Wikipedia

List of missions to the Moon

(Redirected from List of future lunar missions)

This article is about missions to the Moon. For a list of each individual lunar probe, see List of lunar probes.
"Moon rocket" redirects here. Not to be confused with Rocket to the Moon.

Missions to the Moon have been numerous and include some of the earliest space missions, conducting exploration of the Moon since 1959.

The Luna programme was the first successful lunar programme, its Luna 1 (1959) being the first partially successful lunar mission
The first image taken of the far side of the Moon, returned by Luna 3 (1959)

The first partially successful lunar mission was Luna 1 (January 1959), the first probe to leave Earth and fly past another astronomical body. Soon after that the first Moon landing and the first landing on any extraterrestrial body was performed by Luna 2,[1] which intentionally impacted the Moon on 14 September 1959. The far side of the Moon, which is always facing away from Earth due to tidal locking, was seen for the first time by Luna 3 in (7 October 1959). In 1966, Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a controlled soft landing,[2] while Luna 10 became the first mission to enter orbit, and in 1968 Zond 5 became the first mission to carry terrestrial lifeforms (tortoises) to close proximity of the Moon through a circumlunar approach.[3]

India's Chandrayaan-3 (2023) became the first lunar mission to achieve a soft landing near the lunar south pole

The first crewed missions to the Moon were pursued by the Soviet Union and the United States, becoming the climax of the Space Race. While the Soviet Union shifted to robotic sample return missions, the American Apollo program proceeded successfully, with Apollo 8 becoming the first crewed mission to enter lunar orbit in December 1968. On 20 July 1969 Apollo 11 landed on the Moon, and Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon. At the same time another mission, the robotic sample return mission Luna 15 by the Soviet Union, was in orbit around the Moon, becoming together with Apollo 11 the first ever case of two extraterrestrial missions being conducted at the same time. Until 1972 crewed Apollo missions and until 1976 Soviet uncrewed sample return missions, with the first ever successful extraterrestrial rovers (Lunokhod programme), continued. After that no dedicated lunar missions were conducted until 1990. Since then the following nations and organisations (in chronological order) have visited the Moon, after the Soviet Union and the United States: Japan, the European Space Agency, China, India, Luxembourg, Israel, Italy, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, Russia, Mexico, and Pakistan.

In 2018 the far side of the Moon was for the first time landed on by the Chang'e 4 mission at the Aitken basin on 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover. Five years later, China followed with Chang'e 6 sample return mission to the far side whose lander successfully landed in Apollo crater on 1 June 2024 and collected lunar samples.

On August 23, 2023 12:34 UTC, India's Chandrayaan-3 became the first lunar mission to achieve a soft landing near the lunar south pole. The mission consisted of a lander and a rover for carrying out scientific experiments.

The Moon has also been visited by five spacecraft not dedicated to studying it; four of these spacecraft have flown past for the purpose of gravity assistance, and a radio telescope, Explorer 49, was placed into selenocentric orbit in order to use the Moon to block interference from terrestrial radio sources.

20th century

edit
Legend

⚀ Cubesat or similar

Mission Spacecraft Launch date Carrier rocket Operator Mission type Outcome
1 Pioneer 0

(Able I)[4]

Pioneer 0 17 August 1958 Thor DM-18 Able I[4]   USAF Orbiter Launch failure
First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first-stage explosion.[4] Reached apogee of 16 kilometres (10 mi).[5]
2 Luna E-1 No.1 Luna E-1 No.1 23 September 1958 Luna   OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration.[4][6]
3 Pioneer 1

(Able II)[4]

Pioneer 1 11 October 1958 Thor DM-18 Able I[4]   NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. Later known as Pioneer 1.[4] Reached apogee of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi).[7]
4 Luna E-1 No.2 Luna E-1 No.2 11 October 1958 Luna   OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration.[4][6]
5 Pioneer 2

(Able III)

Pioneer 2 8 November 1958 Thor DM-18 Able I   NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection.[4] Reached apogee of 1,550 kilometres (960 mi).[8]
6 Luna E-1 No.3 Luna E-1 No.3 4 December 1958 Luna   OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core-stage underperformance.[4][6]
7 Pioneer 3 Pioneer 3 6 December 1958 Juno II   NASA Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature first-stage cutoff.[4] Reached apogee of 102,360 kilometres (63,600 mi).[9]
8 Luna 1

(E-1 No.4)

Luna 1 2 January 1959 Luna   OKB-1 Impactor Partial failure
Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in a heliocentric orbit.[10] Closest approach 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) on 4 January.[11] First spacecraft to fly by the Moon.
9 Pioneer 4 Pioneer 4 3 March 1959 Juno II   NASA Flyby Partial failure
Second-stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with 58,983 kilometres (36,650 mi) of distance.[10] Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit.[12]
10 E-1A No.1 E-1A No.1 18 June 1959 Luna   OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance system malfunction.[10]
11 Luna 2

(E-1A No.2)

Luna 2 12 September 1959 Luna   OKB-1 Impactor Success
Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. First spacecraft to impact the lunar surface.[13] This made the Soviet Union the 1st country to impact the surface of the Moon.
12 Luna 3

(E-2A No.1)

Luna 3 4 October 1959 Luna   OKB-1 Flyby Success
Returned the first images of the far side of the Moon.[14]
13 Pioneer P-3

Able IVB

Pioneer P-3 26 November 1959 Atlas-D Able   NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit;[15] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault.[10]
14 Luna E-3 No.1 Luna E-3 No.1 15 April 1960 Luna   OKB-1 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature third-stage cutoff.[16]
15 Luna E-3 No.2 Luna E-3 No.2 16 April 1960 Luna   OKB-1 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch.[16]
16 Pioneer P-30

(Able VA)

Pioneer P-30 25 September 1960 Atlas-D Able   NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; second-stage oxidizer system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff.[17][16]
17 Pioneer P-31

(Able VB)

Pioneer P-31 15 December 1960 Atlas-D Able   NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit, exploded 68 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 12.2 kilometres (7.6 mi). Second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning.[18][16]
18 Ranger 3

(P-34)

Ranger 3 26 January 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B   NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Ranger 3 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36,793 kilometres (22,862 mi).[19][20]
19 Ranger 4

(P-35)

Ranger 4 23 April 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B   NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Ranger 4 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April. First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[19][21]

The impact made the United States the 2nd country to impact the surface of the Moon.

20 Ranger 5

(P-36)

Ranger 5 18 October 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B   NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Ranger 5 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed 8+3⁄4 hours after launch when batteries were depleted.[19] Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed.[22]
21 Luna E-6 No.2 Luna E-6 No.2 4 January 1963 Molniya-L   OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to depart Low Earth orbit;[23] guidance system power failure prevented upper-stage ignition.[24]
22 Luna E-6 No.3 Luna E-6 No.3 3 February 1963 Molniya-L   OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance failure.[24]
23 Luna 4

(E-6 No.4)

Luna 4 2 April 1963 Molniya-L   OKB-1 Lander Spacecraft failure
Failed to perform mid-course correction,[24] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation.[25]
24 Ranger 6

(P-54)

Ranger 6 30 January 1964 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B   NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure.[26][27]
25 Luna E-6 No.6 Luna E-6 No.6 21 March 1964 Molniya-M   OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure.[26]
26 Luna E-6 No.5 Luna E-6 No.5 20 April 1964 Molniya-M   OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third-stage cutoff.[26]
27 Ranger 7 Ranger 7 28 July 1964 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B   NASA Impactor Success
Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC.[28]
28 Ranger 8 Ranger 8 17 February 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B   NASA Impactor Success
Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC.[29][30]
29 Kosmos 60

(E-6 No.9)

Kosmos 60 12 March 1965 Molniya-L   Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short circuit,[29] Failed to depart low Earth orbit.[31]
30 Ranger 9 Ranger 9 21 March 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B   NASA Impactor Success
Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC.[29][32]
31 Luna E-6 No.8 Luna E-6 No.8 10 April 1965 Molniya-L   Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit.[29]
32 Luna 5

(E-6 No.10)

Luna 5 9 May 1965 Molniya-M   Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[29] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[33]
33 Luna 6

(E-6 No.7)

Luna 6 8 June 1965 Molniya-M   Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[29] flew past the Moon in a heliocentric orbit.[34]
34 Zond 3

(3MV-4 No.3)

Zond 3 18 July 1965 Molniya   Lavochkin Flyby Success
Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi).[35] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[29]
35 Luna 7

(E-6 No.11)

Luna 7 4 October 1965 Molniya   Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[29][36]
36 Luna 8

(E-6 No.12)

Luna 8 3 December 1965 Molniya   Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[29] impacted Moon on 6 December 1965 at 21:51:30 UTC.[37]
37 Luna 9

(E-6 No.13)

Luna 9 31 January 1966 Molniya-M   Lavochkin Lander Success
First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon. Touchdown on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 UTC.[38] Returned data until 6 February at 22:55 UTC.[39] With its soft landing, the Soviet Union became the first country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
38 Kosmos 111

(E-6S No.204)

Kosmos 111 1 March 1966 Molniya-M   Lavochkin Orbiter Launch failure
Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[39] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit.[40]
39 Luna 10

(E-6S No.206)

Luna 10 31 March 1966 Molniya-M   Lavochkin Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[41] Continued to return data until 30 May.[39]
40 Surveyor 1 Surveyor 1 30 May 1966 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D   NASA Lander Success
Landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966 at 06:17:36 UTC.[39] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[42] With its soft landing, the United States became the second country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
41 Explorer 33

(AIMP-D)

Explorer 33 1 July 1966 Delta E1   NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[39] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[43]
42 Lunar Orbiter 1 Lunar Orbiter 1 10 August 1966 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D   NASA Orbiter Partial failure
Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[44]
43 Luna 11

(E-6LF No.101)

Luna 11 21 August 1966 Molniya-M   Lavochkin Orbiter Partial failure
Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[39] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon.

Ceased operation on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[45]

44 Surveyor 2 Surveyor 2 20 September 1966 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D   NASA Lander Spacecraft failure
One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre, resulting in loss of control.[39] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[46]
45 Luna 12

(E-6LF No.102)

Luna 12 22 October 1966 Molniya-M   Lavochkin Orbiter Success
Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[47] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[39]
46 Lunar Orbiter 2 Lunar Orbiter 2 6 November 1966 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D   NASA Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[48]
47 Luna 13

(E-6M No.205)

Luna 13 21 December 1966 Molniya-M   Lavochkin Lander Success
Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[39] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[49] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[39]
48 Lunar Orbiter 3 Lunar Orbiter 3 5 February 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D   NASA Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[50]
49 Surveyor 3 Surveyor 3 17 April 1967 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D   NASA Lander Success
Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[51][52] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[53]
50 Lunar Orbiter 4 Lunar Orbiter 4 4 May 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D   NASA Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[51][54]
51 Surveyor 4 Surveyor 4 14 July 1967 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D   NASA Lander Spacecraft failure
Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[51] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[55]
52 Explorer 35
(AIMP-E) 		Explorer 35
(AIMP-E) 		19 July 1967 Delta E1   NASA Orbiter Success
Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[56] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[57]
53 Lunar Orbiter 5 Lunar Orbiter 5 1 August 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D   NASA Orbiter Success
Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[58]
54 Surveyor 5 Surveyor 5 8 September 1967 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D   NASA Lander Success
Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[59]
55 Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L 27 September 1967 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Flyby Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first-stage engines to not ignite.[51]
56 Surveyor 6 Surveyor 6 7 November 1967 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D   NASA Lander Success
Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[51] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[60]
57 Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L 22 November 1967 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; unable to achieve orbit after second-stage engine failed to ignite.[51]
58 Surveyor 7 Surveyor 7 7 January 1968 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D   NASA Lander Success
Final Surveyor mission.[61] Landed 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[62]
59 Luna E-6LS No.112 Luna E-6LS No.112 7 February 1968 Molniya-M   Lavochkin Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[62]
60 Luna 14

(E-6LS No.113)

Luna 14 7 April 1968 Molniya-M   Lavochkin Orbiter Success
Tested communications for proposed crewed missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[63]
61 Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L 22 April 1968 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after second-stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down. Spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[62]
62 Zond 5

(7K-L1 No.9L)

Zond 5 14 September 1968 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Flyby Success
Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Made a closest approach of 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) on 18 September, and circled the Moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming the first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the Moon.[64]
63 Zond 6

(7K-L1 No.12L)

Zond 6 10 November 1968 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Flyby Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carrying turtles, making this the second mission of Earthlings to travel in close proximity of the Moon, the flyby was on 14 November with a closest approach of 2,420 kilometres (1,500 mi).[65] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November; recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[62]
64 Apollo 8 Apollo 8 21 December 1968 Saturn V   NASA Crewed orbiter Success
First crewed mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[66]
65 Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L 20 January 1969 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second-stage engines shut down prematurely. Third-stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[67]
66 Luna E-8 No.201 Luna E-8 No.201 19 February 1969 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Lunokhod Rover Launch failure
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[68]
67 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 21 February 1969 N1   OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[68]
68 Apollo 10 Apollo 10 18 May 1969 Saturn V   NASA Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Snoopy Orbiter Success
Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11. Lunar Module with two astronauts on board descended to a distance of 14.326 kilometres (8.902 mi) above the lunar surface.[69]
69 Luna E-8-5 No.402 Luna E-8-5 No.402 14 June 1969 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Luna E-8-5 No.402 return craft Sample Return Launch failure
Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[67]
70 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 3 July 1969 N1   OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first-stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[68]
71 Luna 15

(E-8-5 No.401)

Luna 15 13 July 1969 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Luna 15 return craft Sample Return Launch failure
Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost three minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[68]
72 Apollo 11 Apollo 11 16 July 1969 Saturn V   NASA Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Eagle Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
First crewed landing on the Moon. The Lunar Module Eagle landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969.
73 Zond 7

(7K-L1 No.11L)

Zond 7 7 August 1969 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Flyby Success
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carried four turtles in a lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi); returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[68]
74 Kosmos 300

(E-8-5 No.403)

Kosmos 300 23 September 1969 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Kosmos 300 return craft Sample return Launch failure
Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidiser leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[68]
75 Kosmos 305

(E-8-5 No.404)

Kosmos 305 22 October 1969 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Kosmos 305 return craft Sample Return Launch failure
Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[68]
76 Apollo 12 Apollo 12 14 November 1969 Saturn V   NASA Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Intrepid Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
Second crewed lunar landing.
77 Luna E-8-5 No.405 Luna E-8-5 No.405 6 February 1970 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Luna E-8-5 No.405 return craft Sample return Launch failure
Failed to orbit
78 Apollo 13 Apollo 13 11 April 1970 Saturn V   NASA Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Lunar Module Aquarius 11 April 1970 Saturn V   NASA Rescue mission Success
Lunar landing aborted following Service Module oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; flew past the Moon (free-return trajectory) and returned the crew safely to Earth.
79 Luna 16

(E-8-5 No.406)

Luna 16 12 September 1970 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Success
Luna 16 return craft Sample return Success
First robotic sampling mission.
80 Zond 8

(7K-L1 No.14L)

Zond 8 20 October 1970 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Flyby Success
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; returned to Earth successfully.
81 Luna 17

(E-8 No.203)

Luna 17 10 November 1970 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Success
Lunokhod 1 Rover Success
Luna 17 deployed Lunokhod 1.
82 Apollo 14 Apollo 14 31 January 1971 Saturn V   NASA Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Antares Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
Third crewed lunar landing.
83 Apollo 15 Apollo 15 26 July 1971 Saturn V   NASA Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Falcon Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Success
Fourth crewed lunar landing, and first to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
84 PFS-1 PFS-1 26 July 1971 Saturn V   NASA Orbiter Success
PFS-1 was deployed from Apollo 15.
85 Luna 18

(E-8-5 No.407)

Luna 18 2 September 1971 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Luna 18 return craft Sample return Spacecraft failure
Failed during descent to lunar surface.
86 Luna 19

(E-8LS No.202)

Luna 19 28 September 1971 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Orbiter Success
Entered an orbit around the Moon on 2 October 1971 after two midcourse corrections on 29 September and 1 October.
87 Luna 20

(E-8-5 No.408)

Luna 20 14 February 1972 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Success
Luna 20 return craft Sample return Success
Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Terra Apollonius (or Apollonius highlands) near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed.
88 Apollo 16 Apollo 16 16 April 1972 Saturn V   NASA Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Orion Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Success
5th crewed lunar landing.
89 PFS-2 PFS-2 16 April 1972 Saturn V   NASA Orbiter Success
PFS-2 deployed from Apollo 16.
90 Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 23 November 1972 N1   OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth.
91 Apollo 17 Apollo 17 7 December 1972 Saturn V   NASA Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Challenger Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Success
Sixth and last crewed lunar landing and last use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle; the orbiting command module included five mice.
92 Luna 21

(E-8 No.204)

Luna 21 8 January 1973 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Success
Lunokhod 2 Rover Success
Deployed Lunokhod 2.
93 Explorer 49

(RAE-B)

Explorer 49 10 June 1973 Delta 1913   NASA Orbiter Success
Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources.
94 Mariner 10 Mariner 10 3 November 1973 Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A   NASA Flyby Success
Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.
95 Luna 22

(E-8LS No.206)

Luna 22 29 May 1974 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Orbiter Success
Inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974
96 Luna 23

(E-8-5M No.410)

Luna 23 16 October 1975 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Partial failure
Luna 23 return craft Sample Return Precluded
Tipped over upon landing, precluding any sample return attempt. Functioned for three days on surface.
97 Luna E-8-5M No.412 Luna E-8-5M No.412 16 October 1975 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Luna E-8-5M No.412 return craft Sample Return Launch failure
Failed to orbit.
98 Luna 24

(E-8-5M No.413)

Luna 24 9 August 1976 Proton-K/D   Lavochkin Lander Success
Luna 24 return craft Sample Return Success
Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered 96+1⁄2 hours later.[70] Returned 170.1 grams (6.00 oz) of lunar regolith.[71] Final mission to the Moon from the Soviet Union.
99 ISEE-3

(ICE/Explorer 59)

ISEE-3 12 August 1978 Delta 2914   NASA Flyby Success
Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner.
100 Hiten

(MUSES-A)

Hiten 24 January 1990 Mu-3S-II   ISAS Orbiter Success
Hagoromo 24 January 1990 Mu-3S-II   ISAS Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo. Deorbited and impacted in USGS quadrangle LQ27 on 10 April 1993.[72] Hagoromo was deployed from Hiten. The impact made Japan the 3rd country to impact the surface of the Moon.
101 Geotail Geotail 24 July 1992 Delta II 6925     ISAS/NASA Flyby Success
Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit.
102 WIND WIND 1 November 1994 Delta II 7925-10   NASA Flyby Success
Made two flybys on 1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994 to reach the Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point.
103 Clementine

(DSPSE)

Clementine 25 January 1994 Titan II (23)G Star-37FM   USAF/NASA Orbiter Success
Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit.
104 HGS-1 HGS-1 24 December 1997 Proton-K/DM3   Hughes Flyby Success
Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit.
105 Lunar Prospector

(Discovery 3)

Lunar Prospector 7 January 1998 Athena II   NASA Orbiter Success
The mission ended on July 31, 1999
106 Nozomi

(PLANET-B)

Nozomi 3 July 1998 M-V   ISAS Flyby Success
Two flybys en route to Mars.

21st century

edit
Legend

⚀ Cubesat or similar

Mission Spacecraft Launch date Carrier rocket Operator Mission type Outcome
107 WMAP WMAP 30 June 2001 Delta II 7425-10   NASA Flyby Success
Flyby on 30 July 2001 to reach the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point.
108 SMART-1 SMART-1 27 September 2003 Ariane 5G   ESA Orbiter Success
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ26 at end of mission on 3 September 2006. The impact made the ESA member states collectively the 4th to impact the surface of the Moon.
109 STEREO STEREO A 25 October 2006 Delta II 7925-10L   NASA Flyby Success
STEREO B Success
Both component spacecraft entered heliocentric orbit on 15 December 2006.
110 ARTEMIS ARTEMIS P1 17 February 2007 Delta II 7925   NASA Orbiter Operational
ARTEMIS P2 Orbiter Operational
Two THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011.
111 SELENE Kaguya 14 September 2007 H-IIA 2022   JAXA Orbiter Success
Okina Orbiter Success
Ouna Orbiter Success
Deployed Okina and Ouna satellites. Kaguya and Okina impacted the Moon at end of mission.[73] Ouna completed operations on 29 June 2009[3] but remains in selenocentric orbit.
112 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 1 24 October 2007 Long March 3A   CNSA Orbiter Success
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ21 on 1 March 2009, at end of mission. The impact made China the 6th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
113 Chandrayaan-1 Chandrayaan-1 22 October 2008 PSLV-XL C11   ISRO Orbiter Success
Moon Impact Probe Impactor Success
Succeeded through mission. Orbit lasted 312 days, short of intended 2 years; However mission achieved most of its intended objectives. Terminated in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water ice on the Moon.[74] Moon Impact Probe was deployed from the orbiter. It successfully impacted Moon's Shackleton Crater in the USGS quadrangle LQ30 at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing underground debris that could be analyzed by the orbiter for presence of water/ice. With this mission, India became the 4th nation to impact the lunar surface and 5th as an agency.
114 LRO & LCROSS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 18 June 2009 Atlas V 401   NASA Orbiter Operational
LCROSS 18 June 2009 Atlas V 401   NASA Impactor Success
LCROSS observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in USGS quadrangle LQ30. LRO entered orbit on June 23, 2009.
115 Chang'e 2 Chang'e 2 1 October 2010 Long March 3C   CNSA Orbiter Success
Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point[75] and subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis for a close encounter with the asteroid at a distance of 3.2 kilometers and a relative velocity of 10.73 km/s.[76][77]
116 GRAIL Ebb

(GRAIL-A)

10 September 2011[78][79] Delta II 7920H   NASA Orbiter Success
Flow

(GRAIL-B)

Orbiter Success
Impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[80]
117 LADEE LADEE 7 September 2013 Minotaur V   NASA Orbiter Success
Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon.
118 Chang'e 3 Chang'e 3 1 December 2013 Long March 3B   CNSA Lander Operational
Yutu 1 December 2013 Long March 3B   CNSA Rover Success
Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. Yutu rover was deployed from Chang'e 3. With its soft landing, China became the third country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
119 Chang'e 5-T1 Chang'e 5-T1 23 October 2014 Long March 3C   CNSA Orbiter Operational
Chang'e 5-T1 Return Capsule 23 October 2014 Long March 3C   CNSA Orbiter Success
Manfred Memorial Moon Mission 23 October 2014 Long March 3C   LuxSpace Flyby / Impactor (post mission) Success
Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity. Orbiter may still be in lunar orbit. Manfred Memorial Moon Mission attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1. Impacted the Moon on 4 March 2022. The impact made Luxembourg the 8th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
120 TESS TESS 18 April 2018 Falcon 9 Full Thrust   NASA Flyby Success
Flyby on 17 May 2018 to designated high Earth orbit.[81]
121 Queqiao Queqiao relay satellite 21 May 2018 Long March 4C   CNSA Relay Satellite Operational
Longjiang-1 21 May 2018 Long March 4C   CNSA Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Longjiang-2 21 May 2018 Long March 4C   CNSA Orbiter Success
Launched on the same rocket as Queqiao. Longjiang-1 never entered Moon orbit,[82] while Longjiang-2 operated in lunar orbit until 31 July 2019, when it impacted the lunar surface.[83] Queqiao entered designated Earth–Moon L2 orbit on 14 June in preparation of Chang'e 4 far-side lunar lander in December 2018.
122 Chang'e 4 Chang'e 4 7 December 2018 Long March 3B   CNSA Lander Operational
Yutu-2 Rover Operational
First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon (South Pole–Aitken basin). Landed 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover.[84][85] Cottonseeds sprouted in the lander in a biological experiment, the first plants to sprout on the Moon.[86]
123 Beresheet Beresheet 22 February 2019 Falcon 9   SpaceIL Lander Spacecraft failure
First Israeli and first privately funded lunar lander mission. Technology demonstration. Instrumentation included a magnetometer and laser retroreflector.[87][88] Spacecraft crashed into the lunar surface after main engine failure during descent from lunar orbit phase.[89] The impact made Israel the 7th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
124 Chandrayaan-2 Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter 22 July 2019 LVM3   ISRO Orbiter Operational
Vikram 22 July 2019 LVM3   ISRO Lander Spacecraft failure
Pragyan Rover Precluded
Entered orbit on 20 August 2019. Lander separated from orbiter but crashed during a landing attempt on 6 September 2019, attributed to a software glitch. Both lander and rover were lost. Orbiter remained operational.[90]
125 Chang'e 5 Chang'e 5 Orbiter 23 November 2020 Long March 5   CNSA Orbiter Operational
Chang'e 5 Lander 23 November 2020 Long March 5   CNSA Lander Success
Chang'e 5 Ascender Launch Vehicle Success
Chang'e 5 Returner Sample Return Success
First lunar sample return mission from China, which returned 1.731 kg (61.1 oz) of lunar samples on 16 December 2020. The orbiter received a mission extension and is currently in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) of the Moon.[91]
126 CAPSTONE ⚀ CAPSTONE 28 June 2022[92] Electron   NASA Orbiter Operational
Lunar orbiting CubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Gateway space station.
127 Danuri Danuri 4 August 2022[92] Falcon 9   KARI Orbiter[93][94] Operational
Lunar Orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
128 Artemis I Artemis I Orion MPCV CM-002 16 November 2022[95] SLS Block 1   NASA Orbiter Success
⚀ LunaH-Map 16 November 2022[95] SLS Block 1   NASA Orbiter Spacecraft failure
⚀ Lunar IceCube Orbiter Spacecraft failure
⚀ CubeSat for Solar Particles Flyby Spacecraft failure
⚀ Near-Earth Asteroid Scout Flyby Spacecraft failure
⚀ OMOTENASHI   JAXA Lander Spacecraft failure
⚀ ArgoMoon 16 November 2022[95] SLS Block 1   ASI Flybys Operational
⚀ EQUULEUS   JAXA Flybys Operational
⚀ LunIR 16 November 2022[95] SLS Block 1   Lockheed Martin Flyby Partial failure
⚀ BioSentinel 16 November 2022[95] SLS Block 1   NASA Flyby Success
⚀ Team Miles 16 November 2022[95] SLS Block 1   Fluid & Reason Flyby Success
Uncrewed test of Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby and lunar Distant retrograde orbit.
129 Hakuto-R Mission 1 Hakuto-R 11 December 2022 Falcon 9 Block 5   ispace Lander Spacecraft failure
SORA-Q   Tomy/JAXA/Dodai Rover Precluded
Rashid   UAESA/MBRSC Rover Precluded
⚀ Lunar Flashlight   NASA Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Lunar lander technology demonstration.[96] Contact lost during final stage of landing and deemed a failure. Cause of failure determined to be a software bug associated with the altitude estimation system.,[97] Emirates Lunar Mission Rashid was a small rover demonstration. The impact made the United Arab Emirates the 9th country to impact the surface of the Moon. Lunar Flashlight initially scheduled to be launched on the Artemis I mission, moved to a Falcon 9 Block 5 after not making it for the payload integration deadline. NASA announced later that it would not make its planned orbit or monthly flybys due to thruster issues.[98][99]
130 Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 14 April 2023 Ariane 5 ECA   ESA Flyby En route
Will fly by the Moon in August 2024 en route to Ganymede.
131 Chandrayaan-3 Chandrayaan-3 14 July 2023 LVM3   ISRO Orbiter Success
Vikram lander Lander Success
Pragyan rover Rover Success
Launched on 14 July 2023, Orbit insertion on 5 August 2023, Lander separated from propulsion module on 17 August 2023, landed on 23 August 2023, 12:32 UTC and deployed the Pragyan rover. With its soft landing, India became the fourth country to successfully land on the lunar surface. Later during extended operations, the Propulsion Module returned to Earth's orbit.
132 Luna 25 Luna 25 10 August 2023 Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat   Roscosmos Lander Spacecraft failure
Launched on 10 August 2023, Orbital insertion on 16 August 2023, failed orbital maneuver on 19 August 2023 set the spacecraft on the crash course with the Moon's surface. Loss of communication was confirmed by Roscosmos on 20 August 2023. The impact made Russia the 10th country to impact the lunar surface.
133 SLIM SLIM 6 September 2023 H-IIA   JAXA Lander Success
LEV-1 Hopper Success
LEV-2 (Sora-Q)   Tomy / JAXA / Doshisha University Rover Success
Launched alongside XRISM as a co-passenger on 7 September 2023. Performed lunar swing-by, followed by lunar orbital insertion on 25 December 2023. SLIM landed intact and within 100 m of its target on 19 January 2024, 15:20 UTC, which met JAXA's criteria for a successful landing.[100] However, it had landed with incorrect attitude to orient solar panels towards the Sun, which led to temporary power loss until the Sun was in the right position. LEV-1 and LEV-2 were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before its own landing. LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface. With its soft landing, Japan became the fifth country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
134 Peregrine Mission One Peregrine 8 January 2024 Vulcan Centaur VC2   Astrobotic Technology Lander Spacecraft failure
Colmena × 5   UNAM Rovers Precluded
⚀ Iris   CMU Rover Precluded
Part of CLPS. Peregrine lander's reaction thrusters' leak deemed the spacecraft uncontrollable for landing and it decayed in the Earth's atmosphere 10 days later.
135 IM-1 Nova-C Odysseus 14 February 2024 Falcon 9 B5   Intuitive Machines Lander Success
⚀ EagleCam 14 February 2024 Falcon 9 B5   ERAU Deployable camera Spacecraft failure
First Nova-C mission. First private spacecraft to soft land on the Moon. Payloads successfully delivered for NASA CLPS and for private customers. Though it landed successfully, one of the lander's legs broke upon landing and it tilted up on other side, 18° due to landing on a slope, but the lander survived and payloads are functioning as expected.[101] EagleCam was not ejected prior to landing. It was later ejected on the 28th of February but minimal data was obtained.[102][103]
136 DRO A/B DRO-A 13 March 2024 Long March 2C   CAS Relay Satellite Operational
DRO-B Relay Satellite Operational
Yuanzheng 1S upper stage failed to deliver spacecrafts into correct orbit. The satellites were intended to test Distant retrograde orbit.[104] Tracking data appears to show China is attempting to salvage spacecraft and they appear to have succeeded in reaching their desired orbit.[105][106]
137 Queqiao-2 Queqiao-2 20 March 2024 Long March 8   CNSA Relay Satellite Operational
Tiandu-1   Deep Space Exploration Laboratory (DSEL, Tiandu Lab)[107] Orbiter Operational
Tiandu-2 Orbiter Operational
Relay satellite to support future missions of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program targeting south pole region.[108] Tiandu satellites are launched with them to test communications for future lunar satellite constellation technologies.[109]
138 Chang'e 6 Chang'e 6 Orbiter 3 May 2024[110] Long March 5   CNSA Orbiter Success
Chang'e 6 Lander 3 May 2024[110] Long March 5   CNSA Lander Success
Chang'e 6 Ascender Launch Vehicle Success
Chang'e 6 Returner Sample Return Success
Jinchan[111] Rover Success
⚀ ICUBE-Q[112] 3 May 2024[110] Long March 5   SUPARCO[a][114] Orbiter Operational
First spacecraft to have collected lunar samples from the far side of the Moon (Apollo crater, South Pole–Aitken basin).[115] ICUBE-Q is Pakistan's first lunar mission. Lander carries international payloads from ESA, France, Italy, and Sweden. It also carried a mini rover to conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface.[116] The orbiter went to Sun Earth L2 under mission extension.

Statistics

edit
 Luna 9Surveyor 1Luna 13Surveyor 3Surveyor 5Surveyor 6Surveyor 7Apollo 11Apollo 12Luna 16Luna 17Apollo 14Apollo 15Luna 20Apollo 16Apollo 17Luna 21Luna 23Luna 24Chang'e 3Smart Lander for Investigating Moon

Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the near side of the Moon to date (top)

Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time. Except for the Apollo program, all soft landings were uncrewed.
 
Interactive Map of soft landings till SLIM lander of Japan

Launches by decade

edit
Launches to Moon
Decade
1950s
13
1960s
63
1970s
23
1980s
0
1990s
7
2000s
8
2010s
10
2020s
14

This is a list of 138 missions (including failed ones) to the Moon. It includes Flybys, Impact probes, orbiters, landers, rovers and crewed missions.

Mission milestones by country

edit

This is a list of major milestones achieved by country. Recorded is the first spacecraft from each respective country to accomplish each milestone, regardless of mission type or intended outcome. For example, Beresheet was not intended to be an impactor, but achieved that milestone incidentally.

Legend

  Attempted Milestone achieved
  Attempted Milestone not achieved
† First to achieve

Country/

Agency

Flyby[b] Orbit Impact Soft landing Rover Sample return Crewed orbiting Crewed landing
  United States Pioneer 4, 1959 Lunar Orbiter 1, 1966 Ranger 4, 1962 Surveyor 1, 1966 LRV (Apollo 15), 1971 Apollo 11, 1969 † Apollo 8, 1968 † Apollo 11, 1969 †
  Soviet Union Luna 1, 1959 † Luna 10, 1966 † Luna 2, 1959 † Luna 9, 1966 † Lunokhod 1, 1970 † Luna 16, 1970 — —
  China Chang'e 5-T1, 2014 Chang'e 1, 2007 Chang'e 1, 2009 Chang'e 3, 2013 Yutu, 2013 Chang'e 5, 2020 — —
  India Chandrayaan 3, 2023 Chandrayaan 1, 2008 MIP, 2008 Chandrayaan 3, 2023 Pragyan, 2023 — — —
  Japan Hiten, 1990 Hiten, 1993 Hiten, 1993 SLIM, 2024 LEV-1, 2024 — — —
  Israel — Beresheet, 2019 Beresheet, 2019 Beresheet, 2019 — — — —
  Russia — Luna 25, 2023 Luna 25, 2023 Luna 25, 2023 — — — —
  ESA — SMART-1, 2003 SMART-1, 2006 — — — — —
  Luxembourg 4M, 2014 — 4M, 2022 — — — — —
  South Korea — Danuri, 2022 — — — — — —
  Italy ArgoMoon, 2022 — — — — — — —
  UAE — — Rashid, 2023 — Rashid, 2023 — — —
  Pakistan ICUBE-Q, 2024 ICUBE-Q, 2024 — — — — — —
  Mexico — — — — Colmena, 2024 — — —

Missions by organization/company

edit
Analysis of numbers of lunar missions
Country/

Agency

Agency
or company 		Successful Partial
failure 		Failure Success rate Operational
 Total Total for
country
  USSR Lavochkin 16 2 22 40% - 40 58
Energia 2 - 16 11.11% - 18
  USA NASA 37 2 14 67.27% 4 55 57
USAF 1 - 1 50% - 2
  China CNSA 10 - - 100% 8 10 10
  Japan ISAS 2 - 2 50% - 4 8
JAXA 2 - 1 66.6% 1 4
  India ISRO 2 1 - 83.26% 2 3 3
  Various member states ESA 1 - - 100% - 1 1
  Luxembourg LuxSpace 1 - - 100% - 1 1
  South Korea KARI 1 - - 100% 1 1 1
  USA (private company) Lockheed Martin 1 - - 100% - 1 1
  USA (private company) Fluid & Reason 1 - - 100% - 1 1
  USA (private company) Astrobotic Technology - - 1 0% - 1 1
  USA (private company) Intuitive Machines 1 - - 100% 1 1 1
  USA (private university) ERAU - - 1 0% - 1 1
  Italy ASI 1 - - 100% - 1 1
  Israel SpaceIL - - 1 0% - 1 1
  Russia Roscosmos - - 1 0% - 1 1
  UAE UAESA - - 1 0% - 1 1
  Japan (private company) ispace - - 1 0% - 1 1
  Pakistan IST / SUPARCO 1 - - 100% 1 1 1

Future missions

edit

There are several future lunar missions planned or proposed by various nations and organisations.

Funded and are under development

edit

Robotic

edit
Mission Spacecraft Launch date Carrier rocket Operator Mission type
Blue Ghost M1 Blue Ghost Lander November 2024[117] Falcon 9 B5   Firefly Aerospace Lander
Lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to Mare Crisium.[118][119]
Hakuto-R Mission 2 Hakuto-R December 2024[120] Falcon 9 B5   ispace Lander
Tenacious rover   Ispace Europe Rover
Rover for collecting lunar resources and other commercial payloads.
IM-2 Nova-C January 2025[121] Falcon 9 B5   Intuitive Machines Lander
Khon1 Relay Satellite
μNova Hopper
MAPP   Lunar Outpost

  Nokia

Rover
AstroAnt[122]   MIT Rover
Yaoki[123]   Dymon Rover
Second Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[124] MAPP and μNova will test a new Nokia lunar communication system.
SHERPA-ES mission[125] SHERPA-ES January 2025[121] Falcon 9 B5   Spaceflight Industries Gravity Assist
Lunar Trailblazer   NASA Orbiter
Lunar flyby towards geostationary orbit, payload delivery.
IM-3 Nova-C October 2025[126][127] Falcon 9 B5   Intuitive Machines Lander
Khon2 Relay Satellite
CADRE x3   NASA Rovers
Lunar Vertex   NASA  Lunar Outpost Rover
Third Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[124] Lunar Vertex mission.
Starship Demo mission Starship HLS 2025[128] Starship   SpaceX Lander
Uncrewed demo mission of Starship HLS.
DESTINY+ DESTINY+ 2025[129] Epsilon S   JAXA Flyby
Lunar flyby toward asteroid 3200 Phaethon.
Griffin Mission 1[130] Griffin lander 2025[131] Falcon Heavy   Astrobotic Technology Lander
Artemis III Starship HLS delivery Starship HLS 2026 Starship   SpaceX Lander
Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis III mission.
TBD (CLPS Lander)[132] Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer (Roo-ver)[133] 2026 TBD   Australian Space Agency Rover
APEX 1.0 APEX 1.0 2026[134] TBD   ispace U.S.

  Draper

Lander
Lunar Relay Satellite 1[135]   ispace U.S.

  Blue Canyon Technologies

Relay Satellite
Lunar Relay Satellite 2[135] Relay Satellite
Lunar lander. ispace Mission 3, and mission CP-12 of the CLPS program.
Blue Ghost M2[136] Blue Ghost lander 2026 TBD   Firefly Aerospace Lander
Elytra orbital vehicle Orbiter
Second mission of Firefly Aerospace, part of CLPS, includes 2 stage variant of blue ghost.
Lunar Pathfinder Lunar Pathfinder 2026 TBD   ESA Relay Satellite
Lunar communications satellite to support future lunar missions.
Chang'e 7 Chang'e 7 Orbiter 2026[137] Long March 5   CNSA Orbiter
Chang'e 7 Lander Lander
Chang'e 7 Rover Rover
Chang'e 7 Hopper Hopper
Payloads include an orbiter, south pole lander, rover, and a mini flying probe to look for the presence of water-ice.[137]
Starship cargo mission Starship HLS 2026 Starship   SpaceX Lander
First SpaceX lunar cargo mission, yet to be announced by SpaceX itself.
FLEX[138] FLEX 2026 Starship   Astrolab Rover
Large Lunar rover, can accommodate cargo and 2 astronauts.
Astrobotic mission 3[139] TBA 2026 Falcon Heavy   Astrobotic Lander
⚀ LunaGrid-Lite CubeRover Rover
Lunaris Platform[140] Deployable platform
Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at lunar south pole. LunaGrid-Lite mission.
Canadian lunar rover mission Canadensys Lunar Rover 2026 TBD   Canadensys

  CSA

Rover
First Canadian lunar rover. Will fly as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative.[141]
ZeusX ZeusX service module Q4 2027 TBD   Qosmosys Orbiter
ZeusX lunar lander Lander
LIBER Rover
First lunar landing attempt for Singapore, lander can carry up to 800 kg to lunar surface.
Luna 26 Luna 26 2027[142] Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat   Roscosmos Orbiter
Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob programme.[143] Will scout for Luna 27 landing site.
PPE and HALO[144] PPE 2027[145] Falcon Heavy   NASA

 Northrop Grumman

Space station assembly
HALO
First two Lunar Gateway modules.
Chandrayaan-4 Chandrayaan-4 2027–2028[146] LVM3   ISRO Lander
Luna 27 Luna 27 2028[142] Angara A5 / Fregat   Roscosmos Lander
Lander, part of Luna-Glob programme.
Chang'e 8 Chang'e 8 Orbiter 2028[147] Long March 5   CNSA Orbiter
Chang'e 8 Lander Lander
Chang'e 8 Rover Rover
Chang'e 8 Robot Hopper
South pole lander.[148] Testing technology for using local resources and manufacturing with 3D printing.[149]
SpaceX GLS-1[150] Dragon XL 2028 Falcon Heavy   SpaceX Resupply vehicle
First resupply mission to Lunar Gateway.
Uncrewed Blue Moon Demo mission Blue Moon HLS 2028 New Glenn   Blue Origin Lander
Cislunar Transporter 2028 New Glenn   Lockheed Martin Transfer vehicle
Demo mission of Blue Moon lander system in preparation for crewed landing in 2029.
Artemis IV Starship HLS delivery Starship HLS 2028 Starship   SpaceX Lander
Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis IV mission.
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) LUPEX lander 2028–2029[146] H3   ISRO Lander
LUPEX rover   JAXA Rover
Artemis V Blue Moon HLS delivery Blue Moon HLS 2029 New Glenn   Blue Origin Lander
Cislunar Transporter 2029 New Glenn   Lockheed Martin Transfer vehicle
Delivery of Blue Moon HLS for Artemis V mission.
Argonaut M1 Argonaut Lander 2031[151] Ariane 64   ESA Lander
Robotic Lander system. Will act as resupply vehicle for future Moonbase.[152]
Lunar Voyage 3[153][154] Mapp TBA TBA   Lunar Outpost Rover
First fully commercial mission of Lunar Outpost MAPP program.

Crewed

edit
Agency or company Name Spacecraft Launch date Launch vehicle Notes
  NASA

  CSA

Artemis II Orion September 2025[128] SLS Block 1 Crewed test of the Orion spacecraft on a free-return trajectory around the Moon.
  NASA Artemis III Orion, Starship HLS September 2026[128] SLS Block 1 Deliver the "first woman and next man" to the Moon.
  NASA Artemis IV Orion, Starship HLS September 2028[155] SLS Block 1B First flight of Block 1B configuration. Deliver Lunar I-Hab and conduct second Artemis crewed lunar landing.
  NASA Artemis V Orion, Blue Moon HLS March 2030[155] SLS Block 1B Crewed Gateway and Surface expedition. Delivery of ESPRIT and Lunar Terrain Vehicle.
  CNSA Chinese crewed lunar mission Mengzhou,
Lanyue 		~2030[156] Long March 10 Two launches of the LM-10 to put a pair of astronauts on the Moon for a 6-hour stay.[156]
  NASA Artemis VI Orion, TBD March 2031[157] SLS Block 1B Lunar landing with delivery of Crew and Science Airlock module.
  ISRO Indian Lunar Crewed Mission Gaganyaan 2040[158] NGLV To send an Indian to moon

Proposed but full funding still unclear

edit

Robotic

edit

The following robotic space probe missions have been proposed but their full funding is unclear:

Agency or company Mission Name of spacecraft Proposed launch Notes
  GEC ⚀ Doge-1[159] TBA 12U CubeSat, the mission is being paid for entirely with the cryptocurrency Dogecoin. First Canadian lunar mission.
  SpaceIL Beresheet 2[160] Orbiter 2025 One orbiter, Two landers.
Lander 1
Lander 2
  Airvantis Garatéa-L 2025[161] Proposed lunar CubeSat, Partnership between UKSA and ESA.
  OHB

  IAI

LSAS lander 2025 proposed commercial lander, will rideshare with a Geostationary satellite.
  Parsec Parsec lunar satellites 2025 Parsec lunar communication constellation.[162]
  Turkish Space Agency AYAP-1 2026 Turkey will perform a hard landing on the Moon.
  ESA Lunar Meteoroid Impact Observer 2026 Proposed CubeSat to observe asteroid impacts on Far side of Moon.
  Australian Space Agency Lunar Trailblazer 2026 Under study for possible rover mission
  Delft University of Technology Lunar zebro 2026 Small swarming rover, radiation measurements
  Turkish Space Agency AYAP-2 Lander 2028 Soft landing mission
Rover
  Roscosmos Luna 28 2030[163] Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, may include small rover.
  Roscosmos Luna 29 Luna 29 Lander 2030s[142] Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, Will include Luna-Grunt rover.
Luna-Grunt rover
  KARI Phase 2 of the Korean lunar exploration program 2030[164] Lander and rover
  Roscosmos Zeus 2030 Nuclear Propelled Space Tug, might deliver payloads to the moon
  CNSA

  Roscosmos

International Lunar Research Station
(ILRS 1-5) 		2031 - 2035 5 crucial missions planned for comprehensive establishment of ILRS to complete the in-orbit and surface facilities
  NASA BOLAS TBD 2 tethered CubeSats on a very low lunar orbit.[165]
  Magellan Aerospace Autonomous Impactor for Lunar Exploration TBD Impactor for LEAP
  NASA Lunar Crater Radio Telescope TBD Radio telescope made by 4 rovers
  LiftPort Group Lunar space elevator TBD Creating a reusable, replaceable and expandable Lunar elevator to open up the resources present on the Moon
  ESC Aerospace LVICE² TBD Measuring the concentration of micrometeorites[166]

Lunar Rovers

edit
This section is an excerpt from List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies § Moon.[edit]
Mission Rover Country/Agency Date of landing Coordinates Operational time Distance travelled Outcome
Luna E-8 No.201 Lunokhod   Lavochkin 10 November 1968 N/A 0 days 0 km Launch failure
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[167]
Luna 17 Lunokhod 1   USSR 17 November 1970 322 days 10.5 km (6.5 mi) Successful
First rover on an extraterrestrial body.
Luna 21 Lunokhod 2   USSR 15 January 1973 117 days 39 km (24 mi) Successful
Farthest distance traveled on the Moon.
Chang'e 3 Yutu   CNSA 14 December 2013 42 days (mobile)
973 days (total) 		114.8 m (377 ft) Successful
First Chinese extraterrestrial rover and first lunar rover in over 40 years.
Chang'e 4 Yutu-2   CNSA 3 January 2019 2142 days 1.455 km (0.904 mi)[168]
as of 3 January 2023 		Operational
First rover on the far side of the Moon. Longest fully functioning rover on the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2 Pragyan   ISRO 6 September 2019 0 days 0 km Precluded
Lost when Vikram lander crash landed on the Moon.
Hakuto-R Mission 1 Rashid   MBRSC April 2023 TBD 0 days 0 km Precluded
Sora-Q   Tomy/JAXA/Doshisha University April 2023 Precluded
Contact lost during final descent of the Hakuto-R Mission 1 lander. Presumed crash landing and failure.
Chandrayaan-3 Pragyan   ISRO 23 August 2023 [169] 12 days 101.4 m (333 ft)[170]
as of 2 September 2023 		Successful
First rover to successfully land near lunar south pole.
SLIM LEV-1   JAXA 19 January 2024 1 hour and 51 minutes Successful
LEV-2 (Sora-Q) Successful
A hopper and a rover included in the SLIM mission which demonstrated precision landing technology.
Peregrine Mission One Iris   CMU 2024 TBD Precluded
Colmena x5   UNAM Precluded
Colmena would have been deployed using a small catapult mechanism. Mission cancelled along with the cancelled landing of Peregrine lander due to excessive propellant leak.[171]
Chang'e 6 Jinchan   CNSA 1 June 2024 4 days Success
Conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.[172]
IM-2 MAPP   Lunar Outpost Q4 2024 TBD Planned
AstroAnt   MIT[173] Planned
Micro-Nova   Intuitive Machines Planned
Yaoki   Dymon Planned
MAPP and Micro-Nova will demonstrate a new lunar communication system.
Hakuto-R Mission 2 Micro rover   ispace Europe Q4 2024 TBD Planned
Hakuto-R Mission 2 will feature a rover for surface exploration and data collection.
IM-3 Lunar Vertex  NASA/Lunar Outpost Q4 2025 TBD Planned
CADRE x4  NASA Planned
Mission to study Reiner Gamma.
Chang’e 7 Chang’e 7 rover   CNSA 2026 TBD Planned
Chang’e 7 hopper Planned
Will search for water ice in and around craters in the south pole of the Moon.
Starship lunar cargo mission FLEX   Astrolab 2026 TBD Planned
Astrolab contracted with SpaceX to send their rover to the Moon aboard Starship[174][175]
LUPEX LUPEX Rover   JAXA   ISRO 2028 TBD Planned
Joint mission between ISRO and JAXA.
Chang’e 8 Chang’e 8 rover   CNSA 2028 TBD Planned
Chang’e 8 Robot Planned
Chinese ISRU mission in preparation for ILRS.

Unrealized concepts

edit

1960s

edit

1970s

edit
  • Canceled Apollo missions – The Apollo program had three more missions lined up until Apollo 20, but the missions beyond Apollo 17, the sixth and final landing mission, were canceled due to budget constraints, change in technical direction and hardware delays. The ambitions shifted towards developing next generation rockets like Space Shuttle, the space station Skylab and in exploration programs such as Grand Tour program.[177]

2000s

edit

2010s

edit
  • Resource Prospector – Concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in April 2018.[179]
  • Indo-Russian joint mission – A joint mission between India and Russia for a robotic lander and rover was under development since 2007. Russia was supposed to develop the lander while India would develop an orbiter, a rover and launch the composite. However, with failure of Fobos-Grunt mission, Russia was unable to provide the lander in time and requested India to accept the delay and risk. The collaboration ended with India repurposing its orbiter towards Mars with its Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013.[180]

2020s

edit
  • DearMoon was an unrealized tourist mission financed by Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa. Maezawa and six to eight other civilians would have performed a lunar flyby in a SpaceX Starship. It was cancelled on June 1, 2024[181]
  • VIPER – NASA rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in July 2024.[182]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ "Even though the source says "IST will conduct various tests"; IST being a research university does not directly control the orbiter, rather any tests or operations on the orbiter are done through the national space agency i.e SUPARCO."[113]
  2. ^ While Orbiting specific missions achieve a flyby milestone by virtue of entering the orbit, this table lists only flyby specific missions.

References

edit
  1. ^ "Why failure is the fuel for a trip to Moon". The Times of India. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  2. ^ "Chandrayaan-2 landing: 40% lunar missions in last 60 years failed, finds Nasa report". 7 September 2019. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  3. ^ a b "月周回衛星「かぐや（SELENE）」 – SELENE通信 – お知らせ" (in Japanese). JAXA. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1958" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 17–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  5. ^ "Pioneer 0". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  6. ^ a b c Wade, Mark. "Luna E-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  7. ^ "Pioneer 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  8. ^ "Pioneer 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  9. ^ "Pioneer 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1959" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 21–24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  11. ^ "Luna 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  12. ^ "Pioneer 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  13. ^ "Luna 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  14. ^ "Luna 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  15. ^ "Pioneer P-3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  16. ^ a b c d Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1960" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 25–27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  17. ^ "Pioneer P-30". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  18. ^ "Pioneer P-31". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  19. ^ a b c Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1962" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 34–37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  20. ^ "Ranger 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  21. ^ "Ranger 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  22. ^ "Ranger 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  23. ^ "Sputnik 25". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  24. ^ a b c Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1963" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 39–40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  25. ^ "Luna 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  26. ^ a b c Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1964" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 41–45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  27. ^ "Luna 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  28. ^ "Ranger 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1965" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  30. ^ "Ranger 8". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  31. ^ "Cosmos 60". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  32. ^ "Ranger 9". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  33. ^ "Luna 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  34. ^ "Luna 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  35. ^ "Zond 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  36. ^ "Luna 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  37. ^ "Luna 8". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  38. ^ "Luna 9". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1966" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  40. ^ "Cosmos 111". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  41. ^ "Luna 10". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  42. ^ "Surveyor 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  43. ^ "Explorer 33". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  44. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  45. ^ "Luna 11". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  46. ^ "Surveyor 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  47. ^ "Luna 12". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  48. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  49. ^ "Luna 13". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  50. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  51. ^ a b c d e f Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1967" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  52. ^ "Surveyor 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  53. ^ "Surveyor Lunar Spacecraft". Boeing. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  54. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  55. ^ "Surveyor 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  56. ^ "Explorer 35". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  57. ^ "Explorer 35". NASA. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  58. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  59. ^ "Surveyor 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  60. ^ "Surveyor 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  61. ^ "Surveyor 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  62. ^ a b c d Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1968" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 69–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  63. ^ "Luna 14". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  64. ^ "Zond 5". NASA Space Science and Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  65. ^ "Zond 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  66. ^ "Apollo 8". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  67. ^ a b Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1969" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 73–80.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1969" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 73–80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  69. ^ "APOLLO 10 (AS-505)". Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  70. ^ Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1976" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 115–116. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  71. ^ "Luna 24". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  72. ^ "Hiten". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA). Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  73. ^ "Japanese probe crashes into Moon". BBC. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  74. ^ Varanasi, P.; Tompkins, S.; Taylor, L. A.; Sunshine, J.; Staid, M.; Runyon, C.; Petro, N.; Nettles, J.; Mustard, J. (23 October 2009). "Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H2O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1". Science. 326 (5952): 568–572. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..568P. doi:10.1126/science.1178658. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19779151. S2CID 447133.
  75. ^ "China's Moon orbiter Chang'e-2 travels 1.5 km into outer space". The Economic Times. 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  76. ^ Lakdawalla, Emily (14 December 2012). "Chang'e 2 imaging of Toutatis succeeded beyond my expectations!". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  77. ^ "Chang'e 2: The Full Story". The Planetary Society. 25 August 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  78. ^ Gold, Scott (11 September 2011). "After delay, GRAIL moon mission launches". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  79. ^ Harwood, William (10 September 2011). "NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes". CBS News. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  80. ^ Blau, Patrick. "GRAIL Mission Design and Timeline". Spaceflight 101. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  81. ^ Trajectory Design Enhancements to Mitigate Risk for the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) (PDF). ntrs.nasa.gov (Report). NASA. 13 September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  82. ^ How China's lunar relay satellite arrived in its final orbit Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Luyuan Xu, The Planetary Society. 15 June 2018.
  83. ^ @planet4589 (31 July 2019). "The Chinese Longjiang-2 (DSLWP-B) lunar orbiting spacecraft completed its mission on Jul 31 at about 1420 UTC, in a planned impact on the lunar surface" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 August 2019 – via Twitter.
  84. ^ Rincon, Paul (7 December 2018). "China mission launches to far side of Moon". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  85. ^ "China Makes Historic 1st Landing on Mysterious Far Side of the Moon". Space.com. 3 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  86. ^ Bartels, Meghan; January 15, Space com Senior Writer |; ET, 2019 11:47am (15 January 2019). "Cotton Seed Sprouts on the Moon's Far Side in Historic First by China's Chang'e 4". Space.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  87. ^ Grush, Loren (21 February 2019). "Watch SpaceX launch a trio of spacecraft, including a lander bound for the Moon". The Verge. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  88. ^ "Beresheet". NASA Solar System Exploration. 19 February 2019. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019..
  89. ^ Foust, Jeff (12 April 2019). "SpaceIL says "chain of events" led to crash of lunar lander". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  90. ^ "Lander Vikram located: K Sivan". www.aninews.in. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  91. ^ "China's Chang'e-5 orbiter is heading back to the moon". SpaceNews. 6 September 2021. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  92. ^ a b Figliozzi, Gianine (8 June 2022). "CAPSTONE Mission Launch No Longer Targeting June 13". NASA. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  93. ^ "NASA Funds CubeSat Pathfinder Mission to Unique Lunar Orbit". NASA (Press release). 13 September 2019. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  94. ^ "Rocket Lab to Launch NASA Funded Commercial Moon Mission from New Zealand". Rocket Lab. 9 August 2021. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  95. ^ a b c d e f Foust, Jeff (11 November 2022). "NASA moving ahead with Nov. 16 Artemis 1 launch attempt". SpaceNews. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  96. ^ "ispace Begins Final Assembly of Lunar Lander Flight Model Ahead of First Mission". ispace. 14 July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  97. ^ "ispace Announces Results of the "HAKUTO-R" Mission 1 Lunar Landing". ispace-inc. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  98. ^ "NASA Eyes New Lunar CubeSat Orbit, Propulsion Challenges Continue – Small Satellite Missions". 8 February 2023.
  99. ^ "NASA gives up on tiny Lunar Flashlight probe's troubled moon ice mission". Space.com. 12 May 2023.
  100. ^ Jones, Andrew (25 January 2024). "Japan's SLIM achieved pinpoint moon landing with just one working engine". SpaceNews. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  101. ^ "NASA, Intuitive Machines Share Images from the Moon, Provide Science Updates – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  102. ^ "2/3 mission plans and procedures in order to deploy its CubeSat camera system. Despite the team's strong effort, the technical complications ultimately resulted in an inability to capture images of the Odysseus lander".
  103. ^ "EagleCam Updates: Public Comments by Intuitive Machines CEO Steve Altemus". Embry-Riddle Newsroom. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  104. ^ Jones, Andrew (14 March 2024). "Surprise Chinese lunar mission hit by launch anomaly". SpaceNews. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  105. ^ Jones, Andrew (20 August 2024). "Chinese spacecraft appear to reach lunar orbit despite launch setback". SpaceNews. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  106. ^ Jones, Andrew (28 March 2024). "China appears to be trying to save stricken spacecraft from lunar limbo". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  107. ^ "DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION LABORATORY (TIANDU LABORATORY)". IAF. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  108. ^ Jones, Andrew (8 September 2022). "China's Moon Missions Shadow NASA Artemis's Pace". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  109. ^ "China launches signal relay satellite for mission to moon's hidden side". Reuters. 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  110. ^ a b c Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  111. ^ Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  112. ^ "Mission overview and Design of Lunar CubeSat "ICUBE-Q" onboard Chang'E-6". researchgate (Press release). 25 April 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  113. ^ "Pakistan's ICUBE-Q satellite successfully enters lunar orbit". 8 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  114. ^ "Pakistan's maiden lunar probe sends first pictures of the Moon". India Today. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  115. ^ "China's Moon Missions Shadow NASA Artemis's Pace - IEEE Spectrum". IEEE.
  116. ^ Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  117. ^ "Falcon 9 Block 5 | Blue Ghost Mission 1". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  118. ^ "NASA Selects Firefly Aerospace for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023". NASA (Press release). 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  119. ^ "Lunar Lander". Firefly Aerospace. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  120. ^ Foust, Jeff (12 September 2024). "Second ispace lunar lander planned for launch in December". SpaceNews. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  121. ^ a b David, Leonard (12 September 2024). "Ice-hunting Lunar Trailblazer and IM-2 nearly ready for January 2025 launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  122. ^ Johnson, Arianna. "MIT Will Return To The Moon For The First Time Since Apollo, Thanks To This Space Startup". Forbes.
  123. ^ Machines, Intuitive (5 January 2023). "Intuitive Machines Adds Commercial Lunar Rover to its Second Mission to the Moon". Intuitive Machines.
  124. ^ a b Kanayama, Lee (13 April 2020). "NOVA-C selects landing site, Masten gains CLPS contracts". NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  125. ^ Foust, Jeff (27 September 2021). "Spaceflight offers lunar flyby rideshare mission".
  126. ^ Foust, Jeff (13 August 2024). "Intuitive Machines seeks to take over NASA's VIPER lunar rover". SpaceNews. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  127. ^ "Three-peat: Intuitive Machines Selects SpaceX Falcon 9 Rocket for Third Moon Mission". Intuitive Machines (Press release). 10 August 2021. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  128. ^ a b c Smith, Marcia (9 January 2024). "NASA Delays Next Artemis Missions to 2025 and 2026". SpacePolicyOnline. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  129. ^ Jones, Andrew (6 November 2023). "Japan's mission to bizarre asteroid Phaethon delayed to 2025". Space.com. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  130. ^ "Astrobotic selects Falcon Heavy to launch NASA's VIPER lunar rover". SpaceNews. 13 April 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  131. ^ "In an update on CLPS science, NASA's Joel Kearns noted that the launch of the @astrobotic Griffin lander is moving out of 2024 and to sometime in 2025, depending on their development schedule. It will still host NASA's VIPER as its primary payload". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  132. ^ "Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer Stage 1". business.gov.au. 27 February 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  133. ^ "Australia votes to name its 1st moon rover 'Roo-ver'". Space.com. 6 December 2023.
  134. ^ Foust, Jeff (29 September 2023). "Ispace revises design of lunar lander for NASA CLPS mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  135. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (28 March 2024). "Japanese lunar lander company ispace raises $53.5 million in stock sale". SpaceNews. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  136. ^ "NASA selects Firefly Aerospace for mission to moon's far side in 2026". Space.com. 17 March 2023.
  137. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (28 November 2022). "China outlines pathway for lunar and deep space exploration". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  138. ^ "A Big Rover Aims to Be Like 'UPS for the Moon'". Yahoo News.
  139. ^ "Astrobotic Purchases Falcon Heavy Launch Services". Astrobotic Technology. 25 April 2023.
  140. ^ Chapla, Alivia (23 July 2024). "Orbital Space Announces Historic First Privately Funded Lunar Mission from the Arab World". Astrobotic. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  141. ^ "First Canadian rover to explore the Moon". CSA. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  142. ^ a b c "Ученый сообщил об активном ходе работ по импортозамещению комплектующих "Луны-27"" [The scientist reported on the active progress of work on import substitution of Luna-27 components]. TASS (in Russian). 19 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  143. ^ Russian Moon exploration program Archived 15 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Russian Research Institute (IKI). 2017.
  144. ^ Potter, Sean (9 February 2021). "NASA Awards Contract to Launch Initial Elements for Lunar Outpost". NASA.
  145. ^ "Artemis Programs: NASA Should Document and Communicate Plans to Address Gateway's Mass Risk". GAO. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  146. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (23 October 2024). "India to target moon's south pole with sample return mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  147. ^ Chen, Stephen (29 December 2021). "China speeds up moon base plan in space race against the US". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  148. ^ China's Deep Space Exploration Roadmap Archived 14 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine. 2018.
  149. ^ Jones, Andrew (29 December 2021). "China has moon's south pole in its sights with 3 missions launching this decade". Space.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  150. ^ Foust, Jeff (24 February 2023). "NASA plans to start work this year on first Gateway logistics mission".
  151. ^ Parsonson, Andrew (17 July 2024). "ESA Targets 2031 for First Argonaut Lunar Lander Mission". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  152. ^ Hiesinger, H.; Landgraf, M.; Carey, W.; Karouji, Y.; Haltigin, T.; Osinski, G.; Mall, U.; Hashizume, K.; Group, Heracles Science Working (2019). "HERACLES: An ESA-JAXA-CSA Joint Study on Returning to the Moon". 50th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2132): 1327. Bibcode:2019LPI....50.1327H. {{cite journal}}: |last9= has generic name (help)
  153. ^ "Missions". Lunar Outpost. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  154. ^ "4 fully-funded missions on the horizon". Twitter. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  155. ^ a b "FY 2025 Budget Request | FY 2025 President's Budget Request Moon to Mars Manifest" (PDF). NASA. 15 April 2024. p. 6. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  156. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (24 April 2024). "China on track for crewed moon landing by 2030, space official says". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  157. ^ Foust, Jeff (13 March 2023). "NASA planning to spend up to $1 billion on space station deorbit module".
  158. ^ Kuthunur, Sharmila (18 October 2023). "India wants to land astronauts on moon in 2040". Space.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  159. ^ "Will Geometric Energy Corporation and SpaceX Use Artificial Intelligence in the Doge-1 Mission to the Moon?". www.wicz.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  160. ^ Mark R. Whittington (12 February 2023). "Beresheet 2: The latest in America's inclusive return to the moon". The Hill.
  161. ^ "Conheça a Garatéa-L, missão que pretende levar o Brasil à Lua em 2025" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 10 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  162. ^ "Parsec™ Service from Lockheed Martin". Lockheed Martin.
  163. ^ Katya Pavlushchnko [@katlinegrey] (11 August 2023). "Yuri Borisov: Roscosmos plans to launch #Luna26 in 2027, Luna-27 - in 2028, and Luna-28 - in 2030 or later. After that, the next goal will be a crewed mission to the Moon" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  164. ^ https://www.korea.kr/news/policyNewsView.do?newsId=148885478 . Blue House, 문 대통령 "내년 달 궤도선·2030년 달 착륙…7대 우주강국 도약". 18 May 2021.
  165. ^ Bi-Sat Observations of the Lunar Atmosphere Above Swirls (BOLAS): Tethered SmallSat Investigation of Hydration and Space Weathering Processes at the Moon. (PDF) Stubbs, T. J.; Malphrus, B. K.; Hoyt, R., etal. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; 19–23 March 2018 at The Woodlands, Texas, USA.
  166. ^ "About the mission". esc Aerospace. 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  167. ^ Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1969" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 73–80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  168. ^ Andrew Jones (5 October 2021). "1,000 days on the moon! China's Chang'e 4 lunar far side mission hits big milestone". Space.com. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  169. ^ Chandrayaan 3 - After The Landing What Happens Next?, 27 August 2023, retrieved 28 August 2023
  170. ^ "Chandrayaan-3 Mission: All planned Rover movements have been verified. The Rover has successfully traversed a distance of about 100 meters. Rover payloads LIBS and APXS are turned ON. All payloads on the propulsion module, lander module, and rover are performing nominally. #Chandrayaan_3 #Ch3". Twitter. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  171. ^ Fisher, Jackie Wattles, Kristin (8 January 2024). "Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss". CNN. Retrieved 9 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  172. ^ Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  173. ^ "AstroAnt". MIT Media Lab. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  174. ^ Dinner, Josh (1 April 2023). "SpaceX Starship will launch this new private moon rover in 2026 (video)". Space.com. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  175. ^ Foust, Jeff (21 November 2023). "Astrolab announces first customers for commercial lunar rover mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  176. ^ Brian Harvey; Olga Zakutnyaya (2011). Russian Space Probes: Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 211–. ISBN 978-1-4419-8150-9.
  177. ^ Times, Richard D. Lyons Special to The New York (3 September 1970). "2 MOON LANDINGS DROPPED BY NASA IN ECONOMY MOVE". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  178. ^ "Constellation program | Spacecraft, History, & Facts | Britannica".
  179. ^ NASA scraps a lunar surface mission — just as it's supposed to focus on a Moon return Archived 3 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine Loren Grush, The Verge April 27, 2018
  180. ^ "How ISRO modified a lunar orbiter into Mars orbiter Mangalyaan, India's "Moon Man" recalls". Zee News. 25 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  181. ^ https://x.com/dearmoonproject/status/1796759847817625933 [bare URL]
  182. ^ "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration - NASA". Retrieved 17 July 2024.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_missions_to_the_Moon&oldid=1257350264#Proposed_Missions"