French is a common non-native language in Lebanon, with about 50% of the population being Francophone.[1] A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used within government,[2] and is often used as a prestige language for business, diplomacy and education.
History
editThe use of the French language is a legacy of the time of the French Crusades[3] and France's mandate in the region, including its League of Nations mandate over Lebanon following World War I; as of 2004, some 20% of the population used French on a daily basis.[4]
French stopped being an official language in 1943.[5] After independence, American oil companies based themselves in Lebanon, leading to the rise of English as an influential language in international commerce in Lebanon. According to New York Times, this led to the overtaking of French by English in the commercial realm.[6] French is used on Lebanese bank notes.[5]
Role and purpose
editFormerly under French mandate, independent Republic of Lebanon designates Arabic as the sole official language, while a special law regulates cases when French can be publicly used.
Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that
"Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used".[2]
The French language is used on Lebanese pound bank notes, road signs, vehicle registration plates, and on public buildings, alongside Arabic.
The majority of Lebanese people speak Lebanese Arabic, which is grouped in a larger category called Levantine Arabic, while Modern Standard Arabic is mostly used in magazines, newspapers, and formal broadcast media. Code-switching between Arabic and French is very common.[7][8][9]
Almost 40% of Lebanese are considered francophone, and another 15% "partial francophone," and 70% of Lebanon's secondary schools use French as a second language of instruction.[10][11] By comparison, English is used as a secondary language in 30% of Lebanon's secondary schools.[11] The use of Arabic by Lebanon's educated youth is declining, as they usually prefer to speak in French and, to a lesser extent, English.[7][12] It is also a reaction to the negativity associated with Arabic since the September 11 attacks.[13]
Attitudes toward French
edit
French and English are secondary languages of Lebanon, with about 40–45% of the population being Francophone as a second language and 30% Anglophone.[1] In addition to the 40–45% of Lebanese being considered francophone, there are another 15% who are considered "partial francophone", and 70% of Lebanon's secondary schools use French as a second language of instruction.[11] The use of English is growing in the business and media environment. Out of about 900,000 students, about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French.[14] Actual usage of French varies depending on the region and social status. One third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value.[clarification needed][15] However, the economic opportunities and size of the French-speaking world makes French a must-have in business, sciences and international relations.
In 1997, the Lebanese government committed to a policy of trilingualism in education, including French and English alongside the official Arabic language in the curriculum.[13] L'Orient-Le Jour is a French-language newspaper.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b OIF 2014, p. 217.
- ^ a b Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. "Article 11 of the Lebanese Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
- ^ Battye, Adrian; Hintze, Marie-Anne; Rowlett, Paul (2000). The French Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction (Second ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781136903281 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Lebanon". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011.
- ^ a b Brent, Thomas (2020-09-26). "Why Lebanon and France are inextricably linked". www.connexionfrance.com. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
- ^ Ibrahim, Youssef M. (1989-09-03). "THE WORLD; A French Presence in Lebanon, A Lebanese Presence in France". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
- ^ a b Shawish, Hesham (24 June 2010). "Campaign to save the Arabic language in Lebanon". BBC News Online.
- ^ Mortada, Dalia (October 5, 2015). "Is Beirut the codeswitching capital of the world?". Public Radio International.
- ^ Talhouk, Suzanne (October 27, 2015). "Don't kill your language". TED.
- ^ Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie (28 May 2010). The Story of French. Knopf Canada. ISBN 9780307370495 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie (2008). The Story of French. Macmillan. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-312-34184-8. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
- ^ "Arabic – a dying language?". France 24. 25 June 2010.
- ^ a b Esseili, Fatima (2017). "A sociolinguistic profile of English in Lebanon". World Englishes. 36 (4): 684–704. doi:10.1111/weng.12262. ISSN 1467-971X. S2CID 148739564.
- ^ OIF 2014, p. 218.
- ^ OIF 2014, p. 358.
- ^ (in French) L'Orient-Le Jour About Us, Lorient Le Jour
Works cited
edit- Aithnard, Aminata (2014). La langue française dans le monde 2014 (PDF) (in French). Nathan. ISBN 978-2-09-882654-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.