1964 New York World's Fair pavilions
The 1964 New York World's Fair took place at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York, United States, during 1964 and 1965. The fair included 139 pavilions with exhibits by 80 nations, 24 U.S. states, and 350 corporations. The exhibits were split across five regions—the Federal and State, International, Transportation, Amusement, and Industrial areas—which in turn were centered around the Unisphere.
![View of the Unisphere, a steel structure depicting the Earth; there are world flags in the foreground](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/1965_new_york_world_fair.jpg/260px-1965_new_york_world_fair.jpg)
The New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) oversaw the 1964 fair and leased out the land to exhibitors, who developed their own pavilions. The different sections were designed in various architectural styles. Anyone could rent exhibition space as long as they could afford to rent the land and pay for their pavilion, though U.S. state pavilions could rent land for free. Many nations from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, though relatively few from Europe, exhibited at the fair. The fairground also hosted many large corporations, in addition to eight religious pavilions, a fraternal order pavilion, and other exhibits. After the fair, some pavilions were preserved or relocated, but the vast majority of structures were demolished.
Background
editFair
editThe New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) was formed in 1959 to organize a world's fair in New York City during 1964.[1] The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) refused to formally approve the 1964 New York World's Fair, despite advocacy from WFC president Robert Moses.[2][3] Moses wanted to save the WFC money by having exhibitors erect most of their own pavilions.[4][5] Nearly all buildings were to be temporary structures.[6][7] Exhibitors designed their own pavilions, and the construction contractors hired members of local labor unions to build the structures.[8] William Everett Potter, who was hired to organize the exhibits,[9] predicted that the pavilions would use relatively novel construction methods such as structural plastics, thin-shell structures, and prestressed concrete.[10] Construction of the first building began in 1960.[11] The World's Fair officially opened on April 22, 1964,[12][13] and its first season ended on October 18, 1964.[14] The fair reopened for a second and final season on April 21, 1965,[15] closing on October 18, 1965.[16]
The fairground was divided into five regions,[17] centered around the Unisphere, a representation of the Earth constructed by American Bridge Company.[18][19] Exhibits for individual U.S. states and the U.S. federal government were concentrated in the Federal & State Area at the center of the fairground near the Unisphere.[2][20] The international exhibits were concentrated in the International Area—a group of pavilions surrounding the Unisphere.[21] Industry pavilions were concentrated around the Industrial Area on the eastern end near the Van Wyck Expressway.[17][22] The Transportation Area was on the western side of the fairground.[17] South of the Long Island Expressway, connected with the rest of the fair only via one overpass, was the Lake Amusement Area.[23][17][22] The 1964 World's Fair had 139 pavilions and 34 other attractions on its opening day.[24][a] Either 121[24][28] or 124 pavilions and attractions were free; the rest required an additional payment.[29] The last pavilion to be completed was the Belgian Village, which was not finished until the end of the 1964 season.[30][31]
No new pavilions were planned for the 1965 season because it would be costly and time-consuming to add any such pavilions.[32][33] Between the 1964 and 1965 seasons, several exhibitors renovated and modified their pavilions.[30][34] At least fifty exhibits were upgraded,[35] and five major attractions were added.[36] Some exhibitors increased the capacity of their attractions,[30] while other pavilions received new exhibits or interior renovations.[37] The Florida pavilion took over much of the Lake Amusement Area,[38][39] which became known as the Lake Area.[34][39]
Pavilions
editThe different sections were designed in various architectural styles,[40][41][42] and many of the pavilions were designed in a Space Age style.[43] The New York Times described the buildings as a collection of "domes, disks, cubes, spires, pylons, ovoids, arches, triangles, curves and soaring free forms."[40] Some pavilions used experimental designs, such as the Bell System, GE, IBM, Kodak, and Port Authority pavilions.[44] Most structures were designed so they could be demolished easily after the fair and rebuilt elsewhere.[45] Most of the state pavilions, and many of the industrial and transportation pavilions, were wheelchair-accessible. However, many of the international pavilions were not fully accessible because these pavilions were often designed in traditional architectural styles.[46]
Anyone could rent exhibition space as long as they could afford to rent the land, and pay for their pavilion.[47][48] Thus, the space was dominated by large corporations.[47] Private companies spent a combined $300 million on their pavilions,[49] and companies such as General Motors and Ford Motor Company spent tens of millions of dollars apiece.[50][49] Several companies funded their pavilions by reducing promotional spending elsewhere.[50] The Walt Disney Company manufactured several exhibits but did not itself have a pavilion.[51][52] There were several religious pavilions scattered across the fairground,[53][54] in addition to one fraternal order pavilion (the Masonic pavilion).[55] Initially, Moses refused to construct structures for the arts, education, or sciences.[56] Throughout the fair, the General Motors and Vatican City pavilions were the most popular exhibits.[57]
WFC rules officially prevented the fair's officials from influencing the design or contents of any exhibits, although in practice, WFC officials had a significant impact on the contents of exhibits. For example, developing nations were encouraged to showcase their art and culture, rather than technology, and WFC officials pressured Islamic nations to emphasize their religion.[58]
U.S. state and territory pavilions
editTwenty-three state pavilions were built.[25][59] The fair included exhibits from 24 states,[60] including Alaska, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and the six states in New England.[21] In addition, New York City had its own pavilion, as did the neighborhood of Hollywood, Los Angeles.[61] Nineteen of the state pavilions were in the federal and state section,[62] and three of the other four state pavilions were clustered around Meadow Lake at the southern end of the fair.[25] None of the state governments had to pay rent for the pavilion.[62][63] State governments still had to pay for their own pavilions, and about half the states and Washington, D.C., did not pay for exhibits at the fair.[63] Pavilions for the states of Alabama, Georgia, and Arkansas, as well as the commonwealth of Puerto Rico, were canceled before the fair formally opened.[64]
Pavilion | Section | Description | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Alaska | Federal and State[65] | A replica of an igloo, with three totem poles originally carved for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904.[66] It included Native Alaskan dances, native crafts, modern items, and exhibits of animal heads.[66][67] A diorama of Alaska from the Century 21 Exposition was also displayed.[67] | [66][67] |
Florida | Lake Amusement[68] | Included a 110-foot tower, 1,600-seat stadium, boardwalk, and exhibit hall.[69] A model of a two-bedroom colonial house was also displayed at the Florida pavilion.[70] During the 1965 season, the Florida pavilion took over an adjacent 8,000-seat amphitheater, where it hosted a water-ski show.[38] | [38][69][70] |
Hawaii | Lake Amusement[68] | Included an 80-foot-tall (24 m) tower, a hexagonal pavilion, a 500-seat restaurant, an exhibit building, a shopping arcade, a theater, and a replica of an ancient village. | [71] |
Hollywood | Federal and State[72] | A replica of the Chinese Theatre with movie sets, a film museum, and cutouts of celebrities. | [61][73] |
Illinois | Federal and State[72] | A brick building with curved walls and a courtyard.[74] It included an Audio-Animatronic figure of Abraham Lincoln.[75] | [74][75] |
Louisiana (Bourbon Street) | Federal and State[65] | A replica of Bourbon Street in New Orleans, with restaurants and dancing. | [61][66] |
Maryland | Federal and State[76] | A fisherman's wharf with a restaurant and a short film. | [77] |
Minnesota | Federal and State[65] | A polygonal structure with a moat around it.[78] The pavilion included a restaurant with over 100 dishes.[79] | [79][78] |
Missouri | Federal and State[65] | A rectangular glass structure with a snack bar, souvenir shop, and replicas of the Spirit of St. Louis plane and the Friendship 7 space capsule. | [80] |
Montana | Federal and State[72] | A replica frontier town.[61] It included a "museum on wheels" with artwork by Frederic Remington and Charles Marion Russell, as well as Native American dance performances and a replica of gold nuggets.[66] | [61][66] |
New England | Federal and State[65] | A replica of a New England town square with stores, and exhibits about each of the six New England states.[66] The structure consisted of glass, wood, and marble hexagonal modules.[81] There was a country store, village green, and a restaurant.[82] | [66][81][82] |
New Jersey | Federal and State[65] | A set of 21 vinyl-roofed structures, representing the counties in New Jersey, supported by pylons and placed around a reflecting pool.[74] Inside each structure were films, live performances, and historic displays about New Jersey.[83] | [74][83] |
New Mexico | Federal and State[72] | A structure designed to resemble a pueblo, with Native American crafts showcased across five buildings. | [66] |
New York City | Federal and State[65] | A building with a scale model of New York City (Panorama of the City of New York), an ice-skating rink, a short film about the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, and exhibits about the city's history.[84] The structure was preserved from the 1939 fair.[85] | [84][85] |
New York State | Federal and State[65] | Consisted of the Tent of Tomorrow exhibition space; three observation towers; and the Theaterama, with art exhibits and a 360-degree film about the state.[86] The state exhibit was the tallest structure in the fair, at 226 feet (69 m).[24][87] | [84][86] |
Oklahoma | Federal and State[72] | A park containing a music bandshell, an enlarged state seal of Oklahoma, and a map of Oklahoma. | [88] |
Oregon | Industrial[89] | A live performance area on the shore of the Flushing River, surrounded by a 1,250-seat bleacher.[90] Included activities such as jousting, wrestling, axe-throwing, log-rolling, and tree-chopping.[62] | [62][90] |
Pennsylvania | Federal and State | A Liberty Bell replica that operated only during the 1965 season. | [91] |
Texas | Lake Amusement[92] | A 2,400-seat music hall that presented various musicals,[92] along with a 650-seat nightclub-bar.[93] Operated only during the 1964 season,[22] as it filed for bankruptcy in July 1964.[94] | [92][93] |
United States | Federal and State[72] | A boxy structure with a translucent facade, surrounded by a moat.[95][96] Inside was a 600-seat theater with a short film; a dark ride-style attraction with scenes from American history;[97] four exhibit spaces; and a museum area.[96] A hall of presidents was added for the 1965 season,[97][98] along with an exhibit called Challenge to Greatness.[99] | [95][96][97][99] |
West Virginia | Federal and State[72] | A mountain lodge.[61] It included glass-blowing and coal exhibits, and raffles for a mountaintop and race horse.[100] | [61][100] |
Wisconsin | Federal and State[65] | A teepee-shaped structure.[61] It included a huge slice of cheese, a trout fishing exhibit, and fly casting demonstrations.[79] | [61][79] |
International pavilions
editThere were 45 pavilions in the International Area, most of which featured foreign countries' exhibits.[101] Individual exhibits were presented by 66 nations,[102][103] including the United States.[104] If nations that were represented only by one city or region are included,[b] the fair featured attractions from 80 countries.[101][105] Many nations from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, though relatively few from Europe, exhibited at the fair.[106][26][105] Among the countries with official exhibits were Guinea, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sierra Leone, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Taiwan, Thailand, the United Arab Republic, and Venezuela.[21][107] Other nations set up unofficial exhibits, including Austria, Denmark, Greece, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as the colony of Hong Kong and the enclave of West Berlin.[21][107] Japan set up both an official and an unofficial exhibit.[21] Foreign nations rented the land from the WFC,[108] and they also paid for lodging, food, and other expenses for their staff.[109]
Numerous BIE members did not participate in the fair.[110][111] These included members of the Commonwealth of Nations, like the United Kingdom,[2][26] as well as many nations from western Europe.[107] Communist countries boycotted or were disinvited from the fair.[2][105] Lebanon was the only BIE member with an official exhibit,[112] though some BIE members did host unofficial exhibits or were represented by private companies' exhibits.[113][114] The privately sponsored pavilions generally showcased commercial products instead of exhibits about their respective nations' cultures.[43] The WFC encouraged BIE members' governments to lend art to their countries' unofficial exhibits,[106] and several BIE members (including Italy and France) even tried to subsidize their respective unofficial exhibits.[115] Other countries were represented by regional pavilions, such as the Caribbean and African pavilions.[116] The fair also attracted many countries that were not BIE members.[111]
Fifty countries displayed craftwork or items manufactured in their respective nations.[117] Many of the international pavilions also sold merchandise,[118] as did the International Plaza.[119]
Pavilion | Section | Description | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
African | International[120] | A group of 24 huts, each depicting a Sub-Saharan African nation. The huts included shops, exhibits, entertainment, and a movie theater, as well as a faux banyan tree at the center.[121] The structure also contained a restaurant decorated with items from Africa.[122] For 1965, an electronic big-game hunting activity was added.[98] | [121][122][98] |
American-Israel | International[123] | A helical structure with mahogany cladding.[67] Inside was a hall with three sections focusing on ancient Israel, modern Israel, and Jewish diaspora.[124] It also contained a mural and a poem calling for world peace, installed in response to another mural in the Jordan pavilion.[125][126] | [126][124] |
Austria | International[120] | A timber structure supported by "A"-shaped frames.[127] There was an abstract sculpture next to the pavilion and an exhibit of sculptures and photographs under the pavilion. Inside was a music hall and color transparencies.[128] | [127][128] |
Belgian Village | International[129] | A group of 124 buildings (including houses and a church),[31] surrounding cobblestone streets and a town square. Inside were restaurants and exhibit spaces.[130][131] | [31][130][131] |
Caribbean | International[123] | A pair of Spanish-tile structures with shops and a restaurant-bar, flanking a flagstone terrace. | [132] |
Centralamerica and Panama | International[133] | A structure made of white stone, with exhibits and events from six Central American countries.[134] The pavilion mostly exhibited art from Central America and a film about tourist attractions in the region, and there was also a cafe.[135] In 1965, Panama did not exhibit at the pavilion, which was renamed the Central America pavilion.[136] | [134][135] |
Denmark | International[120] | A wood-and-glass structure with a miniature version of the Tivoli Gardens park.[137] There were also exhibits, stores, and two eateries.[138] | [137][138] |
Greece | International[123] | A modern-style structure with a classical Greek doorway and a mural above. Inside were murals and other displays about Greece's history and economy, in addition to a restaurant. | [139] |
Guinea | International[129] | A group of three structures, accessed by a bridge over a stream. The largest structure is a round glass-walled building with ballet performances. The two smaller buildings had a store, exhibits, and tourist information center. | [140] |
Hong Kong | International[120] | A building with exhibit spaces, a restaurant, shops, a garden, and replicas of three Chinese junks.[141] The garden also included a replica of a Forbidden City bridge and a lagoon.[142] There was a store where visitors could order custom clothing.[143] | [141][142][143] |
India | International[133] | A pair of buildings connected by a courtyard. One of the buildings was a glass-and-stone structure with exhibits and shops, while the other was a restaurant. | [144][145] |
Indonesia | International[133] | An exhibition building with a pagoda in front of it.[146] Inside were exhibits relating to Indonesian culture, tourism, trade, and politics.[147] The Indonesian pavilion operated only during the 1964 season; it withdrew in 1965 due to the United States' support for Malaysia.[148] | [146][147] |
International Plaza | International[129] | A 2-acre (0.81 ha) plaza,[149] where items from various countries were sold.[119] There were displays, restaurants, snack bars, and stores sponsored by countries, trade organizations, and the United Nations.[150] | [149][119][150] |
Ireland | International[133] | A two-story stone-and-concrete building with a courtyard.[137] Inside was a cafe, displays about Irish culture, dance performances, and a film screening.[136] The displays included a replica of an Irish watchtower and artifacts like glass products, manuscripts, harps, and tweeds.[151] | [136][137][151] |
Japan | International[129] | A set of three structures designed in contemporary and ancient Japanese styles.[152] The main building was a replica of a castle carved by Masayuki Nagare, which was made of lava rock and surrounded by a moat.[122] Inside were displays of Japanese inventions, judo and kendo martial-art demonstrations, dance performances, and restaurants.[153] | [122][152][153] |
Jordan | International[123] | A structure with an undulating concrete roof.[144] Inside were dance performances, a movie, exhibits about Jordan's economy, and a bazaar.[154] The pavilion had a poem and a mural about the oppression of the Palestinian people,[155] which was highly controversial.[156] | [144][154][155][156] |
Lebanon | International[133] | A group of rectangular buildings surrounding a courtyard. Inside were objects such as fossils and Lebanese artifacts, as well as a bazaar and restaurant. | [157] |
Malaysia | International[123] | A two-story building with displays about the states of Malaysia. The ground floor included scale models and a lily pond, while the second floor had exhibits about the Malaysian economy and a movie theater. There was also a restaurant with Malaysian art. | [158] |
Mexico | International[133] | A main pavilion and a standalone restaurant building. The main building was a concrete-and-steel structure above an open-air plaza with a reflecting pool. On the first floor was an exhibit space with maps, scale models, photographs, and exhibits of art and architecture; there was also a mezzanine with Mexican crafts and products.[159] Some exhibits were replaced with artwork during 1965.[160] | [159][160] |
Morocco | International[123] | A Moorish-style structure with a bazaar, restaurant, nightclub, information booth, and exhibits with Moroccan art and objects. | [161] |
Pakistan | International[123] | A structure with a petal-shaped pinnacle. Inside were displays that included both ancient artifacts and a model of Pakistan's new capital, Islamabad.[162] There was also a restaurant under the dome.[163] | [162][163] |
Paris | International[129] | A re-creation of a Parisian street with several shops.[164] The structure included exhibits on sectors of the French economy, such as tourism, arts, industry, and science. There was also a restaurant and wine cellar.[165] | [164][165] |
Philippines | International[133] | A two-story, hat-shaped timber structure with decorations made of rare wood, as well as 12 murals carved into the wood.[166] There was a moat around the building, with Philippine fish. The pavilion included a 500-seat theater, exhibit space, and a souvenir shop.[167] | [166][167] |
Polynesia | International[133] | A pair of Polynesian longhouses with dance performances, a restaurant, and craft shop.[168] There was also a lagoon where "natives" collected oysters from canoes.[169] | [168][169] |
Republic of China | International[133] | A four-story building with red-and-gold decorations made in Taiwan.[166] Inside were an exhibit hall and gift shop at ground level; meeting rooms on the second story; and exhibit space on the third story.[170] | [166][170] |
Republic of Korea | International[133] | A concrete structure with a tea house, dance performances, and a store.[171] Outside was a 20-foot-tall (6.1 m) miniature Tabo Pagoda.[101] | [101][171] |
Sierra Leone / United Nations | International[123] | A structure with glass walls and a roof consisting of three cones. During the 1964 season, the structure included photographs, stage performances, and exhibits about African wood and Sierra Leonean products.[172] In 1965, it became a United Nations pavilion with a restaurant.[173] | [172][173] |
Spain | International[174] | A two-story structure with two interlocking rectangular shapes surrounding a large interior courtyard. Inside were three galleries exhibiting Spanish art,[175] as well as furniture, graphic arts displays, and flamenco performances.[176] Included was a dining room sponsored by American Express.[177] | [175][176][177] |
Sudan | International[123] | A domed building with a tropical garden and a snack bar. The first floor had a 1,000-year-old fresco and exhibits of artifacts, crafts, and industrial objects. The second floor had more artifacts from Sudanese nomads and tribes. | [178] |
Sweden | International[129] | A building with industrial exhibits, a Nordiska Kompaniet department store, and a restaurant. | [179] |
Switzerland | International[123] | A series of replica chalets with a restaurant, information booth, clock exhibit, and displays of Swiss products such as watches. | [180] |
Thailand | International[181] | A wooden replica of the mondop, or shrine, in the Thai city of Saraburi.[122] The mondop included an exhibit about cultural traditions, art, and crafts in Thailand. There was also an adjoining structure with a restaurant and store.[182] | [122][182] |
United Arab Republic | International[133] | An angular, glass-and-concrete structure with three arches at its entrance.[183] Inside were Egyptian artifacts, exhibits on various aspects of the United Arab Republic's history and culture, a shop, and a food-tasting center.[184] | [183][184] |
Venezuela | International[185] | A redwood structure with displays on Venezuelan art, history, and commerce, in addition to music and dance performances.[185] The pavilion was expanded with a replica of Angel Falls in 1965.[186] | [185][186] |
West Berlin | International[120] | A structure with a concrete wall surrounding a dome, a reference to the Berlin Wall.[187] The pavilion included an exhibit from a single German company.[187][188] | [187] |
Industry pavilions
editThe Industrial Area had 43 pavilions in total,[101] representing nearly 350 American companies.[27] Most of the companies were consolidated within four exhibit buildings, though about three dozen companies had their own pavilions.[189] Large firms such as Bell Telephone Company, DuPont, IBM, Kodak, RCA, The Travelers Companies, and US Royal Tires, participated.[59][190] Many of these companies had also participated in the 1939 World's Fair. The 1964 fair included few companies in the food, chemical, tobacco, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries.[21] Corporations also rented land from the WFC, except for religious organizations, which were given the land for free.[108] The fair included several interior-design and domestic-architecture exhibits,[191] including at least six houses and 29 kitchen displays.[192] Several of the industry pavilions offered free merchandise to visitors,[193] which often succeeded in attracting customers.[194] Several pavilions, such as the Tower of Light and Ford pavilions, had executive lounges.[189]
Pavilion | Section | Description | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
All-State Properties and Macy's / USO Lounge | Industrial[195] | A pair of small houses. In 1964, the buildings were open to the public as show houses; in 1965, they were closed and converted into a lounge for United Service Organizations. | [196] |
American Express | Industrial[195] | A structure with a model of the fairground, as well as American Express financial services like check-cashing.[197] Outside was a "money tree" with $1 million in U.S. dollars and foreign currency.[198] | [197][198] |
American Interiors | Industrial[199] | A four-story glass-and-steel structure composed of three interlocking cylindrical shapes.[191] Inside were products from 120 interior design companies, as well as exhibits about seats, craftsmanship, and residential space.[200][201] The structure had 14 rooms, each with design features from a different U.S. state.[191] | [191][200][201] |
Bell System | Industrial[199] | A 400-foot-long (120 m) structure that resembled a floating wing,[122][202] with fiberglass facade panels.[122][203] Inside was a communications-history ride with moving chairs, as well as a technological exhibit sponsored by Bell System.[204] A digital sign showed the number of telephones in Bell's network.[205] Nearby was a 130-foot-tall (40 m) transmission tower.[122] | [122][204] |
Better Living Center | Industrial[206] | A seven-story building,[207] with 250 exhibits about fashion, food, health, home, leisure, and security.[208] The center included a women's lounge in its penthouse.[209] | [207][208][209] |
Chunky Candy | Industrial[199] | A glass-walled factory where visitors could watch Chunky candy bars being manufactured. Adjacent to it was the Sculpture Continuum Playground, with 13 sculptures[210] designed by Oliver O'Connor Barrett.[211] | [210][211] |
Clairol | Industrial[199] | A pavilion sponsored by Clairol, with a turntable where women could have their hair color analyzed. Only women were allowed into the pavilion. | [212] |
Coca-Cola Company | Industrial[195] | A 120-foot (37 m) tower for the Coca-Cola Company with a 610-bell carillon.[213] Inside the tower, visitors could communicate with amateur radio operators globally.[214] | [214][213] |
Continental Insurance | Industrial[199] | A box-shaped structure with a projection screen on its facade (which displayed a film about U.S. history) and dioramas and art exhibits inside. | [215] |
Du Pont | Industrial[195] | A structure sponsored by DuPont, with three screens in two theaters that displayed chemistry-related shows. | [101][216] |
Dynamic Maturity | Industrial[195] | A pavilion where the AARP presented exhibits about retirement.[217] The pavilion offered free pictures to visitors.[218] | [217][218] |
Eastman Kodak | Industrial[206] | An undulating concrete structure with an undulating roof.[219] Next to it was an 80-foot (24 m) tower, with five photographs each measuring 30 by 36 feet (9.1 by 11.0 m) across.[220] Inside was an exhibit of photographs, a Q&A display, and a screening of the film The Searching Eye,[221] along with camera-repair and photography services.[222] There was also a play area on the roof.[220] | [219][220][221][222] |
Equitable Life | Industrial[89] | A series of exhibits, including a map showing U.S. demographics and a sign displaying the estimated U.S. population. | [214][223] |
Festival of Gas | Industrial[89] | A structure cantilevered from two large columns[224] and surrounded by a moat.[114] Inside were a restaurant, theater, and gas industry exhibits.[225] In addition, there was a "total energy plant" which demonstrated how natural gas could heat, cool, and power the building.[214] | [114][214][224][225] |
First National City Bank | Industrial[206] | A pair of buildings for First National City Bank, both with functional bank branches. One structure was for visitors and included a globe and flagpoles outside. The other structure was for fair employees. | [226] |
Formica | Industrial[199] | A seven-room, one-story house on a hill.[227] The house's walls were made with laminated plastic,[228][229] and it was illuminated by a skylight.[228][230] There was a raffle in which visitors could receive the chance to have a replica of the house built for themselves.[229] | [227][229][230] |
General Cigar | Industrial[206] | A "hall of magic" sponsored by the General Cigar Company. | [231] |
General Electric | Industrial[206] | A dome with steel tubing[44] and over 2,000 colored lights on the roof.[232] It included the Carousel of Progress, a rotating auditorium that showed scenes from the 1880s, 1920s, 1940s, and 1960s.[233] | [44][233] |
House of Good Taste | Industrial[89] | A set of three homes, each of different architectural styles.[191] There was a traditional 3-bedroom clapboard house, a contemporary house with a summer-house and three pools, and a modern house surrounding a central garden.[229][234] The houses were built exclusively using materials that were sold widely in the U.S.[235] | [191][229][234][235] |
IBM | Industrial[89] | An elliptical structure with 45 tree-shaped columns supporting a roof with 14,000 glass panels.[191] Underneath the roof were movable seats that could rise from ground level into a theater.[44][114] | [44][114][191] |
Johnson's Wax | Industrial[206] | A structure with a large canopy, underneath which was a ground-level exhibit space with an information center and a short film.[236] A free shoe-shine service for men was also provided.[101][218] | [101][236] |
Julimar Farm | Industrial[206] | A pavilion with a small garden, some miniature horses, and a shop for Julimar Farms products. | [237] |
Mastro Pizza | Industrial[89] | A quick-service restaurant. | [238] |
Medo Photo Supply | Industrial[206] | A camera shop, which sold camera film, slides, movies, and cameras, in addition to assisting visitors with photography-related queries. | [239] |
National Cash Register | Industrial[195] | A two-story building that displayed devices such as computers and abacuses.[240] There was a game room where visitors could use multiple types of machines.[214] | [214][240] |
Pan American Highway Gardens | Industrial[206] | An attraction sponsored by the World's Fair Corporation. During the 1964 season, there was a tropical garden, and during the 1965 season, the garden was replaced by a go-kart track. | [241] |
Parker Pen | Industrial[199] | An open-air structure with 90 writing desks, where people could write to pen pals around the world.[193] There was also an exhibit of Parker Pen history and products.[242] | [193][242] |
Pepsi-Cola | Industrial[206] | A pair of exhibit structures. The larger structure contained the It's a Small World boat ride,[243] with depictions of five faraway locations where people could buy Pepsi-Cola.[224] The smaller structure was a store for UNICEF.[243] Outside was Rolly Crump's 12-story Tower of the Four Winds,[244] an openwork structure made of aluminum.[224] | [243][224][244] |
RCA | Industrial[195] | A series of drum-shaped structures with an RCA television studio and numerous exhibits.[245] | [245] |
Rheingold | Industrial[199] | A replica of an old New York cobblestone street with Georgian-style buildings, which contained shops and restaurants.[246] There was a cafe and a quick-service restaurant called the Rheingold Restaurant, as well as a table service restaurant called the Town House Restaurant.[247] | [246][247] |
Schaefer | Industrial[206] | An exhibit about Schaefer Beer, along with a restaurant, a 300-person-capacity beer garden, and a curved bar area.[248] Schaefer's exhibit was split across three plastic-and-fiberglass structures,[249] with roofs that stood atop tapering steel columns.[122] | [122][248][249] |
Scott Paper | Industrial[199] | A set of four structures. The main building contained a dark ride through an "enchanted forest", which displayed the history of paper.[222] There was also a building with a lounge and diaper changing rooms; an office on stilts; and a 50-foot (15 m) tower.[250] | [222][250] |
Seven Up | Industrial[195] | A cafe serving sandwiches and 7 Up drinks, adjacent to a 107-foot (33 m) clock tower. | [251] |
Simmons | Industrial[252] | A structure with sleep-related exhibits on the first floor and beds above.[253] Visitors could take a nap in one of 46 beds.[254] Six furnished multipurpose rooms were added for the 1965 season.[255] | [253][254] |
Singer Bowl | Industrial[195] | A multipurpose stadium, with an exhibit by the Singer Corporation underneath the grandstands. | [256] |
Tower of Light | Industrial[257] | A structure with rectangular aluminum prisms in a rainbow color palette.[48] At night, the tower was illuminated by a beam that was capable of 12 billion candlepower.[224] | [48][224] |
Travelers Insurance | Industrial[89] | A structure resembling two interlocking umbrella shapes,[258] one of which was painted bright red. The shapes were suspended from cables.[122] The pavilion included a mural about the early history of Earth and dioramas about early humankind.[259] | [122][258][259] |
Underground World Home | Transportation[260] | An underground model of a home and bomb shelter,[261] based on a 10-room underground house designed by Jay Swayze in Texas.[262] This was the deepest exhibit at the fair, at 15 feet (4.6 m) below ground.[24] | [24][261][262] |
Westinghouse | Federal and State[65] | Consisted of three disc-shaped pavilions.[263] A Westinghouse time capsule was buried near the New York State Pavilion, adjacent to another capsule buried during the 1939 fair.[264] | [263] |
Transportation pavilions
editTransportation companies, such as car manufacturers Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors,[59][265] displayed products in the Transportation Area section of the fairground.[22]
Pavilion | Section | Description | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Avis Antique Car Ride | Transportation[260] | A ride sponsored by Avis Car Rental, with 5⁄8-scale models of antique cars traveling along a loop. | [266][267] |
Chrysler | Transportation[260] | A group of five "islands" in a lagoon, each of which showcased a different aspect of Chrysler.[266][268] The islands contained four connected buildings with seating for 2,500 visitors.[268] There was also a large model rocket.[269] | [266][268][269] |
Eastern Air Lines | Transportation[260] | An airline ticket office and bus terminal, with a mural of a map of Eastern Air Lines destinations. | [270] |
Ford | Transportation[260] | A 235-foot-wide (72 m) rotunda with pylons, and an attached exhibit building for Ford Motor Company products.[271][272] It included the Magic Skyway, a transport ride designed by The Walt Disney Company with Ford Mustang convertibles.[273][268] There was also an international garden for foreign cars.[266] A third entrance, allowing people to view the exhibit without going on the ride, was added in 1965.[274] | [266][268][271][274] |
General Motors | Transportation[275] | A domed structure with a reflecting pool[268] and a 10-story entrance canopy.[272][276] Inside was a replica of the 1939 fair's Futurama exhibit,[268][272] in which visitors sat on armchairs that passed through a depiction of the future.[277] There was also a plaza where General Motors cars were displayed.[266] | [266][268][276][277] |
Greyhound | Transportation[275] | A structure with three restaurants and several films and slideshows about Greyhound Lines, in addition to vehicles. | [278] |
Hertz | Transportation[275] | A travel center for Hertz Global Holdings, with strollers for rent. | [279] |
Long Island Rail Road | Federal and State[72] | Included two tents, one with a model railroad and another with memorabilia from across Long Island. There was also a windmill, a miniature train ride, and a replica of a signal tower overlooking a real LIRR line (the Port Washington Branch). | [280] |
National Maritime Union Park | Transportation[281] | An elliptical park sponsored by the National Maritime Union with pools, benches, and a concert area.[281] It was the only exhibit in the entire fair to be sponsored by a labor union.[282] | [281] |
Port Authority | Transportation[275] | A heliport building for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, supported on four stilts.[44][283] Inside was a two-level space with a 1,100-seat restaurant[284] and a 360-degree movie theater.[213] There was also a model of the Port Authority's proposed World Trade Center, including its twin towers.[283] | [213][283][284] |
Sinclair | Transportation[260] | An outdoors display with nine fiberglass dinosaurs,[285][218] an allusion to the Sinclair Oil Corporation's logo.[286] | [285][286] |
SKF | Transportation[260] | A 82-foot-tall (25 m) needle-shaped pavilion where SKF gave out ball bearings. | [287] |
Socony-Mobil | Transportation[275] | A structure sponsored by Socony-Mobil, with simulators where people could test out their cross-country driving skills while using as little fuel as possible.[288] Up to 36 people competed against each other.[289] | [288][289] |
Space Park | Transportation[260] | Displays of real spacecraft loaned by NASA, as well as mockups of spacecraft and unbuilt vehicles. | [290][291] |
Transportation and Travel | Transportation[292] | A structure with exhibits about the United States Armed Forces, travel companies, steamships, airlines, railroads, and trucking firms.[292] Trans World Airlines, the pavilion's official airline, had exhibits on three floors.[293] The roof was shaped like a half-moon dome.[291] | [291][292][293] |
U.S. Rubber | Transportation[260] | A Ferris wheel shaped like a U.S. Rubber tire.[294] The wheel measured 80 feet (24 m) high[284] and 24 four-seat cabins.[218] | [218][294][284] |
Religious pavilions
editRobert Moses also provided about 7 acres (2.8 ha) for religious groups at the fairground, and he invited every major sect of Christianity to the fair.[295] Eight religious pavilions were built: the Billy Graham, Christian Science, Mormon, Protestant and Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Sermons from Science, Two Thousand Tribes, and Vatican pavilions.[54] The Protestant and Orthodox pavilion was the only religious pavilion to house more than one sect.[296] Each religious pavilion was staffed by volunteers.[297] A proposed Jewish pavilion was canceled and replaced by the American-Israel Pavilion,[298][299] and a unified Temple of Religion for Protestants, Catholics, and Jews was also rejected.[300]
Pavilion | Section | Description | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Billy Graham | International[120] | An octagonal structure about the teachings of the evangelist Billy Graham, with a theater, gallery space, chapel, counseling spaces, and lounge. A garden surrounded the building.[301][302] Inside, a film was screened in six languages.[273] | [301][302] |
Christian Science | International[129] | A structure shaped like a seven-pointed star, with a seven-sided pyramidal roof.[303][304] Inside was a display about the Christian Science movement.[54] There was also a separate reading room.[304] | [54][303][304] |
Mormon Church | Industrial[89] | A replica of the Salt Lake Temple, the largest LDS Church temple, topped by a sculpture of an Angel Moroni.[273][305] Inside were twin exhibit spaces[306] describing the LDS Church's activities and history.[307] | [305][306][307] |
Protestant and Orthodox Center | Industrial[195] | A structure with a theater, chapel, and music garden.[299] Outside the pavilion were 34 pillars bearing the names of Protestant pioneers.[302][306] About 20 groups hosted exhibits in the building.[296] | [296][299] |
Russian Orthodox Church | Industrial[199] | A replica of a Russian Orthodox Church chapel in Fort Ross, California. | [54][296] |
Sermons From Science | International[129] | A circular structure with a 500-seat theater. Scientific demonstrations took place alongside religious sermons. | [306][308] |
Two Thousand Tribes | International[120] | A replica of an indigenous people's hut with totem poles, sponsored by Wycliffe Bible Translators. Inside, linguists translated the Bible into numerous languages. | [309] |
Vatican City | International[129] | An elliptical structure with a tent-like pinnacle, an exhibition space, and an upstairs chapel.[310][273] The pavilion included Michelangelo's sculpture Pietà[311][312] and a replica of Saint Peter's tomb.[306] There was also a 350-person chapel that accommodated over 1,200 masses in 1964 alone.[312] The Vatican pavilion was the only attraction with a caretaker that lived there full-time.[313] | [306][310][312] |
Other pavilions
editOther pavilions included:
Pavilion | Section | Description | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Garden of Meditation | International[129] | A 2-acre (0.81 ha) park with trees,[314] in addition to a teardrop-shaped pool.[315] | [314][315] |
Hall of Education / Demonstration Center | Industrial[195] | For the 1964 season, the pavilion included an auditorium, classrooms, laboratories, libraries, and other educational exhibits.[316] In 1965, it became the Demonstration Center.[317] The building was decorated with a mural by Walter Keane.[318] | [316][317] |
Hall of Free Enterprise | International[319] | A structure with a theater and lectures. | [320] |
Hall of Science | Transportation[260] | A permanent museum building with a curving concrete facade and a spiraling exhibition space inside.[321] There were various science and health-related exhibits,[322] including three space vehicles.[323] Science experiments took place there during 1965.[324] | [321][322][324] |
Masonic Center | International[120] | An exhibit showcasing various Masonic artifacts. | [55] |
Pavilion of Fine Art / Bargreen Buffet | International[325] | A structure adapted from the unopened Argentine pavilion.[325] In 1964, it was the Fine Arts pavilion, which displayed 250 contemporary artists' work.[42][326] In 1965, it was the Bargreen Buffet restaurant.[325] | [325][326] |
U.S. Post Office | Industrial[199] | A display of mail-sorting machines used by the United States Postal Service. Outside was a walkway flanked by mailboxes. | [327] |
World's Fair / Winston Churchill | Industrial[195] | A 175-foot-wide (53 m) geodesic dome.[328] For the 1964 season, it was used as a multipurpose sports center,[329] and in 1965, it became a memorial to former British prime minister Winston Churchill.[328] The Churchill memorial included numerous artifacts from Churchill's life[98][330] and was sponsored by the nonprofit organization People to People.[98][331] | [98][328][329] |
World's Fair Marina | Outside the fairground | An 865-slip marina with a mail-delivery center, an information booth about boating facilities, and a yacht display. There was also a coffee shop and restaurant. | [332] |
Unbuilt and unopened pavilions
editThe World's Fair originally was supposed to contain a five-story World of Food pavilion,[333] which was dismantled shortly before the fair opened.[334] WFC officials wanted the World of Food pavilion demolished because it was located near the fair's main entrance and would not be completed in time for the fair's opening.[335] The American Indian pavilion, which would have contained five structures, was never completed.[336] The Argentine pavilion was completed but was never used as such.[325] At the western end of the fairground, land had been reserved for an "aerospace island".[337] The WFC had also considered a pavilion for fashion firms,[338] though fashion shows were ultimately split between the New York State Pavilion and Better Living Center.[339] Other pavilions were canceled by the WFC, including an art pavilion[340][341] and an exhibit for the People's Republic of China.[342] Some foreign exhibitors were rejected in late 1963 because there was not enough time to develop their pavilions.[343]
The Soviet Union (along with its 15 Soviet republics[344]) and Israel were supposed to have operated exhibits as well.[345] The Soviet Union withdrew after a spat regarding the United States' participation in two Soviet world's fairs,[345][346] and it refused to join for the 1965 season.[347] Israel withdrew after its government decided to reallocate funds away from the planned Israeli pavilion.[107] Several BIE members, including Canada, France, and the Netherlands, canceled plans for official pavilions at the 1964 fair after the BIE approved Expo 67 in Montreal, Quebec.[348] A privately sponsored French pavilion, which was supposed to have contained three structures,[349] was partially built and then canceled.[115][350] Puerto Rico also canceled its planned pavilion due to a lack of money.[351] Some of these nonexistent exhibits were displayed on official maps, causing confusion among visitors.[352]
Remaining pavilions
editAfter the fair, most pavilions were demolished, while some pavilions remained in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park or were moved elsewhere.[127] Several exhibitors chose to sell off their buildings due to the high cost of demolition,[353] including U.S. Steel and Thailand.[354] In other cases, exhibitors sold off the contents of their pavilions,[355] or people offered to salvage specific parts of pavilions.[356]
Structures at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park
editThe New York Daily News wrote in 2012 that the remaining structures from the fair "have provided [Flushing Meadows–Corona Park] with some of its most striking structures".[357] Preserved at the center of the park is the Unisphere, which is a New York City designated landmark.[358] Near the Unisphere is the New York City Pavilion, which hosts the Queens Museum[359][360] and continues to display Panorama of the City of New York, an exhibit created for the 1964 fair.[361] Also nearby is the New York State Pavilion, which is largely unused as of 2024[update];[362] the State Pavilion's former Theaterama is used by the Queens Theatre in the Park.[363][364] The U.S. Post Office pavilion became a skating rink,[365] then a warehouse.[327]
In the northwestern part of the park, the New York Hall of Science was preserved as a museum[364][366] and was expanded in 2004.[367] The Hall of Science includes two rockets from the fair's Space Park.[360][368] The Port Authority pavilion became the Terrace on the Park banquet hall.[364][369] The Winston Churchill Tribute became the aviary for the neighboring Queens Zoo,[364][328][370] which opened in 1968.[371] Near the zoo is the Flushing Meadows Carousel.[360][372] The World's Fair Marina, built for the 1939 fair and expanded for the 1964 fair,[373] still operates along Flushing Bay.[374] The fair's Press Building became a New York City Police Department (NYPD) facility, and the Greyhound Building became a New York City Fire Department facility.[375][376] In addition, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) took over several other structures.[376] NYC Parks and the NYPD jointly took over the fair's main entrance building at the northern end of the site;[377] the structure, known as the Passerelle Building, also includes a ramp to the New York City Subway's Willets Point station.[378]
Several monuments remain on the sites of former pavilions. The Column of Jerash, an ancient column of Jordan, stands on the site of the Jordan pavilion near the Unisphere,[363][379] while a stone bench marking the site of the Vatican pavilion stands east of the main fountain.[363][380] A plaque marks the site of the Garden of Meditation.[381]
Other buildings remained for several years before being demolished. The Travel and Transportation Pavilion was destroyed in 1967 after a failed conversion to a fire station, and the Federal Pavilion was demolished in 1977 after extensive deterioration.[382][383] The Aquacade amphitheater, originally built for the 1939 fair,[370] also decayed extensively[384] and was ultimately demolished in 1996.[385] The Singer Bowl became a sports venue.[370][386] The Louis Armstrong Stadium replaced half of the Singer Bowl in 1977, while the remainder of the venue was preserved as a grandstand,[387] which was razed in 2016.[388]
Structures relocated
editOther structures were relocated at the end of the fair.[389][390] Several international pavilions remained near New York City. Denmark's pavilion became a mall in Westport, Connecticut;[391][392] India's pavilion became an office building in Clifton, New Jersey;[393] and Japan's pavilion went to Manhattanville College.[391][394] Further away, Austria's pavilion became a ski lodge in western New York;[391][395] Malaysia's pavilion was donated to the University of Plano;[396] the Paris pavilion became a bowling alley in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania;[165] Spain's pavilion was relocated to a hotel in St. Louis, Missouri;[390][397] and Switzerland's pavilion became a ski lodge in New Hampshire.[398] The Thailand pavilion was rebuilt at Expo 67 in Montreal, the only structure from the 1964 fair that was reused as a world's fair pavilion. The West Berlin pavilion was acquired by a college in Woodridge, New York.[398]
In the state area, part of the Wisconsin Pavilion became a radio station in Neillsville, Wisconsin,[399] while another part of the Wisconsin Pavilion was relocated to Pennsylvania and used as a ski lodge.[398] The New England pavilion was moved to a mall in South Portland, Maine.[400] Of the religious exhibits, the Christian Science pavilion was moved to Poway, California,[391][401] while the Mormon pavilion became an LDS temple in Plainville, New York.[402] The US Royal Ferris wheel became the Uniroyal Giant Tire in Allen Park, Michigan,[391][294] while the Johnson Wax pavilion became the Golden Rondelle Theater in Racine, Wisconsin.[391][403] In addition, the Parker Pen pavilion became an administrative building in Missouri.[404] One of the three structures near the World's Fair Marina became a cabin in upstate New York.[405] Other structures, such as the Steaktown USA restaurant, Identity building, and South precinct building, were also acquired by organizations based in New York.[398]
Structures partially preserved
editIn some cases, only part of a pavilion was preserved due to the high cost of preserving the full pavilion.[407] Part of the Vatican pavilion was moved to Saint Mary Mother of the Redeemer Church in Groton, Connecticut,[408] the Coca-Cola pavilion's carillon was moved to Stone Mountain near Atlanta, Georgia.[404][406] Arches from the General Mills pavilion were sent to Warwick, Rhode Island; Huntsville, Ohio; and West Hempstead, New York.[409] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York acquired the fair's color televisions,[410] while the fair's cubical lampposts were moved to Penn Hills Resort in the Poconos.[411] The Railroad Museum of Long Island in Riverhead, New York, received the LIRR pavilion's miniature railway,[412] and other Long Island businesses also received objects from the LIRR pavilion.[398] The footprints from the Hollywood pavilion were moved to the Angel Stadium in Anaheim, California.[398]
Several rides and museum exhibits were preserved. The IBM pavilion's Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond exhibit is at the Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation in Dearborn, Michigan,[413] while Travelers Insurance sent its Triumph of Man exhibit to the COSI museum in Columbus, Ohio.[414] The GE pavilion's Progressland carousel was moved to the Magic Kingdom theme park at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida, becoming the Carousel of Progress.[415] The It's a Small World ride was shipped to Disneyland in Anaheim,[416][417] and the Swiss Sky Ride was moved to Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey.[418][419] The Belgian Village carousel became Le Galopant at La Ronde in Montreal, Quebec,[420] though the ride no longer operates as of 2023[update].[421] The fair's log flume became a ride at Pirates World in Florida.[422]
Some pavilions also became traveling exhibitions, such as Clairol's "color carousel"[390][423] and Sinclair Oil's dinosaur exhibits;[390][424] the dinosaurs were ultimately scattered across the United States.[418] Construction material was also salvaged. Walls from the Mormon, Socony Mobil, and Ireland pavilions were reused in buildings in New York and Pennsylvania,[398] and one man in Glen Cove, New York, built his house using materials from multiple pavilions.[425] A seaplane terminal in the Bronx salvaged parts of the fair's monorail, Poupées des Paris, and wax museum,[398] while Texas oil magnate John Mecom Sr. bought the rest of the monorail.[426]
Reception
editThere was commentary on the pavilions' conflicting architectural styles.[427][428] Ada Louise Huxtable of The New York Times wrote that the fair was architecturally "grotesque",[427][429] while other critics lambasted the structures as befitting Coney Island or a street fair.[430] The critic Vincent Scully Jr. derided the fair in a Life magazine article, "If This Is Architecture, God Help Us".[427][428] Conversely, Time magazine wrote in June 1964 that the fair had "grace and substance" despite the presence of some "tacky" attractions,[430][431] a sentiment repeated in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.[432] The American Institute of Architects gave awards to several pavilions for "excellence in design".[433] A Newsday reporter described the fair as "both garish and subtle, tawdry and tasteful, ephemeral and lasting".[434] After the fair closed, architectural critic Wolf Von Eckardt lambasted the fair as "a frightening image of ourselves" because of its "chaotic" architecture.[435][436]
See also
editReferences
editNotes
editCitations
edit- ^ Kaplan, Morris (August 19, 1959). "75 Leaders Set Up World Fair Body; Elect Corporation Officers – Congressional Approval Celled Only Hurdle". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ a b c d "66 Nations Help Set Fair Record; Exhibition Isn't Official, But Its Foreign Roster Is Tops". The New York Times. April 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ Tirella 2013, p. 40.
- ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1028.
- ^ Tirella 2013, p. 42.
- ^ Chapman, Ralph (April 18, 1960). "Permanent Buildings Barred at World's Fair: Moses Report to Mayor Cites Law Calling for Restoration as a Park". New York Herald Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327176485; Grutzner, Charles (April 18, 1960). "Moses Sees Fair Lasting 2 Years; Report to Wagner Includes a Reference to 1964–65 Without Qualification". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Collins, Thomas (April 18, 1960). "Moses Sees 2-Yr. Fair Drawing 70 Million". Newsday. p. 3. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 898174102.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 42.
- ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 8–9.
- ^ "World's Fair May Test New Ways of Building". New York Herald Tribune. February 15, 1961. p. 4C. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325191611.
- ^ "Work on Fairs First Building Starts at Once". New York Herald Tribune. August 1, 1960. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327216689; "Work to Start on Fair; Construction of First Building Is Due to Begin Today". The New York Times. August 1, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ "World's Fair Opens To Picketing; Stall-In Fails: Johnson Foresees Global Peace Soon Rain, Racial Troubles Keep Crowd To 90,000; More Than 290 Integrationists Seized". The Sun. April 23, 1964. p. 1. ProQuest 540050678; "Rain Soaks Crowd; Sit-Ins Mar Festivities at Some Pavilions—Attendance Cut". The New York Times. April 23, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 32; Tirella 2013, p. 188.
- ^ "Young Employes Say Farewells Gather to Reminisce on Six Months at Fair — Few Expecting to Return". The New York Times. October 19, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024; Cassidy, Joseph (October 19, 1964). "Fair's Last Day Draws Crowd". New York Daily News. p. 67. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Alden, Robert (April 22, 1965). "158,000 Open the Fair's Second Year; Paid Admissions Are 3 Times More Than First Day's in '64 158,000, Half of Them Children, Attend World's Fair on Crisp, Sunny Opening Day". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024; O'Neill, Maureen (April 22, 1965). "The Natives Return—They're Hardy Lot". Newsday. p. 91. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Abrams, Arnold; Smith, Edward G. (October 18, 1965). "Drunks and Vandals Close the Fair: They Dig the World's Fair on Its Last Day". Newsday. p. 1. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 914444914; Alden, Robert (October 18, 1965). "Vandalism Mars Last Day Of the Two-Year Exposition; Weeping Children, Sad Employes and Vandalism Abound as World's Fair Closes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Lane, Roger (December 5, 1963). "New York World's Fair Shaping As Top US Business Showcase". The Austin Statesman. p. B2. ProQuest 1522492960.
- ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1032.
- ^ Schmertz, Mildred F. (July 1964). "Architecture at the New York World's Fair" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 136. p. 150. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020 – via usmodernist.org.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 125.
- ^ a b c d e f Doty, Robert C. (September 9, 1963). "World's Fair Gains Impetus Despite Snubs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Robbins, Liz (April 18, 2014). "50 Years After the New York World's Fair, Recalling a Vision of the Future". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
- ^ "World's Fair Plagued by Lack of Customers". Los Angeles Times. May 24, 1964. pp. D18. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 168563620.
- ^ a b c d e Dougherty, Philip H. (April 22, 1964). "Statistics Prove It's a Whopping Spectacle; 40 Miles of Walkways Wind Through City of Enchantment; 114 Restaurants Will Help Feed 250,000 Who Visit Daily". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b c Hornaday, Mary (September 23, 1963). "New York World's Fair Takes Tangible Form: One Pavilion Completed". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 9. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510487114.
- ^ a b c Gray, Beverly (January 25, 1964). "So It Will Soon Be Heigh-Ho, Everyone, Come to the New York World's Fair!". The Globe and Mail. p. 21. ProQuest 1283415626.
- ^ a b Newsweek 1964a, p. 43.
- ^ "World's Fair Offers 121 Free Shows". New York Amsterdam News. May 9, 1964. p. 27. ProQuest 226773594.
- ^ Alpert 1964, p. 21.
- ^ a b c Samuel 2007, p. 65.
- ^ a b c Long, Tania (October 17, 1964). "Belgian Village Finished at Last: Medieval 'City' Just in Time for World's Fair Closing". The New York Times. p. 29. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115921553. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ Tirella 2013, p. 270.
- ^ Frederick, Robert B. (October 21, 1964). "N. Y. World's Fair: Hibernating N. Y. Fair Eyes Finale Anni; Seeks New Face for Fun ...". Variety. Vol. 236, no. 9. p. 62. ProQuest 962978940.
- ^ a b Joseph, Richard (January 24, 1965). "World's Fair Closed for Winter, But It's Still Busy: Officials Polishing Extravaganza". Chicago Tribune. p. H3. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179713143.
- ^ Kursh, Harry (April 13, 1965). "World's Fair Reopens April 21". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 13. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510789503.
- ^ "World's Fair Reopens Wednesday, Seeking To Lure More Visitors: New Exhibits Part of Attempt To Better 1964's Attendance, But Admission Cost Is Higher". The Wall Street Journal. April 19, 1965. p. 15. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 133045801.
- ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 66–67.
- ^ a b c Alden, Robert (March 3, 1965). "Free Water Show Planned at Fair; Florida Will Present Skiing in Amphitheater – Moses Predicts Big Success". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, pp. 67–68.
- ^ a b Phillips, McCandlish (April 22, 1964). "250,000 Expected; Huge Security Force to Guard Johnson—Parade Is Planned". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 99.
- ^ a b Barry, Edward (July 26, 1964). "The Wonderful World of Art: A Gigantic Work of Art—That's New York's World's Fair". Chicago Tribune. p. N4. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179539708.
- ^ a b Rohan, Virginia (April 21, 2009). "A Fair to Remember: 45 Years Ago in Queens, We Saw the Future". The Record. p. F.1. ProQuest 426610123.
- ^ a b c d e f "New Techniques Are Found Scarce In Fair Buildings". The New York Times. February 2, 1964. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115672730.
- ^ Hornaday, Mary (April 23, 1965). "What Happens When the Fair Is Over?: Demolition Set Buildings to Remain Monorail Considered Space Subsidy Sought". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 5. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510706863.
- ^ "Wheel Chairs at Fair; Many Pavilions Easily Accessible To the Physically Handicapped". The New York Times. April 26, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b Beckerman, Jim (April 9, 2024). "History of Waffles: How the NY World's Fair Novelty Became Breakfast". Bergen Record. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ a b c Tirella 2013, p. 205.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 98.
- ^ a b Schmedel, Scott R. (April 15, 1964). "Industry at the Fair: Firms Press to Reap Marketing Gains From World's Fair Outlays Many Will Get Sales Leads From Guest Books". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132940186.
- ^ Tirella 2013, pp. 53–57.
- ^ "N.Y. World's Fair: Ford's Disney Animatronics' Vies With Cm Hmmg Fair's Top Shows". Variety. Vol. 234, no. 8. April 15, 1964. pp. 55–56. ProQuest 1032431990.
- ^ Wood 1964, p. 9.
- ^ a b c d e "Religion Present Throughout Fair; 8 Pavilions Add Depth to Spirit of Carnival". The New York Times. April 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b Hornaday, Mary (February 5, 1964). "Masonic Emblem Identifies Exhibit: Brotherhood Theme". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 12. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510502091.
- ^ "'Billion-Dollar Fair' Rising in Flushing; Prospect Is It Will Be 10 Times Seattle's". The Reporter Dispatch. March 20, 1963. p. 36. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ Alden, Robert (October 17, 1965). "Despite Controversies, Attendance Passes All Other Expositions; World's Fair, Closing Today, To Establish Record With More Than 51 Million Visitors in 2 Years". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
- ^ Nicoletta 2010, p. 74.
- ^ a b c Tirella 2013, p. 47.
- ^ "Flushing Meadows Corona Park: World's Fair Playground". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1039.
- ^ a b c d Samuel 2007, p. 128.
- ^ a b "20 States Balk at World's Fair". The Washington Post, Times Herald. July 25, 1963. p. F8. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 141780100.
- ^ Schmedel, Scott R. (April 19, 1963). "World's Fair Woes: With New York Start Only Year Away, Many Exhibitors Drag Feet Ground Not Broken for Most Buildings and Construction Costs Rise; Some Back Out Cheer From Seattle Success World's Fair Woes: Many Exhibitors In New York Dragging Their Feet". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132860330.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Samuel 2007, p. 130.
- ^ a b c d "Alaskan Pavilion Will Open Late; Quake Delays Shipments for Igloo of Tomorrow". The New York Times. April 15, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 19.
- ^ a b "Florida". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b "Florida Builders Plan Fair Exhibit; $250,000 Will Be Spent to Display a Model Home". The New York Times. January 13, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Inventory of Records of the New York World's Fair Committee (PDF) (Report). Hawaii State Archives. May 2006. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 15.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 132.
- ^ a b c d Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1038.
- ^ a b Tirella 2013, pp. 55–56.
- ^ The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 14.
- ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 128–130.
- ^ a b "Minnesota". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Samuel 2007, p. 131.
- ^ "Missouri". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b Bemis, Robert (September 9, 1962). "Typical New England Aim of World Fair Designers". Boston Globe. p. A_32. ProQuest 276485946.
- ^ a b Hammond, James (April 19, 1964). "Last-Minute Rush to Get Everything Ship-Shape: N.E. Pavilion Ready for World's Fair Opening". Boston Globe. p. A_5. ProQuest 275989877.
- ^ a b "New Jersey". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b c Samuel 2007, pp. 136–137.
- ^ a b "'39 Fair Building Being Refurbished for '64 Fair". The New York Times. January 31, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Rhoades, Liz (May 29, 2014). "Future Brighter for NY State Pavilion". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 133.
- ^ "Oklahoma". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 5.
- ^ a b "Oregon". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Pennsylvania (1965)". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Texas Pavilions & Music Hall". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b Chaimowitz, Len (November 29, 1962). "World's Fair Adds Nightclub, Theater to Varied Attractions". Newsday. p. 3C. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 913543096; "2,400-Seat Theater With a Restaurant To Be Built at Fair". The New York Times. November 29, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
- ^ "Texas Pavilion Owners At World's Fair File Petition of Bankruptcy". The Wall Street Journal. July 17, 1964. p. 2. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132930022; "Last 2 Big Shows at Fair Go Dark; 'Ice-Travaganza' and Texas Pavilion Crowds Scarce". The New York Times. July 27, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 1033–1034.
- ^ a b c Kenney, Harry C. (January 23, 1963). "U.S. Launches 'Floating' Pavilion for N.Y. Fair: Theme Described Freedom Keys Theme". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 1. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510402447.
- ^ a b c Samuel 2007, pp. 126–128.
- ^ a b c d e f Brown, Murray J. (March 28, 1965). "Fair Re-Opens Soon; Some Changes Made". The Hartford Courant. p. 33A. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 548738120.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, pp. 68–69.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, pp. 131–132.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Alpert 1964, p. 22.
- ^ "66 Nations Help Set Fair Record; Exhibition Isn't Official, but Its Foreign Roster Is Tops". The New York Times. April 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 149.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 124.
- ^ a b c Tirella 2013, p. 202.
- ^ a b Bigart, Homer (December 2, 1962). "'64 Fair Seeking a Global Flavor; Flags of Nonparticipating European Nations to Fly Over Private Pavilions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Tirella 2013, p. 46.
- ^ a b Nicoletta 2010, p. 503.
- ^ Trumbull, Robert (April 20, 1964). "Fair Personnel Lead Double Life; Foreign Pavilions Contrast Sharply With New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ "No Endorsement by Int'l Expositions Bureau Hits N.Y. 1964 World's Fair". Variety. Vol. 221, no. 13. February 22, 1961. p. 1. ProQuest 1032412420; Freeman, Ira Henry (February 18, 1961). "3 Nations Decline to Join Fair Here; Britain, France and Italy Cite Exhibit Treaty – Private Shows Are Possible". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 140.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 154.
- ^ Higgins, Marguerite (March 3, 1961). "20 Nations to Have Pavilions at Fair". New York Herald Tribune. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1336636161.
- ^ a b c d e Newsweek 1964a, p. 44.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Tirella 2013, pp. 202–203.
- ^ "50 Lands to Share Fair's Limelight for 50 Reasons". The New York Times. March 29, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "Pavilions to Sell Unusual Wares; Items From Many Lands Are Available for Shoppers". The New York Times. April 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c Carlton, Helen (July 17, 1964). A Bazaar of Bizarre Bargains. Time Inc. p. 18. ISSN 0024-3019. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 9.
- ^ a b "African Pavilion". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on February 27, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1043.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 11.
- ^ a b Katz 2003, pp. 136–137.
- ^ "Fair Moves to Counter Bad Publicity". The New York Times. June 27, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, pp. 53–54.
- ^ a b c "1964 World's Fair Austrian Pavilion Is History". New York Daily News. February 10, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Austria". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. January 24, 2011. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 10.
- ^ a b Kenney, Harry C. (November 7, 1962). "World's Fair Site Progresses in New York". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 8. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510415905.
- ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 1041–1042.
- ^ "Caribbean". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 12.
- ^ a b "Pavilion Depicts a Unity of Effort; 6 Latin Nations Show How They Progress Together". The New York Times. May 3, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Centralamerica and Panama". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c Cotter & Young 2008, p. 34.
- ^ a b c d Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1041.
- ^ a b "Denmark". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "Greece". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "Guinea". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Hong Kong". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
- ^ a b "World Fair $3m H. K. Pavilion in New York". South China Morning Post. December 5, 1962. p. 10. ProQuest 1506667056.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 105.
- ^ a b c Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1042.
- ^ "India". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b "Indonesia". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b Ho, Sie Pek (January 10, 1963). "Indonesia Plans N.Y. Fair Exhibit". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 16. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510423575.
- ^ "New York World's Fair Gets $1 Million Loan; Indonesia Pulls Pavilion: Moses Sees Financing by 2 Banks More Than Adequate for Needs Through Reopening on April 21". The Wall Street Journal. March 15, 1965. p. 12. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 133065529; "Indonesia Halts Plans For Pavilion at Fair". The New York Times. March 12, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
- ^ a b "International Plaza a Symphony Of Sights, Sounds, Smells, Taste". The New York Times. May 10, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "International Plaza". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Irish Fair Pavilion Dedicated With a Challenge to Columbus". The New York Times. May 17, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Japan". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Japan's Pavilion Looks to Future; Soft-Pedals Kimono Image for Industry at Fair". The New York Times. May 15, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Jordan". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b Katz 2003, pp. 138–140.
- ^ a b "Wagner Says World's Fair Will Remove Jordan Pavilion's Controversial Mural". The New York Times. April 30, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ "Lebanon". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "Malaysia". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b Nicoletta 2010, pp. 508–509.
- ^ a b "Art From Mexico Is Shown at Fair; Rivera Painting and Carving by Aztecs on Display". The New York Times. May 26, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "Morocco". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b Cotter & Young 2008, p. 35.
- ^ a b "Pakistan". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Revived French Pavilion at Fair Hopes to Recapture Paris Tone". The New York Times. July 31, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Paris". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Cotter & Young 2008, p. 89.
- ^ a b "Philippines". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Polynesia". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b Cotter & Young 2008, p. 29.
- ^ a b Kenney, Harry C. (November 30, 1962). "Nationalist China Starts N.Y. Fair Pavilion: Major Theater Slated". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 8. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510375120; "Chinese Pavilion Revives a Palace; But Beauty of Antiquity May Escape Hurried Visitor". The New York Times. July 7, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
- ^ a b "Republic of Korea". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "Sierra Leone/United Nations". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b Long, Tania (May 3, 1965). "New Fair Pavilion Dedicated to U.N.; Ex-Sierra Leone Building to Promote World Body". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, pp. 9–10.
- ^ a b Nicoletta 2010, pp. 506–507.
- ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 1040–1041.
- ^ a b Cotter & Young 2008, p. 69.
- ^ "Sudan". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "Sweden". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. March 21, 1963. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "Switzerland". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, pp. 11–12.
- ^ a b "Thailand". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b Nicoletta 2010, p. 504.
- ^ a b "United Arab Republic". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Venezuela". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Venezuelan Waterfall Added to Fair Pavilion". The New York Times. March 10, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c Samuel 2007, p. 142.
- ^ "One German Firm to Exhibit at Fair; Porcelain Maker Will Be Sole Commercial Entrant". The New York Times. January 4, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 94.
- ^ Schmedel, Scott R. (May 9, 1962). "GM Plans Costliest Pavilion for New York World's Fair of '64–65: Company Undecided on Contents; Fair Officials Hope the Plan Will Spur Leasing of Space". The Wall Street Journal. p. 9. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132775520.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1046.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 119.
- ^ a b c Samuel 2007, pp. 101–102.
- ^ Schmedel, Scott R. (September 23, 1964). "World's Fair Payoff: Corporate Exhibitors Score Triumphs Though Festival Has Problems". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132905305.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 8.
- ^ "All-State Properties and Macy's". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "American Express". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b Cotter & Young 2008, p. 106.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 6.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 121.
- ^ a b Hoffman, Marilyn (July 31, 1963). "Home Furnishings Boast Own Pavilion: World's Fair Readies Showcase". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 4. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510486898; "American Interiors on Display As Unfinished Pavilion Opens; History, Bit of Future Part of Fair Exhibition". The New York Times. May 9, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ Chapman, Ralph (June 22, 1962). "Bell System Fair Pavilion Begun". New York Herald Tribune. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1336726892; "Ground-Breaking For Bell Telephone Fair Exhibit Held". Atlanta Daily World. June 26, 1962. p. 3. ProQuest 491256847.
- ^ "Fiberglass Wall to Be Used at Fair; Fiberglass Panels Will Feather Wing-Shaped Structure at World's Fair". The New York Times. September 29, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b "Bell System". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- ^ "Snip of Scissors Is Music to Fair; Symphony of Ribbon Cutting Helps to Open Pavilions". The New York Times. May 7, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 7.
- ^ a b "Better Living Building For World's Fair". New York Amsterdam News. March 2, 1963. p. 30. ProQuest 226813285.
- ^ a b "Better Living Center". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b "An Oasis Reserved For Women Visitors". New York Amsterdam News. April 10, 1965. p. 20. ProQuest 226746481.
- ^ a b "Chunky Candy". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b Weitekamp, Rossana (April 22, 2015). "Saviors of the Chunkies". Herald Community Newspapers. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ Cotter & Young 2008, p. 105.
- ^ a b c d "World's Fair to Get 3-Million Monorail System; Train to Run Around Lake Port Body Building to Get Restaurant and Club". The New York Times. May 8, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hornaday, Mary (March 16, 1964). "Electronic Exhibits Abound at New York World's Fair: What to Expect at the Fair – 4". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 7. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510590938.
- ^ Cotter & Young 2008, p. 41.
- ^ Cotter & Young 2008, p. 96.
- ^ a b "Dynamic Maturity". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Samuel 2007, p. 101.
- ^ a b Chapman, Ralph (August 22, 1962). "For Camera Buss at Fair-- $7 Million Kodak Allure". New York Herald Tribune. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327550595.
- ^ a b c Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 1043–1044.
- ^ a b "Eastman Kodak". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Samuel 2007, p. 103.
- ^ "Equitable Life". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1044.
- ^ a b "Festival of Gas". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ "First National City Bank". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "Formica". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "Last of World Fair Houses Opening". Chicago Tribune. July 11, 1964. p. S_B8. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179555529.
- ^ a b c d e Samuel 2007, p. 120.
- ^ a b "Sparkling Daylight via Skydome Roof-Window". Mexico Independent. April 16, 1964. p. 23. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via The NYS Historic Newspapers.
- ^ "General Cigar". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ "General Electric Pavilion Sheds Colored Light on World's Fair". The New York Times. January 30, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Tirella 2013, p. 54.
- ^ a b "House of Good Taste". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b "Three Houses Planned For World's Fair Here". The New York Times. December 14, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b "Giant Disk Due at Fair In New York". The Christian Science Monitor. October 18, 1962. p. 15. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510362297.
- ^ "Julimar Farm". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ "Mastro Pizza". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ "Medo Photo Supply". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "National Cash Register (NCR)". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ "Pan American Highway Gardens". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "Parker Pen". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Pepsi-Cola". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b MacDonald, Brady (April 22, 2024). "Disneyland Pays Tribute to Tower of the Four Winds During Pixar Fest". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "Rca". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "Rheingold Copies 1890's: For Fair Old New York Sets Style for Pavilion Pubs". The New York Times. January 26, 1964. p. R6. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115651899.
- ^ a b "Rheingold". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b "Schaefer". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
- ^ a b "Women to Be Featured At 1964 N. Y. World's Fair". New Pittsburgh Courier. November 17, 1962. p. 9. ProQuest 371615012.
- ^ a b "Scott Paper". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ "Seven-Up". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
- ^ The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, pp. 5–6.
- ^ a b "Simmons". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b "World's Fair Visitors Can Catnap at Simmons Exhibit". The Wall Street Journal. September 18, 1963. p. 7. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132801058.
- ^ Kass, Jane (April 21, 1965). "Rooms Shown at Fair Have World of Uses". Newsday. p. 57. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 914416384.
- ^ "Singer Bowl". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, pp. 7–8.
- ^ a b Gault, Webster (June 28, 1962). "World's Fair Building Is Started by Travelers". The Hartford Courant. p. 39. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 547767462.
- ^ a b "Travelers Insurance". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 17.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 122.
- ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1048.
- ^ a b "Westinghouse". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. October 16, 1965. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ Schneider, Daniel B. (December 29, 1996). "F.y.i." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 18, 2024. Retrieved May 18, 2024; Richterman, Anita (August 28, 1974). "Problem Line". Newsday. p. 147. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved May 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Wood 1964, pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Big 3's World's Fair Costs Will Reach $110 Million". The New York Times. April 5, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- ^ "Avis Antique Car Ride". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Big Three Building Elaborate Exhibits at N. Y. Worlds Fair: Carmakers Will Spend 70 Millions". Chicago Tribune. February 9, 1964. p. G25. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179381518.
- ^ a b "Chrysler". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. April 11, 2023. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- ^ "Eastern Air Lines". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- ^ a b "Ford Plan At N.Y. Fair Disclosed: Project Outlined Waterfall of Light". The Christian Science Monitor. January 21, 1963. p. 10. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510451171.
- ^ a b c "Auto Makers Secretive on Plans for World's Fair; The Rumor Factory Architecture Startling". The New York Times. April 14, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1049.
- ^ a b Alden, Robert (March 16, 1965). "Ford Fair Exhibit to Add Entrance; Will Let Visitors in Product Area but Not on Ride". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 18.
- ^ a b "GM Turns Toward New York Fair: World of Tomorrow". The Christian Science Monitor. May 25, 1962. p. 15. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510330145; "GM Reveals Building for New York World's Fair". The Washington Post, Times Herald. May 9, 1962. p. B10. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 141790600.
- ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1050.
- ^ "Greyhound". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- ^ "Hertz". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- ^ "Long Island Rail Road". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b c "National Maritime Union Park". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- ^ "'Congressional Special' Visits the Fair". The New York Times. May 16, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c Tirella 2013, p. 207.
- ^ a b c d Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1052.
- ^ a b Duncan, Val; Mayer, Robert (August 15, 1962). "Dinosaur Fans, Take Note: '64 Fair Has a Place for You". Newsday. p. 7. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 899119778; Arndt, Jessie Ash (September 26, 1963). "Dinosaur Exhibit Readied for World's Fair: Giant Reptiles Sculptured in N.Y.". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 3. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510535451.
- ^ a b Dunlap, David W. (April 16, 2014). "World's Fair Showed a Different Side of the Port Authority". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ "Skf". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ a b "Socony Mobil". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 102.
- ^ Abel, Allen (August 20, 2014). "The Great Big, Beautiful Tomorrow". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ a b c Tirella 2013, pp. 206–207.
- ^ a b c "Transportation and Travel". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b "New York Fair Gives Official Status to TWA: Eight-Story Pavilion". The Christian Science Monitor. February 11, 1963. p. 10. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510424534.
- ^ a b c Brush, Mark (May 22, 2015). "Here's What It's like Inside and on Top of the Giant Uniroyal Tire". Michigan Public. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024; Patton, Phil (April 11, 2014). "When Cars Ruled the World's Fair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d Nicoletta 2015, p. 70.
- ^ "Church Pavilions Use Volunteers; 250 Serving in 8 Exhibits at Fair in Leisure Time". The New York Times. July 20, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 22.
- ^ a b c "World's Fair to Feature Many Religious Pavilions". The Hartford Courant. April 20, 1963. p. 13. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 548043235.
- ^ Nicoletta 2015, pp. 67–68.
- ^ a b "Billy Graham Bldg. Site at Fair 50,000 Ft". Kings County Chronicle. March 5, 1963. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b c Nicoletta 2015, p. 71.
- ^ a b "Christian Science". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b c Nicoletta 2015, p. 72.
- ^ a b "Statue of Angel to Grace '64 Fair; Mormons Will Erect 8-Foot Figure on Temple Spire". The New York Times. June 2, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Benjamin, Philip (November 9, 1963). "Six Church Centers at '64 Fair To Reflect Growth of Religions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Nicoletta 2015, p. 78.
- ^ Nicoletta 2015, p. 74.
- ^ Nicoletta 2015, p. 76.
- ^ a b Nicoletta 2015, pp. 81–82.
- ^ Tirella 2013, p. 48.
- ^ a b c Nicoletta 2010, pp. 511–512.
- ^ "Moses Says That 'Observers' Magnify Reports on 'Disorders'". The New York Times. July 25, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^ a b "Garden of Meditation". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "Meditation Site Designed at Fair; Garden Will Feature a Pool Shaped as Teardrop". The New York Times. August 18, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "Education Hall Expands at Fair; Cost Rises to 7 Million for 'School of Tomorrow'". The New York Times. December 15, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b "Hall of Education/Demonstration Center". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ "Art: World's Fair Pavilion Selects Theme Painting; Walter Keane Work in Education Hall". The New York Times. February 21, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, pp. 10–11.
- ^ "Hall of Free Enterprise". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1054.
- ^ a b Rusk, Howard A. (July 12, 1964). "The Fair and Medicine; Futuristic Hospital and Science Hall Enhance Exhibition's Health Aspects". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ "3 Space Vehicles Hang in New Hall; City-Financed Fair Exhibit Rushed for Opening". The New York Times. August 30, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b Hornaday, Mary (April 21, 1965). "N.Y. World's Fair Offers Thrilling 'College Courses': Chinese Splendor Space Rendezvous Visits by Astronauts". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 4. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510781727.
- ^ a b c d e "Pavilion of Fine Art/Bargreen Buffet". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^ a b "Pavilion at Fair to Show Fine Art; Former Argentine Unit to Display American Works". The New York Times. May 13, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^ a b "U.S. Post Office". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Gray, Christopher (January 3, 1993). "Streetscapes: The Queens Aviary; A Great Outside Interior Space". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair". The World's Fair Pavilion. December 27, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ Lewis, Anthony (March 22, 1965). "Churchill's Paintings and Other Mementos to Be Shown at the Fair; Model of His Study Will Be Center of Hallmark Display". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
- ^ "New Exhibition at Fair Will Honor Churchill". The New York Times. February 3, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
- ^ "World's Fair Marina". The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. December 27, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
- ^ "Plan Food Pavilion At World's Fair". New York Herald Tribune. August 10, 1961. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325840694; "Gourmet Snacks Due at 1964 Fair; Food Pavilion to Dispense International Favorites". The New York Times. August 10, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2015). Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City. Oxford University Press. p. 651. ISBN 978-0-19-939702-0. Retrieved May 31, 2024; "Auto Show Holds Trial Run at Fair; Workers Begin Demolishing World of Food Pavilion". The New York Times. April 11, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Johnson, Thomas A. (January 22, 1964). "Fair Finds Another Bone-- In Food Pavilion". Newsday. p. 11. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 913562960; "Fair Restrained in Building Fight; Would Raze Pavilion It Says Can't Be Ready in Time". The New York Times. January 21, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ "American Indian Exposition". 1964 New York World's Fair 1965. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
- ^ Phillips, McCandlish (August 5, 1962). "Fair Is Uncertain on Space Exhibit; Officials Here Favor Unified 'Aerospace Island' Plan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
- ^ "The World's Fair Is Not In Fashion—As Of Now". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 106, no. 76. April 18, 1963. p. 9. ProQuest 1862361459.
- ^ "Haute Couture Coming to Fair In Abundance of Varied Shows". The New York Times. April 18, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
- ^ "Art Societies Say Moses Vetoed Plan for Major Exhibit at Fair; Fear of a Controversy Over Contemporary Works Seen by Backers of Ldea". The New York Times. March 2, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ Tirella 2013, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Perlmutter, Emanuel (June 3, 1962). "World's Fair Bid to Peiping Barred; Kennedy Refused to Permit Invitation, Moses Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ "World's Fair Rejects 4 Late Nations". New York Amsterdam News. December 21, 1963. p. 42. ProQuest 226775518.
- ^ "Soviet Signs Lease for Fair Site; All 15 Republics Will Exhibit". The New York Times. March 3, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b Tirella 2013, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Cashman, John (October 3, 1962). "New Soviet Walkout Looms-- From Fair". Newsday. p. 5. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 899194206; Frankel, Max (October 3, 1962). "Soviet Pulls Out of World's Fair; Asserts U.S. Insists on Own Exhibition in Russia, but Capital Sees Pretext". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
- ^ "Soviet Spurns Bid to Exhibit at Fair; Negotiations for a Pavilion Next Year Break Down". The New York Times. September 19, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ Lerner, Leonard (December 9, 1962). "5 Countries Quit N.Y. Fair for Montreal Event". Boston Globe. p. A_6. ProQuest 276224633.
- ^ "This Is What the French Pavilion Will Look Like at the New York World's Fair". The Christian Science Monitor. December 12, 1962. p. 1. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510441603.
- ^ "'64 Fair Drops Plan For French Pavilion; '64 Fair Drops French Pavilion Sponsored by a Private Group". The New York Times. June 6, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "Puerto Rico Will Not Be 'In' World's Fair". The Troy Record. December 27, 1962. p. 29. Retrieved August 10, 2024.
- ^ "Visitors at the Fair Seek Sights Not to Be Seen". The New York Times. August 11, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 82.
- ^ Dougherty, Philip H. (June 26, 1965). "For Sale at Fair: Tire Ahd Temple; Ferris Wheel and Exhibit of Thailand Seek Buyers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 81.
- ^ Alden, Robert (August 15, 1965). "Wreckers to Get Fair's Ornaments; Cost of Salvage Is Too High for Individual Sales". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
- ^ Colangelo, Lisa L. (June 14, 2012). "Park Administrator Has Community Touch". New York Daily News. p. 7. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 1462680741.
- ^ Avashti, Surabhi (May 15, 1995). "Unisphere Nears Landmark Status". New York Daily News. p. 292. Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved November 4, 2019 – via newspapers.com; "Neighborhood Report: Flushing Meadows – Corona Park; Safe at Last". The New York Times. May 14, 1995. p. 13.8. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 430178599.
- ^ Cotter, Holland (November 7, 2013). "A Local Place for a Global Neighborhood". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
- ^ a b c Harpaz, Beth J. (April 27, 2014). "Relics of the 1964 World's Fair Reveal Our Fascination with Outer Space". Spokesman. The Associated Press. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ Kilgannon, Corey (February 2, 2007). "On the Town, Sized Down, Jazzed Up". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
- ^ Chayes, Matthew (April 27, 2024). "Restoration Aims to Restore Luster of Decaying 1964 World's Fair Pavilion". Newsday. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
- ^ a b c Marcus, Jon (June 13, 1999). "The Future Was Then; NYC Dusts Off Relics of Its World's Fairs". The Washington Post. p. E01. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 408480364.
- ^ a b c d Samuel 2007, p. 197.
- ^ Leahy, Jack (March 3, 1978). "Skate Rink Gets Rolling in Flushing Meadows". New York Daily News. p. 348. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Sullivan, Walter (September 22, 1966). "Hopeful Future Museum; But City's Hall of Science Still Retains Aura Reminiscent of the World's Fair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ Rothstein, Edward (November 24, 2004). "From Internet Arm Wrestling to the Magic of Math". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
- ^ Quennell Rothschild & Partners; Smith-Miller + Hawkinson Architects. "Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park". Flushing Meadows Corona Park Strategic Framework Plan (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. p. 53. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
- ^ Doda, Bob (September 9, 2011). "The 'Wow' Factor at Terrace on the Park". QNS. Retrieved June 6, 2024; Marzlock, Ron (April 30, 1962). "What was a heliport is now Terrace On The Park". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved June 6, 2024; Dunlap, David W. (April 16, 2014). "World's Fair Showed a Different Side of the Port Authority". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
- ^ a b c "World Fair Tarries at New York Park Site: Fixtures Torn Out". The Christian Science Monitor. July 8, 1974. p. 3B. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 511663957.
- ^ Asbury, Edith Evans (October 27, 1968). "Moses Helps to Open First Queens Zoo". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
- ^ "Flushing Meadows Carousel". Time Out New York Kids. July 3, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
- ^ "Pleasure Boat News; World's Fair Marina Has Space For Boat-Owning Fans of Mets". The New York Times. April 17, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ "Marinas : World's Fair Marina : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Abelman, Lester (April 4, 1966). "City to Build Big Exhibits in Flushing Park". New York Daily News. p. 208. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
- ^ a b "Moses Shapes Promise Out of World's Fair Past". Newsday. April 4, 1966. p. 25. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
- ^ Ferretti, Fred (July 11, 1965). "Big Park To Follow The Fair". Boston Globe. p. 31. ProQuest 366542044.
- ^ Medina, David (March 17, 1974). "Spirited '76 Aim for Bicentennial at Park". Daily News. p. 146. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
- ^ "Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments: Column of Jerash". NYC Parks. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ "Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments – Vatican Shrine". NYC Parks. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
- ^ "Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments – Garden of Meditation". NYC Parks. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ Cotter & Young 2008, pp. 55, 67.
- ^ "Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Historic Preservation Studio". Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. May 3, 2015. p. 71. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017 – via Issuu.
- ^ "Bid to Salvage Aquacade". New York Daily News. April 3, 1995. Retrieved May 22, 2024; Holloway, Lynette (June 6, 1995). "Love in the Ruins; Preservationists Fight to Save Crumbling Queens Aquacade". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
- ^ Marzlock, Ron (March 22, 2012). "The Fair's Million-Dollar Aquacade". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
- ^ "City to Repair Old Singer Bowl on Fair Grounds". The New York Times. February 28, 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ Carpenter, Les (September 12, 2015). "Grand Finale: US Open's Irreplaceable Grandstand Readies for the Wrecking Ball". the Guardian. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ "Janis and Jimi Jamming at the Singer Bowl". The Village Voice. August 27, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ Hornaday, Mary (September 23, 1965). "World's Fair Plans for Closing Curtain: Pavilions to Move". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 11. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510830485.
- ^ a b c d Samuel 2007, pp. 85–86.
- ^ a b c d e f Samuel 2007, p. 85.
- ^ "Danish Pavilion Is Bought For a Market in Westport". The New York Times. October 17, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
- ^ "Pavilion of Old Fair Will Get a New Life As Office Building; World's Fair Pavilion Will Get New Life as Office Building". The New York Times. January 29, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
- ^ "Japan Giving Fair Pavilion to Manhattanville College". The New York Times. October 13, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
- ^ "Fire Destroys Historic Pavilion at Cockaigne". WBFO. January 25, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ Jacobs, Mary; Campbell, Jeff (2020). Hidden History of Plano. History Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4396-6935-8.
- ^ "What Was the Spanish Pavilion?". St. Louis Magazine. September 17, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Cohn, Al (June 24, 1967). "What Ever Happened to the World's Fair". Newsday. p. 14W. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 915293358.
- ^ Mohr, Toby (April 21, 2024). "1964 World's Fair Pavilion Carrying on Wisconsin Tradition 60 Years Later". WQOW. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Collins, Kate Irish (August 12, 2016). "South Portland's Maine Mall Area to Get Another Hotel". The Forecaster. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
- ^ "Unique Poway Church to Be Torn Town". Pomerado News. May 17, 2006. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Schwarting, Donna (December 4, 1999). "Legacy of Mormon Pavilion Recounted During Rededication". Church News. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Roberts, Lee B. (May 16, 2024). "Golden Rondelle Theater Is an Architectural Gem". Journal Times. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Wisconsin Pavilion (PDF) (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. February 14, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
- ^ Lukas, Paul; Hively, Kirsten (May 25, 2013). "Now That's a Souvenir". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
- ^ a b Gay, Gale Horton (March 19, 2014). "Woods and Hills Are Alive with Music; 732-Bell Carillon Is Stone Mountain Park's Hidden Treasure". The Champion Newspaper. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Alden, Robert (August 15, 1965). "Wreckers to Get Fair's Ornaments; Cost of Salvage Is Too High for Individual Sales". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
- ^ Cedrone, Sarajane (October 7, 2015). "Connecticut at the New York World's Fair". Connecticut Explored. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ For the Warwick arch, see "Repainted, The Symbolic Rocky Point "Arch" Is Unveiled". WPRO. September 26, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2024. For the Huntsville arch, see Kuhar, Mark S. (May 1, 2011). "iQuarry: Ohio's Duff Quarry can operate its plant on the go with an iPad, and that's only one of its many creative ideas and innovations". Rock Products. Retrieved June 1, 2024 – via Free Online Library. For the West Hempstead arch, see Grant, Nakeem (November 15, 2018). "Renovations completed at Cherry Valley Shopping Center in West Hempstead". Herald Community Newspapers. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ "R.C.A. Will Install TV for Archdiocese". The New York Times. October 26, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
- ^ Hirshon, Nicholas (February 7, 2014). "Bright Light for Collectors: World's Fair Lampposts". The Wall Street Journal. p. A.15. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 1495450948.
- ^ Criblez, David J. (August 20, 2018). "Railroad Festival Comes to LI". Newsday. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ Sharp, Sarah Rose (November 9, 2017). "Henry Ford's 'Mathematica' Makes Math Beautiful, Fun and Engaging". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Gault, Webster (October 13, 1965). "Columbus, Ohio, Given Travelers Fair Exhibit". The Hartford Courant. p. 32. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 548934554.
- ^ Dunne, Samantha; Pilcher, Ken (September 27, 2021). "'May the Century Begin:' History Behind Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress". WKMG. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ "The 1964 New York World's Fair". Designing Disney. April 22, 1964. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ "Disneyland Sets $23-Mil Expansion; To Install N.Y. World's Fair Exhibits". Variety. Vol. 241, no. 12. February 9, 1966. p. 47. ProQuest 1032431899.
- ^ a b Beckerman, Jim (April 20, 2014). "Back to the Future". The Record. p. BL.1. ProQuest 1517831161.
- ^ Davis, Mike (July 1, 2014). "Six Flags Great Adventure Celebrates 40 Years Days Before New Thrill Ride Zumanjaro Opens". nj. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ Bérubé, Martin (January 29, 2017). "Carrousel De La Ronde, Le Galopant À 132 Ans Et Ne Fait Pas Son ÂGe" [Carousel of La Ronde, the Galopant is 132 years old and does not look its age]. ProposMontréal (in French). Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ "After Sitting Unused for 4 Years, Historic Montreal Carousel May Never Go Round Again". CBC. June 9, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ Calise, Gabrielle (March 18, 2019). "Let's revisit Florida's bizarre lost theme parks from before the Disney era". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
- ^ "Clairol's Color Carousel Set for a Tour of 18 Cities". The New York Times. January 7, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
- ^ "Now, Even the Dinosaurs Are Heading for Florida". The New York Times. February 3, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
- ^ Reif, Rita (April 16, 1968). "How to Build a House: Tear Down World's Fair and the Met". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
- ^ Hornaday, Mary (May 18, 1966). "Park Plans Blazed in Fair Ruins: Park Grows in Fair Ruins". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 1. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510930416.
- ^ a b c Bernstein, Fred A. (April 18, 2014). "Architects Remember the '64–65 World's Fair". Architectural Record. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 42; Tirella 2013, pp. 208–209.
- ^ "Architecture:Chaos of Good, Bad and Joyful; Grotesque Contrasts, Wholly Unplanned, Give Fair Charm; Few Ideas Are New—State Pavilion Is Star of Show". The New York Times. April 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 42.
- ^ "Fairs: The World of Already". Time. June 5, 1964. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ Shipp, Bill (May 10, 1964). "It's R-R-Really Big—N.Y. World's Fair". The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution. p. 4F. ProQuest 1636074933.
- ^ "Architects Praise 4 Pavilions at Fair". The New York Times. November 12, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ Schwartz, Jock (September 30, 1964). "The Fair: Review and Preview". Newsday. p. 1C. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 914374708.
- ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1055.
- ^ Von Eckardt, Wolf (1968). A Place to Live; The Crisis of the Cities. New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 217–218. OCLC 321361.
Sources
edit- Alpert, Hollis (July 1964). "Guide to the New York World's Fair: There's Something for Everyone in the Family at the 1964–'65 New York World's Fair". Woman's Day. No. 7. pp. 21–28. ProQuest 1815457600.
- Cotter, Bill; Young, Bill (July 21, 2008). The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair: Creation and Legacy. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5745-8.
- Katz, Emily Alice (2003). "It's the Real World After All: The American-Israel Pavilion-Jordan Pavilion Controversy at the New York World's Fair, 1964–1965". American Jewish History. 91 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press, American Jewish Historical Society: 129–155. ISSN 0164-0178. JSTOR 23887332.
- Nicoletta, Julie (December 1, 2010). "Art Out of Place: International Art Exhibits at the New York World's Fair of 1964–1965". Journal of Social History. 44 (2): 499–519. doi:10.1353/jsh.2010.0066. ISSN 0022-4529.
- Nicoletta, Julie (2015). "Selling Spirituality and Spectacle: Religious Pavilions at the New York World's Fair of 1964–65". Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum. 22 (2): 62–88. doi:10.5749/buildland.22.2.0062.
- Samuel, Lawrence R. (August 30, 2007). The End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair (1st ed.). Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0890-5.
- Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995). New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial. New York: Monacelli Press. ISBN 1-885254-02-4. OCLC 32159240. OL 1130718M.
- Tirella, Joseph (2013). Tomorrow-Land: The 1964-65 World's Fair and the Transformation of America. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-4930-0333-4.
- Wood, Norton, ed. (1964). New York World's Fair, 1964/1965: Official Souvenir Book. Time, Inc – via Internet Archive.
- "World's Fair '64: a Preview". Newsweek. Vol. 63, no. 2. January 13, 1964. pp. 43–45. ProQuest 1879126400.
- Your Guide to the Fair (PDF). The Travelers Insurance Companies. 1965.
Further reading
edit- Bletter, Rosemarie Haag; Queens Museum (1989). Remembering the Future: The New York World's Fair from 1939–1964. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-1122-9.
External links
edit- 1964/1965 New York World's Fair website – nywf64.com
- 1964/1965 New York World's Fair website – worldsfairphotos.com
- "New York World's Fair 1964–1965 Corporation records". New York Public Library. April 1, 2013.