)

Genus Platycercus (rosellas) Vigors, 1825 – six species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Western rosella P. icterotis
(Temminck & Kuhl, 1820)
LC IUCN Southwest Australia[24]  
Crimson rosella P. elegans
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN    
Green rosella P. caledonicus
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands[25]  
Pale-headed rosella P. adscitus
(Latham, 1790)
LC IUCN Cape York Peninsula and northeastern New South Wales[26]  
Eastern rosella P. eximius
(Shaw, 1792)
LC IUCN Eastern Australia and Tasmania, naturalized in New Zealand[27]  
Northern rosella P. venustus
(Kuhl, 1820)
LC IUCN Western half of the Gulf of Carpentaria to the Kimberley[28]  
Genus Prosopeia (shining parrots) Bonaparte, 1854 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Masked shining parrot P. personata
(Gray, 1848)
iNT IUCN Viti Levu, the largest island of Fiji  
Maroon shining parrot P. tabuensis,
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN Vanua Levu and Taveuni, which are two islands of Fiji  
Crimson shining parrot P. splendens,
(Peale, 1849)
gNT IUCN Kadavu and Ono, which are part of the Kadavu Group in Fiji  
Genus Eunymphicus Peters, 1937 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Horned parakeet E. cornutus,
(Gmelin, 1788)
gVU IUCN New Caledonia  
Ouvea parakeet E. uvaeensis
(Layard, EL & Layard, ELC, 1882)
eEN IUCN Uvea, an island of Loyalty Islands, and New Caledonia  
Genus Cyanoramphus Bonaparte, 1854 – seven species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Yellow-crowned parakeet C. auriceps
(Kuhl, 1820)
iNT IUCN New Zealand, Stewart Island, and Auckland Island  
Malherbe's parakeet C. malherbi
de Souancé, 1857
CR IUCN South Island (of New Zealand)  
Red-crowned parakeet C. novaezelandiae
(Sparrman, 1787)
iNT IUCN New Zealand and several nearby islands, New Caledonia, and Norfolk Island  
Society parakeet C. ulietanus
(Gmelin, 1788)
aEX IUCN Formerly Raiatea, an island of the Society Islands in French Polynesia until 1777
Antipodes parakeet C. unicolor
(Lear, 1831)
gVU IUCN Antipodes Islands of New Zealand  
Black-fronted parakeet C. zealandicus
(Latham, 1790)
aEX IUCN Formerly Tahiti and French Polynesia until 1844  
Genus Barnardius Bonaparte 1854 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Australian ringneck B. zonarius
(Shaw, 1805)
LC IUCN Australian mainland, excluding the northern and eastern coasts  
Genus Purpureicephalus Bonaparte 1854 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Red-capped parrot P. spurius
(Kuhl, 1820)
LC IUCN Southwestern tip of Australia  
Genus Lathamus Lesson 1830 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Swift parrot L. discolor
Shaw, 1790
CR IUCN    
Genus Northiella Mathews 1912 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Eastern bluebonnet N. haematogaster
(Gould, 1838)
LC IUCN New South Wales and into Southern Australia and the southeastern corner of Western Australia  
Naretha bluebonnet N. narethae
(HL White, 1921)
NE IUCN [e] southeastern Western Australia, southwestern South Australia
Genus Psephotus Gould 1845 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Red-rumped parrot P. haematonotus
(Gould, 1838)
LC IUCN New South Wales and southern Queensland  
Genus Psephotellus Mathews 1913 – four species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Mulga parrot P. varius
(Clark, 1910)
LC IUCN Southern and central Australia  
Hooded parrot P. dissimilis
(Collett, 1898)
LC IUCN Northern Territory  
Golden-shouldered parrot P. chrysopterygius
(Gould, 1858)
eEN IUCN Cape York Peninsula  
Paradise parrot P. pulcherrimus
(Gould, 1845)
aEX IUCN Formerly eastern Australia until 1928  

Tribe Pezoporini
Bonaparte, 1837

Genus Neophema Salvadori 1891 – six species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Blue-winged parrot N. chrysostoma
(Kuhl, 1820)
VU IUCN Western New South Wales, eastern Southern Australia, and a resident population in Tasmania and the southern coast of New South Wales  
Elegant parrot N. elegans
(Gould, 1837)
LC IUCN    
Rock parrot N. petrophila
(Gould, 1841)
LC IUCN Spencer Gulf, Peron Peninsula, and the southwest coast of Western Australia  
Orange-bellied parrot N. chrysogaster
(Latham, 1790)
CR IUCN Melaleuca, Tasmania and they spend winter in the southern coast of Victoria  
Turquoise parrot N. pulchella
(Shaw, 1792)
LC IUCN    
Scarlet-chested parrot N. splendida
(Gould, 1841)
LC IUCN Large patches in the southern half of Australia  
Genus Neopsephotus Mathews 1912 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Bourke's parrot N. bourkii
(Gould, 1841)
LC IUCN Western and South Australia, and central Australia  
Genus Pezoporus Illiger 1811 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Night parrot P. occidentalis
(Gould, 1861)
eCR IUCN  
Known locations since 1950
 
Ground parrot P. wallicus
(Kerr, 1792)
LC IUCN  
in orange
 

Subfamily Psittacellinae edit

Genus Psittacella (tiger parrots) Schlegel 1871 – four species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Madarasz's tiger parrot P. madaraszi
Meyer, 1886
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands
Modest tiger parrot P. modesta
Schlegel, 1871
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands
Painted tiger parrot P. picta
Rothschild, 1896
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands on the Papua New Guinea side  
Brehm's tiger parrot P. brehmii
Schlegel, 1871
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands  

Subfamily Loriinae edit

Tribe Loriini
Selby, 1836

Genus Chalcopsitta Bonaparte 1850 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Black lory C. atra
(Scopoli, 1786)
LC IUCN West Papua  
Brown lory C. duivenbodei
Dubois, 1884
LC IUCN Northern New Guinea  
Yellow-streaked lory C. scintillata
(Temminck, 1835)
LC IUCN New Guinea, south of the New Guinea Highlands  
Genus Eos Wagler 1832 – six species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Black-winged lory E. cyanogenia
Bonaparte, 1850
gVU IUCN Schouten Islands  
Violet-necked lory E. squamata
(Boddaert, 1783)
LC IUCN North Maluku  
Blue-streaked lory E. reticulata
(Müller, 1841)
iNT IUCN Banda Sea islands  
Red-and-blue lory E. histrio
(Müller, 1776)
eEN IUCN Talaud Islands  
Red lory E. bornea
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Seram Island, an island of the Maluka archipelago between the Banda and Ceram seas  
Blue-eared lory E. semilarvata
Bonaparte, 1850
LC IUCN Central Pulua Seram, and island of the Maluka archipelago between the Banda and Ceram seas  
Genus Pseudeos Peters 1935 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Dusky lory P. fuscata
(Blyth, 1858)
LC IUCN New Guinea  
Cardinal lory P. cardinalis[f]
(Gray, 1849)
LC IUCN Solomon Islands  
Genus Trichoglossus Stephens 1826 – ten species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Rainbow lorikeet T. moluccanus
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN Eastern Australian coast, introduced to Perth  
Sunset lorikeet T. forsteni
Bonaparte, 1850

i

NT IUCN Islands of Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Tanahjampea, and Kalaotoa  
Leaf lorikeet T. weberi
(Büttikofer, 1894)
iNT IUCN Flores  
Marigold lorikeet T. capistratus
(Bechstein, 1811)
LC IUCN Timor  
Coconut lorikeet T. haematodus
(Linnaeus, 1771)
LC IUCN Maluku, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia  
Biak lorikeet T. rosenbergii
Schlegel, 1871
gVU IUCN Biak, and island of the Schouten Islands  
Red-collared lorikeet T. rubritorquis
Vigors and Horsfield, 1827
LC IUCN Northern Australia, excluding Cape York Peninsula  
Olive-headed lorikeet T. euteles
(Temminck, 1835)
LC IUCN East Nusa Tenggara and Timor  
Pohnpei lorikeet T. rubiginosus
(Bonaparte, 1850)
iNT IUCN Pohnpei, and island of Micronesia  
Scaly-breasted lorikeet T. chlorolepidotus
(Kuhl, 1820)
LC IUCN Eastern Australia  
Genus Saudareos Joseph et al., 2020 – 5 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Yellow-cheeked lorikeet S. meyeri
(Walden, 1871)
LC IUCN Sulawesi  
Mindanao lorikeet S. johnstoniae
(Hartert, 1903)
iNT IUCN Mindanao, the second largest island of the Philippines  
Sula lorikeet S. flavoviridis
Wallace, 1863
iLC IUCN Sula Islands  
Ornate lorikeet S. ornatus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Sulawesi and surrounding islands  
Iris lorikeet S. iris
(Temminck, 1835)
LC IUCN Timor  
Genus Psitteuteles Bonaparte 1854 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Varied lorikeet P. versicolor
(Lear, 1831)
LC IUCN Northern Australia  
Genus Glossoptilus Rothschild and Hartert, 1896 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Goldie's lorikeet G. goldiei
(Sharpe, 1882)
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands  
Genus Lorius Vigors 1825 – six species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Chattering lory L. garrulus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
gVU IUCN North Maluku  
Purple-naped lory L. domicella
(Linnaeus, 1758)
eEN IUCN Seram, Ambon, and possibly Haruku and Saparua of South Maluku  
Black-capped lory L. lory
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN New Guinea, excluding the New Guinea Highlands  
Purple-bellied lory L. hypoinochrous
Gray, 1859
LC IUCN New Britain, New Ireland, and the eastern coastline of the Papuan Peninsula  
White-naped lory L. albidinucha
(Rothschild and Hartert, 1924)
iNT IUCN New Ireland
Yellow-bibbed lory L. chlorocercus
Gould, 1856
LC IUCN Southern Solomon Islands  
Genus Vini Lesson, 1833 – 11 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Blue-crowned lorikeet V. australis
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN Various islands east of Fiji, including Samoa, and formerly Tonga and Wallis and Futuna  
Kuhl's lorikeet V. kuhlii
(Vigors, 1824)
eEN IUCN Washington Island, Fanning Island, and Christmas Island of Kiribati, and Rimatara of French Polynesia  
Stephen's lorikeet V. stepheni
(North, 1908)
gVU IUCN Henderson Island in the Pitcairn Islands (UK)  
Blue lorikeet V. peruviana
(Müller, 1776)
gVU IUCN Eastern French Polynesia, and formerly central French Polynesia  
Ultramarine lorikeet V. ultramarina
(Kuhl, 1820)
eEN IUCN Marquesas Islands  
Collared lory V. solitaria
(Suckow, 1800)
LC IUCN Fiji  
Meek's lorikeet V. meeki
(Rothschild and Hartert, 1901)
iLC IUCN Bougainville Island and six islands of the Solomon Islands
Red-chinned lorikeet V. rubrigularis
(Sclater, 1881)
LC IUCN New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover Island, and Karkar Island
New Caledonian lorikeet V. diadema
(Verreaux and des Murs, 1860)
CR IUCN Last official sighting in 1913 in New Caledonia  
Red-throated lorikeet V. amabilis
(Ramsay, 1875)
CR IUCN Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Ovalau (islands of Fiji)  
Palm lorikeet V. palmarum
(Gmelin, 1788)
gVU IUCN Santa Cruz and Vanuatu
Genus Parvipsitta Mathews, 1916 – two species[g]
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Purple-crowned lorikeet P. porphyrocephala[h]
(Dietrichsen, 1837)
LC IUCN    
Little lorikeet P. pusilla[i]
(Shaw, 1790)
LC IUCN    
Genus Glossopsitta Bonaparte, 1854 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Musk lorikeet G. concinna
(Shaw, 1791)
LC IUCN Southeast Australia and Tasmania  
Genus Charminetta Iredale, 1956 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Pygmy lorikeet C. wilhelminae
(Meyer, 1874)
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands  
Genus Hypocharmosyna Salvadori, 1891 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Red-fronted lorikeet H. rubronotata LC IUCN Northern New Guinea and West Papua  
Red-flanked lorikeet H. placentis
(Temminck, 1835)
LC IUCN New Guinea (excluding the New Guinea Highlands), North Maluku, Maluku, New Britain, New Ireland, and Bougainville Island  
Genus Charmosynopsis Salvadori, 1877 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Blue-fronted lorikeet C. toxopei
(Siebers, 1930)
CR IUCN Buru of Maluku
Fairy lorikeet C. pulchella
(Gray, 1859)
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands, West Papua, and Papuan Peninsula  
Genus Synorhacma Joseph et al., 2020 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Striated lorikeet S. multistriata
(Rothschild, 1911)
iLC IUCN New Guinea Highlands
Genus Charmosynoides Joseph et al., 2020 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Duchess lorikeet C. margarethae
(Tristram, 1879)
iLC IUCN Bougainville Island and six islands of the Solomon Islands  
Genus Charmosyna Wagler, 1832 – 3 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Josephine's lorikeet C. josefinae
(Finsch, 1873)
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands  
West Papuan lorikeet C. papou
(Scopoli, 1786)
LC IUCN West Papua  
Stella's lorikeet C. stellae
Meyer, 1886
LC IUCN West Papua  
Genus Oreopsittacus Salvadori, 1877 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Plum-faced lorikeet O. arfaki
(Meyer, 1874)
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands  
Genus Neopsittacus Salvadori, 1875 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Yellow-billed lorikeet N. musschenbroekii
(Schlegel, 1871)
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands  
Orange-billed lorikeet N. pullicauda
Hartert, 1896
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands  

Tribe Melopsittacini

Genus Melopsittacus Gould, 1840 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Budgerigar M. undulatus
(Shaw, 1805)
LC IUCN    

Tribe Cyclopsittini (fig parrots)

Genus Cyclopsitta Reichenbach, 1850 – four species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Blue-fronted fig parrot C. gulielmitertii
(Schlegel, 1866)
LC IUCN Salawati and the Bird's Head Peninsula in New Guinea
Female left, male right
Black-fronted fig parrot C. nigrifrons
Reichenow, 1891
LC northern New Guinea
Dusky-cheeked fig parrot C. melanogenia
(Rosenberg, HKB, 1866)
LC southern New Guinea and Aru Island
Double-eyed fig parrot C. diophthalma
(Hombron and Jacquinot, 1841)
LC IUCN Aru Islands, Waigeo, New Guinea, and the eastern coast of Cape York Peninsula  
Genus Psittaculirostris G. R. Gray and J. E. Gray, 1859 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Large fig parrot P. desmarestii
(Desmarest, 1826)
LC IUCN West Papua  
Edwards's fig parrot P. edwardsii
(Oustalet, 1885)
LC IUCN Northern coast of Papua New Guinea  
Salvadori's fig parrot P. salvadorii
(Oustalet, 1880)
LC IUCN Northern coast of Papua Province

Subfamily Agapornithinae edit

Genus Agapornis (lovebirds) Selby, 1836 – nine species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Rosy-faced lovebird A. roseicollis
(Vieillot, 1818)
LC IUCN    
Yellow-collared lovebird A. personatus LC IUCN    
Fischer's lovebird A. fischeri
Reichenow, 1887
iNT IUCN    
Lilian's lovebird A. lilianae
Shelley, 1894
iNT IUCN    
Black-cheeked lovebird A. nigrigenis
Sclater, 1906
gVU IUCN    
Gray-headed lovebird A. canus
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN Coast of Madagascar and formerly Comoros  
Female left, male right
Black-winged lovebird A. taranta
(Smith-Stanley, 1814)
LC IUCN Ethiopia and central Eritrea  
Red-headed lovebird A. pullarius
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Sub-Saharan Africa north of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and around the Gulf of Guinea  
Black-collared lovebird A. swindernianus
(Kuhl, 1820)
LC IUCN    
Genus Loriculus (hanging parrots) Blyth, 1849 – 15 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Moluccan hanging parrot L. amabilis
Wallace, 1862
LC IUCN North Maluku  
Orange-fronted hanging parrot L. aurantiifrons
Schlegel, 1871
LC IUCN New Guinea, excluding the New Guinea Highlands  
Sri Lanka hanging parrot L. beryllinus
(Pennant, 1781)
LC IUCN Southern Sri Lanka  
Sangihe hanging parrot L. catamene
Schlegel, 1871
iNT IUCN Sangihe Islands  
Pygmy hanging parrot L. exilis
Schlegel, 1866
iNT IUCN Sulawesi  
Wallace's hanging parrot L. flosculus
Wallace, 1864
eEN IUCN Flores
Blue-crowned hanging parrot L. galgulus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula
Female left, male right
Sula hanging parrot L. sclateri
Wallace, 1863
LC IUCN Taliabu, Peleng, and smaller, nearby islands  
Great hanging parrot L. stigmatus
(Müller, 1843)
LC IUCN Sulawesi  
Bismarck hanging parrot L. tener
Sclater, 1877
iNT IUCN New Britain, New Ireland, and New Hanover  
Philippine hanging parrot L. philippensis
(Müller, 1776)
LC IUCN The Philippines  
Black-billed hanging parrot L. bonapartei
Souancé, 1856
Sulu Archipelago of the Philippines  
Camiguin hanging parrot L. camiguinensis
Tello, Degner, Bates & Willard, 2006
Camiguin of the Philippines  
Yellow-throated hanging parrot L. pusillus
Gray, 1859
iNT IUCN Java and Bali  
Vernal hanging parrot L. vernalis
(Sparrman, 1787)
LC IUCN Indochina (excluding the Malay Peninsula), and the Eastern and Western Ghats  
Genus Bolbopsittacus Salvadori 1891 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Guaiabero B. lunulatus
(Scopoli, 1786)
LC IUCN Philippines, excluding the central islands  

Subfamily Psittaculinae edit

Tribe Polytelini

Genus Alisterus (king parrots) Mathews, 1911 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Moluccan king parrot A. amboinensis
(Linnaeus, 1766)
LC IUCN West Papua, Maluku, North Maluku, Buru Island, and the Banggai Islands  
Australian king parrot A. scapularis
(Lichtenstein, 1818)
LC IUCN Eastern coast of Australia  
Papuan king parrot A. chloropterus
(Ramsay, 1879)
LC IUCN New Guinea, excluding West Papua and the New Guinea Highlands  
Genus Aprosmictus Gould, 1842 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Jonquil parrot A. jonquillaceus
(Vieillot, 1818)
iNT IUCN Timor
Red-winged parrot A. erythropterus
(Gmelin, 1788)
LC IUCN    
Genus Polytelis Wagler, 1832 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Superb parrot P. swainsonii
(Desmarest, 1826)
LC IUCN Central New South Wales  
Regent parrot P. anthopeplus
(Lear, 1831)
LC IUCN Southwest Western Australia and southwest New South Wales and northwest Victoria  
Princess parrot P. alexandrae
Gould, 1863
iNT IUCN Central Australia  

Tribe Psittaculini

Genus Prioniturus (racket-tails) Wagler, 1842 – nine species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Montane racket-tail P. montanus
Ogilvie-Grant, 1895
iNT IUCN Luzon  
Mindanao racket-tail P. waterstradti
Rothschild, 1904
iNT IUCN Mindanao, an island of the Philippines
Blue-headed racket-tail P. platenae
Blasius, 1888
gVU IUCN Palawan, an island chain of the Philippines  
Green racket-tail P. luconensis
Steere, 1890
eEN IUCN Luzon and Marinduque
Blue-crowned racket-tail P. discurus
(Vieillot, 1822)
LC IUCN Central and southern Philippines  
Mindoro racket-tail P. mindorensis
Steere, 1890
gVU IUCN Mindoro, an island of the Philippines
Blue-winged racket-tail P. verticalis
Sharpe, 1893
CR IUCN Sulu Archipelago  
Yellow-breasted racket-tail P. flavicans
Cassin, 1853
iNT IUCN Northern Sulawesi  
Golden-mantled racket-tail P. platurus
(Vieillot, 1818)
LC IUCN Sulawesi and the Sula Islands  
Buru racket-tail P. mada
Hartert, 1900
LC IUCN    
Genus Eclectus Wagler, 1832 – five species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Moluccan eclectus E. roratus
(Müller, 1776)
LC IUCN Maluku, North Maluku  
Sumba eclectus E. cornelia
Bonaparte, 1850
EN Sumba
Tanimbar eclectus E. riedeli
AB Meyer, 1882
VU Tanimbar Islands
Papuan eclectus E. polychloros
(Scopoli, 1786)
LC from Kai Islands and western islands of the West Papua province in the west, across the island of New Guinea to the Trobriands, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, and Louisiade Archipelago
Oceanic eclectus E. infectus
Steadman, 2006
aEX IUCN Formerly Tonga and possibly Malakula until the late 1700s  
Genus Geoffroyus Bonaparte, 1850 – four species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Red-cheeked parrot G. geoffroyi
(Bechstein, 1811)
LC IUCN New Guinea (excluding the New Guinea Highlands), Maluku, North Maluku, Buru Island, Aru Islands, Timor, and the Lesser Sunda Islands  
Blue-collared parrot G. simplex
(Meyer, 1874)
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands and West Papua
Song parrot G. heteroclitus
(Hombron and Jacquinot, 1841)
LC IUCN New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover, and the Solomon Islands
Rennell parrot G. hyacinthinus
(Mayr, 1931)
LC IUCN Rennell Island, an island of the Solomon Islands
Genus Tanygnathus Wagler, 1832 – four species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Great-billed parrot T. megalorynchos
(Boddaert, 1783)
LC IUCN North Maluku, Maluku, Buru Island, Tanimbar Islands, East Nusa Tenggara, and Sumba  
Blue-naped parrot T. lucionensis
(Linnaeus, 1766)
iNT IUCN The Philippines  
Blue-backed parrot T. sumatranus
(Raffles, 1822)
LC IUCN The Philippines, Sulawesi, and Taliabu  
Black-lored parrot T. gramineus
(Gmelin, 1788)
gVU IUCN Buru Island
Genus Psittinus Blyth, 1842 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Blue-rumped parrot P. cyanurus
(Forster, 1795)
iNT IUCN Borneo, Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands, Bangka Island, Riau Archipelago, the Lingga Islands, and the Malay Peninsula  
Simeulue parrot P. abbotti
Richmond, 1902
iNT IUCN Simeulue and the Siumat Islands
Genus Psittacula Cuvier, 1800 – fifteen species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Newton's parakeet P. exsul
(Newton, 1872)
aEX IUCN Formerly Rodrigues, an island of Mauritius until 1875  
Echo parakeet P. eques
(Boddaert, 1783)
EN IUCN Southwest corner of Mauritius and formerly Réunion  
Rose-ringed parakeet P. krameri
(Scopoli, 1769)
LC IUCN    
Alexandrine parakeet P. eupatria
(Linnaeus, 1766)
iNT IUCN Eastern India, Western Ghats, the Himalayas, Indochina, and introduced to Bahrain and southwest Iran  
Seychelles parakeet P. wardi
(Newton, 1867)
aEX IUCN Formerly Mahé, Praslin, and Silhouette Island until 1883  
Plum-headed parakeet P. cyanocephala
(Linnaeus, 1766)
LC IUCN India, Sri Lanka, and the Himalayas  
Blossom-headed parakeet P. roseata
Biswas, 1951
iNT IUCN Indochina (excluding Malaysia) and the eastern Himalayas  
Slaty-headed parakeet P. himalayana
(Lesson, 1831)
LC IUCN the Himalayas  
Gray-headed parakeet P. finschii
(Hume, 1874)
iNT IUCN Indochina, excluding Thailand and Malaysia  
Blue-winged parakeet P. columboides
(Vigors, 1830)
LC IUCN Western Ghats
Female left, male right
Layard's parakeet P. calthrapae
(Blyth, 1849)
LC IUCN Southern Sri Lanka  
Lord Derby's parakeet P. derbiana
(Fraser, 1852)
iNT IUCN Southern China near the China/India and China/Myanmar border  
Red-breasted parakeet P. alexandri
(Linnaeus, 1758)
iNT IUCN Indochina (excluding central Thailand) and the Himalayas  
Nicobar parakeet P. caniceps
(Blyth, 1846)
iNT IUCN Nicobar Islands which is northwest of Sumatra  
Long-tailed parakeet P. longicauda
(Boddaert, 1783)
iNT IUCN Sumatra, coasts of Borneo, tip of the Malay Peninsula  
Mascarene grey parakeet P. bensoni[j]
(Holyoak, 1973)
aEX IUCN Formerly Mauritius until 1764  
Genus Lophopsittacus Cuvier, 1800 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Broad-billed parrot L. mauritianus
(Owen, 1866)
aEX IUCN Formerly Mauritius until 1693  
Genus Necropsittacus Milne-Edwards, 1874 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Rodrigues parrot N. rodricanus
(Milne-Edwards, 1867)
aEX IUCN Formerly Rodrigues, an island of Mauritius, until 1761

Tribe Micropsittini

Genus Micropsitta (pygmy parrots) Lesson, 1831 – six species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Buff-faced pygmy parrot M. pusio
(Sclater, 1866)
LC IUCN Northern coast of New Guinea, coast of the Papuan Peninsula, and the southern islands of the Bismarck Archipelago  
Yellow-capped pygmy parrot M. keiensis
(Salvadori, 1876)
LC IUCN Southern New Guinea, the Aru Islands, coast of West Papua, and the Raja Ampat Islands  
Geelvink pygmy parrot M. geelvinkiana
(Schlegel, 1871)
iNT IUCN Biak-Supiori and Numfor (islands of the Baik Island)  
Meek's pygmy parrot M. meeki
Rothschild and Hartert, 1914
LC IUCN Admiralty Islands and the St Matthias Islands
Finsch's pygmy parrot M. finschii
(Ramsay, 1881)
LC IUCN  
Red-breasted pygmy parrot M. bruijnii
(Salvadori, 1875)
LC IUCN New Guinea Highlands, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville Island, Kolombangara Island, Guadalcanal, West Papua, and Maruku

Family Psittrichasiidae edit

Subfamily Coracopsinae edit

Genus Coracopsis (vasa parrots) Wagler, 1832 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Greater vasa parrot C. vasa
(Shaw, 1812)
LC IUCN The coasts of Madagascar and Comoros (excluding Mayotte)  
Lesser vasa parrot C. nigra
(Linnaeus, 1758)
LC IUCN Madagascar  
Seychelles black parrot C. barklyi
Newton, 1867
gVU IUCN Praslin and possibly Curieuse Island  

Subfamily Psittrichasinae edit

Genus Psittrichas Lesson, 1831 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Pesquet's parrot P. fulgidus
(Lesson, 1830)
gVU IUCN New Guinea Highlands  

Cockatoos edit

Family Cacatuidae edit

Subfamily Nymphicinae edit

Genus Nymphicus Wagler, 1832 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Cockatiel N. hollandicus
(Kerr, 1792)
LC IUCN  
Male left, female right

Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae edit

Genus Calyptorhynchus Desmarest, 1826 – two species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Red-tailed black cockatoo C. banksii
(Latham, 1790)
LC IUCN    
Glossy black cockatoo C. lathami
(Temminck, 1807)
VU IUCN  
Male left, female right
Genus Zanda Mathews, 1913 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Baudin's black cockatoo Z. baudinii
(Lear, 1832)
eCR IUCN    
Yellow-tailed black cockatoo Z. funerea
(Shaw, 1794)
LC IUCN  
Z. f. funereus in red, Z. f. xanthanotus in green
 
Carnaby's black cockatoo Z. latirostris
(Carnaby, 1948)
eEN IUCN    

Subfamily Cacatuinae edit

Tribe Microglossini

Genus Probosciger Kuhl, 1820 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Palm cockatoo P. aterrimus
(Gmelin, 1788)
NT IUCN    

Tribe Cacatuini

Genus Callocephalon Lesson, 1837 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Gang-gang cockatoo C. fimbriatum
(Grant, 1803)
VU IUCN    
Genus Eolophus Bonaparte, 1854 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Galah E. roseicapilla
(Vieillot, 1817)
LC IUCN    
Genus Cacatua Vieillot, 1817 – 12 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
White cockatoo C. alba
(Müller, 1776)
eEN IUCN North Maluku  
Solomons cockatoo C. ducorpsii
Pucheran, 1853
LC IUCN Solomon Islands  
Sulphur-crested cockatoo C. galerita
(Latham, 1790)
LC IUCN  
Native range in red, introduced range in violet
 
Tanimbar corella C. goffiniana
Roselaar and Michels, 2004
iNT IUCN Yamdena and Larat of the Tanimbar Islands, and introduced to the Kai Islands  
Red-vented cockatoo C. haematuropygia
(Müller, 1776)
CR IUCN The Philippines  
Major Mitchell's cockatoo C. leadbeateri
(Vigors, 1831)
LC IUCN    
Salmon-crested cockatoo C. moluccensis
(Gmelin, 1788)
gVU IUCN Seram, Ambon Island, Saparua and Haruku Island  
Blue-eyed cockatoo C. ophthalmica
Sclater, 1864
gVU IUCN    
Western corella C. pastinator
(Gould, 1841)
LC IUCN Southwest Australian coast  
Little corella C. sanguinea
Gould, 1843
LC IUCN Australia, excluding Cape York Peninsula and west central Australia, and introduced to Tasmania  
Yellow-crested cockatoo C. sulphurea
(Gmelin, 1788)
CR IUCN  
Native range in blue, introduced range in red
 
Long-billed corella C. tenuirostris
(Kuhl, 1820)
LC IUCN New South Wales, excluding the eastern coast  

New Zealand parrots edit

Family Nestoridae edit

Genus Nestor Lesson, 1830 – three species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
New Zealand kākā N. meridionalis
(Gmelin, 1788)
eEN IUCN    
Norfolk kākā N. productus
(Gould, 1836)
aEX IUCN Formerly Norfolk Island and Phillip Island until 1851  
Kea N. notabilis
Gould, 1856
gVU IUCN    

Family Strigopidae edit

Genus Strigops Gray, 1845 – one species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Kākāpō S. habroptilus
Gray, 1845
CR IUCN Codfish Island, Anchor Island, and Little Barrier Island  

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Officially Psittacara holochlorus brevipes, a subspecies of green parakeet, by the IUCN
  2. ^ Officially Psittacara chloropterus maugei, a subspecies of Hispaniolan parakeet, by the IUCN
  3. ^ Officially Psittacara holochlorus strenuus, a subspecies of green parakeet, by the IUCN
  4. ^ The species authority is Johann Baptist von Spix, 1824, by the IOC, however the IUCN considers it to be Władysław Taczanowski, 1883
  5. ^ Officially listed as Northiella haematogaster narethae, a subspecies of eastern bluebonnet, by the IUCN
  6. ^ Officially Chalcopsitta cardinalis by the IUCN
  7. ^ Synonymous with Glossopsitta according to the IUCN
  8. ^ Officially Glossopsitta porphyrocephala by the IUCN
  9. ^ Officially Glossopsitta pusilla by the IUCN
  10. ^ This parrot is considered a member of the genus Psittacula by the IOC since 2007,[29] but as a member of the genus Lophopsittacus by the IUCN.[30]

References edit

  1. ^ "Psittacine". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Archived from the original on 27 August 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  2. ^ "Psittacine". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e Joseph, L.; Toon, A.; Schirtzinger, E. E.; Wright, T. F.; Schodde, R. (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3205 (3205): 26–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2016-08-13.
  4. ^ Forshaw, J. M.; Cooper, W. T. (1981). Parrots of the World (2nd ed.). London, England: David & Charles, Newton Abbot. ISBN 978-0-7153-7698-0.
  5. ^ Cooke, F.; Bruce, J. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Animals: a complete visual guide (1st ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-520-24406-1.
  6. ^ Heatley, J. J.; Cornejo, J. (2015). "Psittaciformes". In Miller, R. E.; Fowler, M. E. (eds.). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Vol. 8. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-4557-7397-8.
  7. ^ Burtt, E. H.; Schroeder, M. R.; Smith, L. A.; Sroka, J. E.; McGraw, K. J. (2010). "Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation". Biology Letters. 7 (2): 214–216. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0716. PMC 3061162. PMID 20926430.
  8. ^ Forshaw, J. M.; Cooper, W. T. (1978) [1973]. Parrots of the World (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Landsdowne Editions. ISBN 978-0-7018-0690-3.
  9. ^ a b c d e Wright, T. F.; Schirtzinger, E. E.; Matsumoto, T.; Eberhard, J. R.; Graves, G. R.; Sanchez, J. J.; Capelli, S.; Muller, H.; Scharpegge, J.; Chambers, G. K.; Fleischer, R. C. (2008). "A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (10): 2141–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160. PMC 2727385. PMID 18653733.
  10. ^ a b c d de Kloet, R. S.; de Kloet, S. R. (2005). "The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: Sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 36 (3): 706–721. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013. PMID 16099384.
  11. ^ a b c Tokita, M.; Kiyoshi, T.; Armstrong, K. N. (2007). "Evolution of craniofacial novelty in parrots through developmental modularity and heterochrony". Evolution and Development. 9 (6): 590–601. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00199.x. PMID 17976055. S2CID 46659963.
  12. ^ Brock, M. K.; White, B. N. (1992). "Application of DNA fingerprinting to the recovery program of the endangered Puerto Rican parrot" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 89 (23): 11121–11125. Bibcode:1992PNAS...8911121B. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.23.11121. PMC 50501. PMID 1454788.
  13. ^ Sibley, C. G.; Ahlquist, J. E. (1991). Phylogeny and Classification of Birds. Yale University Press.
  14. ^ Christidis, L.; Boles, W. E. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
  15. ^ Livezey, B. C.; Zusi, R. L. (2007). "Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy: II. – Analysis and discussion". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 149 (1): 1–94. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x. PMC 2517308. PMID 18784798.[dead link]
  16. ^ Homberger, D. G. (2006). "Classification and the status of wild populations of parrots". In Luescher AU (ed.). Manual of parrot behavior. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 3–11. ISBN 978-0-8138-2749-0.
  17. ^ a b White, N. E.; Phillips, M. J.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Alfaro-Núñez, A.; Willerslev, E.; Mawson, P. R.; Spencer, P. B. S.; Bunce, M. (2011). "The evolutionary history of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 615–622. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.011. PMID 21419232.
  18. ^ Astuti, D. (2004). A phylogeny of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes) inferred from DNA sequences of the seventh intron of nuclear β-fibrinogen gene (PDF) (Thesis). Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan. pp. 1–3.
  19. ^ Adams, M.; Baverstock, P. R.; Saunders, D.A.; Schodde, R.; Smith, G. T. (1984). "Biochemical systematics of the Australian cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuinae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 32 (3): 363–377. doi:10.1071/ZO9840363.
  20. ^ "Introduction". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  21. ^ Schweizer, M.; Seehausen, O.; Güntert, M.; Hertwig, S. T. (2009). "The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans-oceanic dispersal events and local radiations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (3): 984–994. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.021. PMID 19699808. S2CID 1831016.
  22. ^ Joseph, L.; Toon, A.; Schirtzinger, E. E.; Wright, T. F. (2011). "Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera Psittacella and Pezoporus illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 675–684. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017. PMID 21453777.
  23. ^ Schweizer, M.; Seehausen, O.; Hertwig, S. T. (2011). "Macroevolutionary patterns in the diversification of parrots: effects of climate change, geological events and key innovations". Journal of Biogeography. 38 (11): 2176–2194. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02555.x. S2CID 85625053.
  24. ^ "Platycercus/Barnardius – Rosellas". Avian Web. 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  25. ^ Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09251-5.
  26. ^ Lendon, A. H. (1973). Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary (2nd ed.). Sydney, Australia: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 978-0-207-12424-2.
  27. ^ Falla, R. A.; Sibson, R. B.; Turbot, E. G. (1966). A Field guide to the birds of New Zealand. London, England: Houghton Mifflin and Company. ISBN 978-0-00-212022-7.
  28. ^ BirdLife International. "Northern Rosella Platycercus venustus". IUCN Redlist for Birds. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  29. ^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (2016). "Parrots and cockatoos". IOC World Bird List. 6.4. International Ornithological Congress. doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.6.4. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  30. ^ International, B. (2016). "Lophopsittacus bensoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728844A94998578. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728844A94998578.en.

External links edit

  • eBird – Enter the name of a parrot species to find detailed information about their current range as well as sightings across the world
  • IOC World Bird List – A comprehensive list of parrots with up-to-date information on taxonomy, including synonyms and authority
  • Integrated Taxonomic Information System – A list providing taxonomic information on all subordinate taxa of Psittaciformes, including subspecies