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Demographics of Nauru

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The demographics of Nauru, an island country in the Pacific Ocean, are known through national censuses, which have been analysed by various statistical bureaus since the 1920s. The Nauru Bureau of Statistics have conducted this task since 1977—the first census since Nauru gained independence in 1968. The most recent census of Nauru was on 30 October 2021, when population had reached 11,680 people. The population density is 554 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,430 inhabitants/sq mi), and the overall life expectancy is 63.9 years. The population rose steadily from the 1960s until 2006 when the Government of Nauru repatriated thousands of Tuvaluan and I-Kiribati workers from the country. Since 1992, Nauru's birth rate has exceeded its death rate; the natural growth rate is positive. In terms of age structure, the population is dominated by the 15–59-year-old segment (57%). The median age of the population is 21.6, and the estimated gender ratio of the population is 101.8 males per 100 females.

Demographics of Nauru
Graph of the population of Nauru, 1886–2011
Population11,680 (2021)
Density554
Life expectancy63.9
 • male60.9
 • female67.1
Fertility rate3.51 (2020-21)
Net migration rate84 (2009)
Age structure
0–14 years38% (2021)
Sex ratio
Total0.91 males/female (2014 est.)
At birth0.84 males/female (2014 est.)
Under 150.79 males/female (2014 est.)
15–64 years1.00 males/female (2014 est.)
65 and over0.78 males/female (2014 est.)
Nationality
Nationalitynoun Nauruan(s), adj. Nauruan
Major ethnicNauruan (92.1%)
Minor ethnicKiribati (2.4%), Fiji (2.2%), Australia (1.2%)
Language
OfficialNauruan, English

Nauru is inhabited mostly by Nauruans (92.1%), while minorities include those from Kiribati (2.4%), Fiji (2.2%), Australia (1.2%) and other (2.1%).[1] The demographic history of Nauru is marked by several migrations: the area was first inhabited by Micronesian people about 3,000 years ago. The first European to find the island was John Fearn in 1798. Then, the country was annexed by Germany in 1888. The next major population change was when Japanese occupied the island during World War II in 1942. During this time, the Japanese deported several thousands of Nauruans to other islands. In the 1960s, the country gained independence, where the percentage of Nauruans started to increase. The most recent demographic switch was in the 2000s, when the government repatriated several groups of non-Nauruans from the country.

The Nauruan language is the official language of Nauru, but English is often used in the country. Nauruan is declared as the primary language of 95.3% of the population. The 2011 census revealed that 66.0% of the population spoke English and 11.9% another language. The main religions of Nauru are Nauru Congregational Church (35.71%) and Roman Catholic (32.96%). The literacy rate in Nauru is 96.5%. The proportion of the country's population aged 15 and over attaining academic degrees is one of the lowest in the world, reaching 7.9% in 2011. An estimated 10.7% of the gross domestic product (GDP) is spent on education. Nauru has a universal health care system, and in 2012, an estimated 7.5% of its GDP was spent on healthcare. Nauru has the highest obesity ranking in the world; 97 per cent of men and 93 per cent of women are obese. In 2006, the average net monthly income was A$2,597 (A$3848 in 2014). The most significant sources of employment are phosphate mining, banking industries, and various coconut products. In 2011, the unemployment rate was 23%. The 2011 census enumerated 1,647 total households, averaging 6.0 persons per house. Average urbanisation rate in Nauru is 100%.

Population

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Historical population of Nauru
YearPop.±% p.a.
1886 1,294—    
1921 2,066+1.35%
1933 2,641+2.07%
1947 2,855+0.56%
1954 3,473+2.84%
1961 4,613+4.14%
1966 6,057+5.60%
1977 6,966+1.28%
1983 7,674+1.63%
1992 9,919+2.89%
2002 10,065+0.15%
2006 9,233−2.13%
2011 10,084+1.78%
2013110,293+1.03%
202111,680+1.59%
1 Estimate
Source: The Centre for Independent Studies,[2] Nauru Bureau of Statistics[3]

With a population of under twelve thousand in 2021, Nauru ranks around 193rd in the world by population.[4] Its population density is 478 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,240 inhabitants/sq mi). The overall life expectancy in Nauru at birth is 59.7 years. The total fertility rate of 3.70 children per mother is one of the highest in the Oceania. The United Nations projects the population will stay around 10,000 in the 2020s,[5] and the Nauru Bureau of Statistics estimates the population will increase to 20,000 in 2038.[6]

In Nauru's history, there have been six major demographics changes. The island was first inhabited by Micronesian people roughly 3,000 years ago.[7] The first European to find the island was John Fearn in 1798. In 1888, the country was annexed by Germany. The next demographic change came when Japanese occupied the island during World War II in the 1940s.[8] During this time, the Japanese deported several thousands of Nauruans to other islands.[9] The next major demographic change was in the 1960s; the country gained independence, and the percentage of Nauruans started to increase.[10] The last major demographic change was in 2006 when the Government of Nauru repatriated almost all of the remaining Tuvaluan and I-Kiribati workers, following large scale reduction from the Republic of Nauru Phosphate Corporation (RONPhos) and government workers.[11] The census of 2006 stated 9,233 people were in Nauru: down 2.13% per year from the previous census of 2002.[3]

From 2002 to 2011, there has been negative net migration, with an annual 109 net emigrants from 2006 to 2011.[12] In 2009 there were 1,820 arrivals and 1,736 departures, for a positive rate of 84 immigrants. This was the first time since collecting data in 2002, there was a positive rate.[4] Data on arrivals and departures collected by the Nauruan Customs and Immigration Office is not available, so specific immigration data is unavailable.[13] As of the 2011 census, 57% of the population over 15 years old were legally or de facto married, 35% were never married, while 7% were either widowed, separated, or divorced.[14] There are 1,647 households in Nauru, making an average household size of 6.0 persons per household.[15]

Nauru is one of the most Westernized regions of the South Pacific.[16]

Structure of the population

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Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2016): [17]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 547 5 467 11 014 100
0–4 839 806 1 645 14.94
5–9 854 725 1 579 14.34
10–14 562 579 1 142 10.37
15–19 525 488 1 012 9.19
20–24 434 402 836 7.59
25–29 461 468 930 8.44
30–34 444 457 900 8.17
35–39 377 346 723 6.56
40–44 277 285 562 5.10
45–49 220 223 443 4.02
50–54 212 240 452 4.10
55–59 152 190 343 3.11
60–64 110 131 242 2.20
65–69 50 77 127 1.15
70–74 15 25 40 0.36
75–79 15 24 39 0.35
80+
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 2 255 2 110 4 365 39.63
15–64 3 212 3 231 6 443 58.50
65+ 80 126 206 1.87

Vital statistics

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For births, deaths, and fertility rates, the Nauru Bureau of Statistics was used.[18][19][20] For population, the United States Census Bureau's mid-year estimated were used.[21] If a cell is shaded light green and a dagger† stands beside a number, it indicates the estimate from The World Factbook.[22] In 2013, the number of births (366) and birth rate (38.8) was the second-highest during this period. In 2011, the total fertility rate of 4.2 was the highest since 1992 (4.5). Since 2009, there has been a natural change of at least 200 inhabitants—the first since the reparations of the population in 2006.

Vital statistics of Nauru, 1992–2013
Year Population Births Deaths Change Birth rate Death rate C. Change TFR
1992 9,826 331 64 267 33.7 6.5 27.2 4.5
1993 9,823 320 70 250 32.6 7.1 25.5 2.1†
1994 9,824 335 53 282 34.1 5.4 28.7 2.2†
1995 9,821 309 71 238 31.5 7.2 24.2 2.1†
1996 9,830 371 82 289 37.7 8.3 29.4 —
1997 9,868 356 97 259 36.1 9.8 25.9 4.1
1998 9,885 304 97 207 30.8 9.8 20.9 2.1†
1999 9,874 306 82 224 31.0 8.3 22.7 —
2000 9,861 311 70 241 31.5 7.1 24.4 3.7†
2001 9,890 325 123 202 32.9 12.4 20.4 3.6†
2002 9,916 314 92 222 31.7 9.3 22.4 3.0
2003 9,926 212 76 136 21.4 7.7 13.7 2.5
2004 9,969 253 75 178 25.4 7.5 17.9 3.1
2005 10,014 194 80 114 19.4 8.0 11.4 2.4
2006 9,565 190 88 102 19.9 9.2 10.7 2.3
2007 9,115 171 74 97 18.8 8.1 10.6 2.1
2008 9,162 206 84 122 22.5 9.2 13.3 2.5
2009 9,213 273 57 216 29.6 6.2 23.4 3.2
2010 9,267 322 69 253 34.7 7.4 27.3 3.7
2011 9,322 370 75 295 39.7 8.0 31.6 4.2
2012 9,378 319 — — 34.0 6.0† — 3.0†
2013 9,434 366 — — 38.8 — — —


2011-2021 data from NAURU 2021 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS - ANALYTICAL REPORT[23]

Year Population Live births Deaths Natural increase Total Fertility Rate
2011 9,945 427 4.86
2012 378 4.32
2013 353 3.94
2014 350 3.93
2015 371 4.11
2016 395 4.38
2017 380 4.19
2018 317 3.45
2019 283 3.03
2020 327 3.47
2021 11,680 332 74 258 3.41

Ethnic groups

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Nauru, as of 2011, is mainly inhabited by Nauruans (94%), while the main minority groups include Fijians (1%), Chinese (1%), and Solomon Islanders (1%). This shows a major change from the previous major census of 2002, when Nauruans represented 75% of the population.[24] According to the Constitution Nauru does not exclude any ethnic group to become a citizen.[25]

Ethnic group 2011 2006 2002
Number % Number % Number %
Nauruan 9,313 93.6 9,547 95.8 7,572 75.2
I-Kiribati 178 1.8 146 1.5 1,259 12.5
Chinese 145 1.5 61 0.6 463 4.6
Other 309 3.1 214 2.1 771 7.7
Total 9,945 100 9,968 100 10,065 100
Source: Nauru Bureau of Statistics[24][26]

The recent sizable immigration event of Chinese people happened in 1993.[27]

Languages

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The Nauruan language is the official language of Nauru.[28] English is widely understood and is used for most government and commercial purposes,[29] and is official.[30] According to the 2011 census, 95.3% of the population speaks Nauruan, 66.0% speak English, and 11.9% speak another language.[15] Nauruan is an Austronesian language, however, no adequate written grammar of the language has been compiled, and its relationships to other Micronesian languages are not well understood.[31]

Religions

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Main article: Religion in Nauru
Religion in Nauru, 2011[32]
religion percent
Nauru Congregational
 
 35.7%
Roman Catholic
 
 33%
Assemblies of God
 
 13%
Nauruan indigenous religion
 
 9.5%
Baptist
 
 1.5%
Other or not stated
 
 3.7%

The main religions in Nauru are Nauru Congregational (35.71%), Roman Catholic (32.96%), Assemblies of God (12.98%), and Nauruan indigenous religion (9.50%). The biggest changes from 2002 to 2011 were an increase from 0 to 1,291 (Assemblies of God) and 1,417 to 282 (Other).[32] Public holidays include New Year's Day (1 January), Independence Day (31 January), Good Friday, Easter Monday, Easter Tuesday, Constitution Day (17 May), National Youth Day (25 September), Christmas Day, and Boxer Day.[33]

The indigenous religion was the predominant religion in Nauru before the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when foreign missionaries introduced Christianity to the island. It is still practised by 9.5% of the population, according to 2011 census. There are a few active Christian missionary organisations, including representatives of Anglicanism, Methodism, and Catholicism. The Constitution provides for freedom of religion;[25] however, the Government restricted this right in some circumstances. The government has restricted the religious practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Jehovah's Witnesses, most of whom are foreign workers employed by RONPhos.[34]

Education

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Main article: Education in Nauru
 
A Nauruan secondary school, 2010

Literacy rate in Nauru, defined as "people who are currently enrolled in school and/or have reached at least grade 5 of primary education",[35] is 96.5%, as of 2011.[15] There are 3,190 students and 104 teachers, as of 2013.[36] The 2011 census stated 4 percent of the population aged 15 years or older have a primary education, 91 percent have a secondary education, and 5 percent have a tertiary education.[15] Education is based on the British system, which requires attendance from 5 to 16 years old. Students spend three years at preschool, six years of primary education, and four years of secondary school. Tertiary school is not required.[37] An estimated 10.7 percent of the GDP was spent on education in 1999.[38] As of 2013, there are five preschools, four primary schools, three secondary schools, and one tertiary school.[36] The lone college, University of South Pacific, opened in the 1970s via distance courses, and in 1987 a campus was built on the island. It offers accounting, management, primary education, and English studies as majors.[39]

The education system had a near-collapse in 2000–2005. During this time, exams were not held, teachers were not paid, and schools did not have enough funding to continue.[37] As a result, over half of the schools closed.[36] In 2009, the Australian Government partnered with the Nauruan Department of Education to help. This agreement resulted in a 5.7% increase in students, teachers with a degree increased from 30% to 93%, and over A$11 million was used to construct a new secondary school.[40]

Health

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Main article: Health in Nauru

A universal healthcare system is present in Nauru, which is provided to all citizens of Nauru without charge.[41] There is only one hospital in Nauru, being the Republic of Nauru Hospital in Yaren, which offers basic surgical and medical care. However, patients who would need more advanced care would typically travel to Australian hospitals.[42] In 2012, an estimated 7.5% of its GDP was spent on healthcare.[43] In 2004, 149 physicians and 557 nurses per 100,000 people were present.[44] Nauru has the world's highest obesity rate, with an obesity rate of 71.7%.[45] Nauru's population has a life expectancy of 66 years at birth, ranking it 169th in the world.[46]

Economic indicators

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Main article: Economy of Nauru
 
Phosphate exports (in millions of tonnes) in Nauru from 1968 to 2001.

Net monthly income in 2006 averaged A$2,597 (A$3,848 in 2014[47]). In the same year, gross monthly income averaged A$9,554 (A$14,154 in 2014[47]). This was calculated during the mini-census of 2006, which featured 54.4% response rate of the population.[48] The income was calculated using the following factors: first job salary, subsistence, other business income, second job salary, services to other households, benefits, house gifts consumed and received, and other income.[49] Compared to other countries that use the Australian dollar—Kiribati, Australia, and Tuvalu—Nauru ranks number one in terms of income.[{{{2}}}] Since 2013, Nauru does not have a minimum wage.[50]

Nauru's number of employed people has steadily risen and fallen. According to the 2011 census, there are 2,883 employed persons and 908 unemployed persons, making an unemployment rate of 23%.[4] The Nauru Bureau of Statistics predicted the unemployment rate will decrease to 22% in FY2014/15.[51] The gross domestic product of Nauru was A$69.55 million in 2009, an increase of 40% increase from 2008. The GDP is broken down into three categories: primary (18.7%—agriculture, hunting, forestry, fishing, mining, and quarrying), secondary (36.5%—manufacturing, electric, gas, water, and construction), and tertiary (44.8%—trade, hotel, restaurants, and various services) industries.[52]

A majority of the population are employed in phosphate mining, public administration, education, and transportation.[29] A detention centre was closed in 2008, which caused the unemployment rate to rise to 30%, and approximately ten percent of the population relied on working at the centre.[53] The centre reopened in 2012[54] and currently serves 1,162 prisoners, as of May 2014.[55] During the 1990s, Nauru was famous for operating offshore banks, helping with money laundering. The United States State Department's International Narcotics Control Strategy Report estimated there were 400 offshore finance centres laundering an estimated $70 billion.[56]

Phosphate mining in Nauru originally made Nauru the richest per capita nation in the world.[57] In 1968, the Nauru Phosphate Royalties Trust (NPRT) was created to invest profits from mining, so Nauru would have money after the mining was exhausted.[58] The owners of the trust purchased a fleet of ships and aircraft, a brewery in the Solomon Islands, hotels around the world, and real estate in Australia, the United States and Britain, which caused the trust to go bankrupt.[59] Phosphate exports peaked in 1973 with 2.3 million tonnes, but has decreased to 0.2 million tonnes in 2001.[60] In 2006, mining of a secondary layer of phosphate began.[61]

Notes

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^A For Kiribati, the average annual income was reported as A$8,745, which was divided by 12 months to receive a monthly income.[62] For Australia, the minimum (A$400) and maximum (A$599) average income was taken from the 2006 census and divided by two to receive the average weekly income; this amount was multiplied by 4.33 to receive the monthly income.[63] For Tuvalu, the 2005 monthly income was used with an inflation calculator to provide the 2006 value.[64]

References

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  1. ^ Written at SPC’s Headquarters, B.P. D5, 98 848, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia. NAURU 2021 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS - ANALYTICAL REPORT (PDF). New Caledonia: Pacific Community (SPC) and Government of the Republic of Nauru (Nauru). 2023. p. 49. ISBN 978-982-00-1510-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. ^ Hughes 2004, p. 2
  3. ^ a b Nauru Bureau of Statistics 2011, p. 7
  4. ^ a b c "Nauru Stats at a Glance". Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  5. ^ "Population". World Population Prospectus. United Nations. 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  6. ^ Nauru Bureau of Statistics 2011, p. 164
  7. ^ First National Report to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD): Nauru (PDF) (Report). United Nations. 2003. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  8. ^ Shenon, Philip (10 December 1995). "A Pacific Island Nation is Stripped of Everything". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  9. ^ Bogart, Charles (2008). "Death Off Nauru" (PDF). The CDS Newsletter. The Coast Defense Study Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  10. ^ Davidson, JW (2008). "The Republic of Nauru". The Journal of Pacific History. 3 (1): 145–150. doi:10.1080/00223346808572131.
  11. ^ Asian Development Bank (2007). Country Economic Report: Nauru (PDF) (Report). Asian Development Bank. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  12. ^ Nauru Bureau of Statistics 2011, p. 50
  13. ^ Nauru Bureau of Statistics 2011, p. 48
  14. ^ Nauru Bureau of Statistics 2011, p. 52
  15. ^ a b c d "Population Census of 2011". Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  16. ^ "Nauru | Land, People, Culture, Economy, Society, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  17. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  18. ^ "Vital Statistics – Births/Fertility". Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  19. ^ "Vital Statistics – Deaths/Mortality". Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  20. ^ Nauru Bureau of Statistics 2002, p. 94
  21. ^ "Midyear Population and Density – Custom Region – Nauru". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  22. ^ "Nauru – 2014, CIA World Factbook". Theodora.com. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  23. ^ "Nauru 2021 population and housing Census - Analytical report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  24. ^ a b Nauru Bureau of Statistics 2011, p. 83
  25. ^ a b "Constitution of Nauru". Nauru Government. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  26. ^ Nauru Bureau of Statistics 2007, p. 18
  27. ^ Lee, Helen; Tupai Francis, Steve (2009). Migration and Transnationalism: Pacific Perspectives. Canberra: ANU Press. p. 107. ISBN 9781921536915. In 1993, Chinese migrant families moved to Nauru to establish 83 small businesses attached to Nauruan houses to cater for the fast-food needs of the media and other followers of the South Pacific Forum meeting held that year on Nauru. Many had to return to China after the Forum, but a few stayed to join the Chinese community on Nauru to sell cooked rice to Naurans.
  28. ^ cia.gov (3 April 2024). "Nauru - the World Economic Factbook". Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  29. ^ a b "Nauru". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  30. ^ "REPUBLIC OF NAURU Revenue Administration Act – Act No. 15 of 2014" (PDF). Retrieved 28 January 2023. All Bills are to be drafted in English, the official language of Nauru.
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  32. ^ a b "Australia-Oceania :: NAURU". CIA The World Factbook. 10 April 2023.
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  35. ^ Nauru Bureau of Statistics 2011, p. 74
  36. ^ a b c "Education Statistics". Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  37. ^ a b "Education System". International Council for Open and Distance Education. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  38. ^ "Nauru Report". UNESCO. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  39. ^ "USP Nauru Campus". University of South Pacific. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  40. ^ "Nauru: Education Support". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  41. ^ "Nauru | Land, People, Culture, Economy, Society, & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  42. ^ Boslaugh, Sarah E. Health Care Systems Around the World: A Comparative Guide. p. 332.
  43. ^ "WHO Western Pacific Region: Nauru Statistics Summary (2002–present)". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  44. ^ "Nauru". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  45. ^ Nishiyama, Takaaki (27 May 2012). "Nauru: An island plagued by obesity and diabetes". Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  46. ^ "Nauru", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 30 August 2022, retrieved 3 October 2022
  47. ^ a b AU = 1850-1901: McLean, I.W. (1999), Consumer Prices and Expenditure Patterns in Australia 1850–1914. Australian Economic History Review, 39: 1-28 (taken W6 series from Table A1, which represents the average inflation in all of Australian colonies). For later years, calculated using the pre-decimal inflation calculator provided by the Reserve Bank of Australia for each year, input: £94 8s (94.40 Australian pounds in decimal values), start year: 1901.
  48. ^ Nauru Bureau of Statistics 2007, pp. 8–10
  49. ^ Nauru Bureau of Statistics 2007, p. 8
  50. ^ "Nauru 2013 Human Rights Report" (PDF). United States Department of State. p. 13. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  51. ^ "Labour Force Projects 2014/15". Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  52. ^ "Table 2.1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Economic Activity in Current Prices". Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  53. ^ La Canna, Xavier (7 February 2008). "Nauru 'Hit' by Detention Centre Closing". The Age. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  54. ^ "Nauru: Economy". The Commonwealth. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  55. ^ "Fact Sheet: Operational Update 23 May 2014". Australian Customs and Border Protection Service. 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  56. ^ Seneviratne, Kalinga (29 June 2000). "Pressure on Pacific to Stop Money-Laundering". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 11 April 2001. Retrieved 21 July 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  57. ^ Squires, Nick (15 March 2008). "Nauru Seeks to Regain Lost Fortunes". BBC News. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  58. ^ Seneviratne, Kalinga (26 May 1999). "Nauru Turns to Dust". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 25 September 2000. Retrieved 21 July 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  59. ^ Robinson, Natasha (25 October 2010). "Resurgence in Sight but Nauru Remains 'A Sitting Duck'". The Australian. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  60. ^ Hughes 2004, p. 4
  61. ^ "Nauru". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  62. ^ Tiroa, Tekena (2006). Analytical Report on the 2006 Kiribati HIES (PDF) (Report). National Statistics Office Kiribati. p. 15. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  63. ^ "Census Provides an Updated Picture of the Average Australian". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  64. ^ Tuvalu Government (2005). Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HEIS) 2004/2005 (PDF) (Report). Tuvalu Government. p. 35. Retrieved 6 July 2014.

Sources

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