The Lines of Weissenburg, or Lines of Wissembourg,[a] were entrenched works — an earthen rampart dotted with small outworks — along the river Lauter. They were built in 1706 and lasted into the 19th century.
History
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The Lines were 12 miles (19 km) in length and stretched from Wissembourg on the west to Lauterbourg on the east, where they were anchored on the Rhine River. The French built this chain of fortifications during the War of the Spanish Succession under the orders of the Duke of Villars in 1706.
During the War of the Austrian Succession the loss of the Lines by the French played a pivotal role in the campaign of 1744. French King Louis XV, in command of an army of 90,000, captured Menen and Ypres and prepared to invade the Austrian Netherlands. He was forced to abandon his invasion plans when Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, assisted by the veteran Otto Traun, skillfully manoeuvred his army over the Rhine near Philippsburg on July 1, and captured the Lines of Wissembourg. This move cut off an army under Louis, Prince de Conti from Alsace.[1] Although Conti managed to fight his way through the enemy at Wissembourg and posted himself near Strasbourg, Louis XV abandoned the invasion of the Southern Netherlands, and his army moved down to take a decisive part in the war in Alsace and Lorraine.
The Lines were still militarily and strategically significant during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Lines were stormed on 13 October 1793 by an allied army under Austrian General Dagobert von Wurmser in the First Battle of Wissembourg.[2][3] The allies were in their turn dispossessed by Lazare Hoche and Charles Pichegru in a second Battle of Wissembourg on 26 December and forced to retreat behind the Rhine.[4][5][b]
In 1815, after the Battle of Waterloo, the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine advanced into France. On 25 June the Crown Prince of Württemberg, commander of the Austrian III Corps, advanced towards the Lines in two columns. The first column assembled at Bergzabern, and the second moved forward by Niederotterbach. Count Wallmoden was directed to advance upon Lauterbourg. The Crown Prince advanced his Corps still further along the Hagenau road. His advanced guard pushed on to Inglesheim, and the main body of the III Corps reached the Lines. The French under General Jean Rapp abandoned the Lines in the night and fell back upon the Forest of Hagenau, occupying the large village of Surbourg.[6][7]
By 1870 the Lines no longer existed, but the two central forts in the towns of Wissembourg and Altenstadt, still possessed fortifications that proved useful defensive positions during the Battle of Wissembourg.[8] On 4 August 1870 the Germans under the Crown Prince of Prussia, afterwards the emperor Frederick III, gained the first victory of the war over a French corps (part of the army commanded by Patrice de MacMahon) under General Abel Douay, who was killed early in the engagement.[2]
Notes
edit- ^ Note: also known as the Weissenburg Lines or Lignes de Wissembourg. The alternative spellings are derived from the German and French
- ^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 499–500 notes that Charles Pichegru was in command of the assaulting French sources.
- ^ Carlyle 2000.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911, pp. 499–500.
- ^ Thiers & Boyd 1884, p. 335.
- ^ Schlosser & Davison 1845, p. 540.
- ^ S.C. staff 2013.
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 771, 772.
- ^ Clash of Steel staff 2007.
- ^ Wawro 2003, p. 97.
References
edit- Carlyle, Thomas (March 2000), "Chapter 1: Section: Prince Karl gets across the Rhine (20 June-2 July 1744)", Book XV Second Silesian War, Important Episode in the General European one. 15th Aug. 1744-25th Dec. 1745., History of Friedrich II of Prussia V, Project Gutenberg, archived from the original on 12 January 2009, retrieved 13 August 2008
- Clash of Steel staff (2007), Surburg, www.clash-of-steel.co.uk, retrieved September 2, 2013
{{citation}}: External link in|publisher= - Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph; Davison, David (also translator) (1845), History of the Eighteenth Century and of the Nineteenth Till the Overthrow of the French Empire: With Particular Reference to Mental Cultivation and Progress, Chapman and Hall, p. 540
{{citation}}:|first2=has generic name (help) - Siborne, William (1895), "Supplement section", The Waterloo Campaign 1815 (4th ed.), Birmingham, 34 Wheeleys Road, pp. 767–780
- S.C. staff (24 June 2013), Lazare Hoche, Soylent Communications, retrieved September 2, 2013
- Thiers, Adolphe; Boyd, John; Shoberl, Frederic (translator) (1844), The History of the French Revolution, Carey and Hart, p. 335
{{citation}}:|first3=has generic name (help) - Wawro, Geoffrey (2003), The Franco-Prussian War, Cambridge University Press, p. 97, ISBN 0-521-58436-1
- Attribution
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Weissenburg". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 499–500.
Further reading
edit- Frey, Linda; Frey, Marsha, eds. (1995), The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary (illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 126, ISBN 9780313278846 — description of other contemporary lines built by the French: including the Lines of Brabrant (1701); lines that ran from Ieper, to Lille to Condé then along the Haine to the Sambre (constructed 1706–1708, breached in 1708); the Lines of Cambrin which ran from Aire through Douai and Valenciennnes to Maubeuge (breached 1710). The Ne Plus Utlta Lines (Breached by the Duke of Marlbrought in 1711). Other lines were constructed about the same time the Lines of Stollhofen (1701); Lines of the Moder, following the river Hagenau and running from the Rhine to the Vosges (1704). Lines of Lauter (1705) built by the Allies, and the next year, 1706, the Lines of Weissenburg which followed the same lines as the Lines of Lauter.