This article needs to be updated. (July 2022) |
This is a list of countries or dependencies by income inequality metrics, including Gini coefficients. The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 and 1, where 0 corresponds with perfect equality (where everyone has the same income) and 1 corresponds with perfect inequality (where one person has all the income—and everyone else has no income).
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- Above 50%
- Between 45% and 50%
- Between 40% and 45%
- Between 35% and 40%
- Between 30% and 35%
- Below 30%
- No data
Income distribution can vary greatly from wealth distribution in a country (see List of countries by wealth inequality). Income from black market economic activity is not included and is the subject of current economic research.[2][3]
UN, World Bank and CIA list – income ratios and Gini indices edit
- Row numbers are static. Other columns are sortable. This allows ranking of any column.
Key:
- R/P 10%
- The ratio of the average income of the richest 10% to the poorest 10%.
- R/P 20%
- The ratio of the average income of the richest 20% to the poorest 20%.
- Gini
- Gini index, a quantified representation of a nation's Lorenz curve. A Gini index of 0% expresses perfect equality, while index of 100% expresses maximal inequality.
- UN
- Data from the United Nations Development Programme.
- CIA
- Data from the Central Intelligence Agency's The World Factbook.
EU27 countries edit
| Member state | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Austria
|
27.4 | 27.6 | 27.0 | 27.6 | 27.2 | 27.2 | 27.9 | 26.8 | 27.5 | 27.0 | 26.7 | 27.8 |
 Belgium
|
26.3 | 26.5 | 25.9 | 25.9 | 26.2 | 26.3 | 26.1 | 25.7 | 25.1 | 25.4 | 24.1 | 24.9 |
 Bulgaria
|
35.0 | 33.6 | 35.4 | 35.4 | 37.0 | 37.7 | 40.2 | 39.6 | 40.8 | 40.0 | 39.7 | 38.4 |
 Croatia
|
31.2 | 30.9 | 30.9 | 30.2 | 30.4 | 29.8 | 29.9 | 29.7 | 29.2 | 28.3 | 29.2 | 28.5 |
 Cyprus
|
29.2 | 31.0 | 32.4 | 34.8 | 33.6 | 32.1 | 30.8 | 29.1 | 31.1 | 29.3 | 29.4 | |
 Czech Republic
|
25.2 | 24.9 | 24.6 | 25.1 | 25.0 | 25.1 | 24.5 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 24.2 | 24.9 | 24.8 |
 Denmark
|
26.6 | 26.5 | 26.8 | 27.7 | 27.4 | 27.7 | 27.6 | 27.8 | 27.5 | 27.3 | 27.0 | 27.7 |
 Estonia
|
31.9 | 32.5 | 32.9 | 35.6 | 34.8 | 32.7 | 31.6 | 30.6 | 30.5 | 30.5 | 30.6 | 31.9 |
 Finland
|
25.8 | 25.9 | 25.4 | 25.6 | 25.2 | 25.4 | 25.3 | 25.9 | 26.2 | 26.5 | 25.7 | 26.6 |
 France
|
30.8 | 30.5 | 30.1 | 29.2 | 29.2 | 29.3 | 28.8 | 28.5 | 29.2 | 29.2 | 29.3 | |
 Germany
|
29.0 | 28.3 | 29.7 | 30.7 | 30.1 | 29.5 | 29.1 | 31.1 | 29.7 | 30.5 | 31.2 | 28.8 |
 Greece
|
33.5 | 34.3 | 34.4 | 34.5 | 34.2 | 34.3 | 33.4 | 32.3 | 31.0 | 31.4 | 32.4 | 31.4 |
 Hungary
|
26.9 | 27.2 | 28.3 | 28.6 | 28.2 | 28.2 | 28.1 | 28.7 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 27.6 | 27.4 |
 Ireland
|
29.8 | 30.4 | 30.7 | 31.1 | 29.7 | 29.6 | 30.6 | 28.9 | 28.3 | 28.3 | 26.9 | |
 Italy
|
32.5 | 32.4 | 32.8 | 32.4 | 32.4 | 33.1 | 32.7 | 33.4 | 32.8 | 32.5 | 32.9 | |
 Latvia
|
35.1 | 35.7 | 35.2 | 35.5 | 35.4 | 34.5 | 34.5 | 35.6 | 35.2 | 34.5 | 35.7 | 34.3 |
 Lithuania
|
33.0 | 32.0 | 34.6 | 35.0 | 37.9 | 37.0 | 37.6 | 36.9 | 35.4 | 35.1 | 35.4 | |
 Luxembourg
|
27.2 | 28.0 | 30.4 | 28.7 | 28.5 | 29.6 | 29.2 | 31.3 | 32.3 | 31.2 | 29.6 | |
 Malta
|
27.2 | 27.1 | 28.0 | 27.7 | 28.1 | 28.6 | 28.2 | 28.7 | 28.0 | 30.3 | 31.2 | |
 Netherlands
|
25.8 | 25.4 | 25.1 | 26.2 | 26.7 | 26.9 | 27.1 | 27.4 | 26.8 | 28.2 | 26.4 | 26.3 |
 Poland
|
31.1 | 30.9 | 30.7 | 30.8 | 30.6 | 29.8 | 29.2 | 27.8 | 28.5 | 27.2 | 26.8 | 26.3 |
 Portugal
|
34.2 | 34.5 | 34.2 | 34.5 | 34.0 | 33.9 | 33.5 | 32.1 | 31.9 | 31.2 | 33.0 | |
 Romania
|
33.5 | 34.0 | 34.6 | 35.0 | 37.4 | 34.7 | 33.1 | 35.1 | 34.8 | 33.8 | 34.3 | |
 Slovakia
|
25.7 | 25.3 | 24.2 | 26.1 | 23.7 | 24.3 | 23.2 | 20.9 | 22.8 | 20.9 | 21.8 | |
 Slovenia
|
23.8 | 23.7 | 24.4 | 25.0 | 24.5 | 24.4 | 23.7 | 23.4 | 23.9 | 23.5 | 23.0 | |
 Spain
|
34.0 | 34.2 | 33.7 | 34.7 | 34.6 | 34.5 | 34.1 | 33.2 | 33.0 | 32.1 | 33.0 | 32.0 |
 Sweden
|
26.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 26.9 | 26.7 | 27.6 | 28.0 | 27.0 | 27.6 | 26.9 | 26.8 | |
 Serbia[n 1]
|
— | — | 38.0 | 38.3 | 40.0 | 39.8 | 37.8 | 35.6 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 33.3 | |
 Montenegro[n 2][8]
|
— | — | 38.5 | 36.5 | 36.5 | 36.5 | 36.7 | 34.7 | 34.1 | 32.9 | ||
 European Union
|
30.5 | 30.4 | 30.6 | 30.9 | 30.8 | 30.6 | 30.3 | 30.4 | 30.2 | 30.0 | 30.1 | |
| Eurozone (EA19) | 30.6 | 30.5 | 30.7 | 31.0 | 30.7 | 30.7 | 30.4 | 30.6 | 30.2 | 30.3 | 30.5 |
Note: Pink-coloured cells indicate a break in the time series. Blue-coloured cells indicate estimated values.
Source: Eurostat, “Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey”[9]
OECD countries edit
Gini coefficient, before taxes and transfers edit
| Country | Gini | Year |
|---|---|---|
 Australia |
0.441 | 2020 |
| Austria |
0.486 | 2019 |
| Belgium |
0.489 | 2019 |
 Canada |
0.438 | 2020 |
 Chile |
0.495 | 2017 |
 Costa Rica |
0.551 | 2021 |
| Czech Republic |
0.432 | 2019 |
| Denmark |
0.445 | 2019 |
| Estonia |
0.465 | 2019 |
| Finland |
0.516 | 2020 |
| France |
0.519 | 2019 |
| Germany |
0.497 | 2019 |
| Greece |
0.525 | 2019 |
| Hungary |
0.463 | 2019 |
 Iceland |
0.369 | 2017 |
| Ireland |
0.520 | 2018 |
 Israel |
0.449 | 2019 |
| Italy |
0.511 | 2018 |
 Japan |
0.501 | 2018 |
| Latvia |
0.483 | 2020 |
| Lithuania |
0.495 | 2019 |
| Luxembourg |
0.490 | 2019 |
 Mexico |
0.435 | 2020 |
| Netherlands |
0.453 | 2020 |
 New Zealand |
0.454 | 2020 |
 Norway |
0.436 | 2020 |
| Poland |
0.452 | 2018 |
| Portugal |
0.511 | 2019 |
| Slovakia |
0.383 | 2019 |
| Slovenia |
0.444 | 2019 |
 South Korea |
0.405 | 2020 |
| Spain |
0.491 | 2019 |
| Sweden |
0.433 | 2020 |
 Switzerland |
0.402 | 2019 |
 Turkey |
0.502 | 2019 |
 United Kingdom |
0.507 | 2020 |
 United States |
0.517 | 2021 |
Source:[10]
Gini coefficient, after taxes and transfers edit
| Country | Gini | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Australia |
0.318 | 2020 |
| Austria |
0.274 | 2019 |
| Belgium |
0.262 | 2019 |
| Canada |
0.280 | 2020 |
| Chile |
0.460 | 2017 |
| Costa Rica |
0.487 | 2021 |
| Czech Republic |
0.248 | 2019 |
| Denmark |
0.268 | 2019 |
| Estonia |
0.305 | 2019 |
| Finland |
0.265 | 2020 |
| France |
0.292 | 2019 |
| Germany |
0.296 | 2019 |
| Greece |
0.308 | 2019 |
| Hungary |
0.286 | 2019 |
| Iceland |
0.250 | 2017 |
| Ireland |
0.292 | 2018 |
| Israel |
0.342 | 2019 |
| Italy |
0.330 | 2018 |
| Japan |
0.334 | 2018 |
| Latvia |
0.355 | 2020 |
| Lithuania |
0.357 | 2019 |
| Luxembourg |
0.305 | 2019 |
| Mexico |
0.420 | 2020 |
| Netherlands |
0.304 | 2020 |
| New Zealand |
0.320 | 2020 |
| Norway |
0.263 | 2020 |
| Poland |
0.281 | 2018 |
| Portugal |
0.310 | 2019 |
| Slovakia |
0.222 | 2019 |
| Slovenia |
0.246 | 2019 |
| South Korea |
0.331 | 2020 |
| Spain |
0.320 | 2019 |
| Sweden |
0.276 | 2020 |
| Switzerland |
0.316 | 2019 |
| Turkey |
0.415 | 2019 |
| United Kingdom |
0.355 | 2020 |
| United States |
0.375 | 2021 |
Source:[11]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Serbia is a negotiating candidate to the EU.
- ^ Montenegro is a negotiating candidate to the EU.
References edit
- ^ "Gini index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
- ^ Underground economy and income inequality: two connected aspects in the oncoming context of Italian federalism Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. By Iacopo Odoardi and Carmen Pagliari. Vol. 15 No. 1, 2011 Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Global & Local Economic Review.
- ^ The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World: First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003. December 2004. By Friedrich Schneider (University of Linz and IZA Bonn). Institute for the Study of Labor.
- ^ a b Monino, Jean-Louis; Sedkaoui, Soraya (2016-03-11). Data Development Mechanisms. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 43–72. doi:10.1002/9781119285199.ch3. ISBN 978-1-119-28519-9. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
- ^ "Human Development Reports". UNDP. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
- ^ GINI Index for Montenegro (Report). 18 January 2018.
- ^ "Statistics | Eurostat". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "Income Distribution Database". OECD.org. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved December 23, 2022. Measure: Gini (market income, before taxes and transfers)
- ^ "Income Distribution Database". OECD.org. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved December 23, 2022. Measure: Gini (disposable income, post taxes and transfers)
Further reading edit
- "An Overview of Growing Income Inequalities in OECD Countries: Main Findings" (PDF). Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Growing. OECD Publishing. December 2011. ISBN 978-92-64-11163-9. Retrieved 6 December 2011. This book released with two titles, depending on country of publication. However, the ISBN remains the same.
- "Fed's Brainard Says Middle Class Squeeze Poses Risks to Economy". Bloomberg News. May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019. USA's Gini index is now .482 according to Federal Reserve Governor Lael Brainard.
External links edit
- Global Peace Index Map of Gini data for 2007–2010
- Shadow economies all over the world : new estimates for 162 countries from 1999 to 2007. Friedrich Schneider, Andreas Buehn, Claudio E. Montenegro. July 2010. World Bank.
- Allianz Global Wealth Report 2018.