Km and Km.t (Kemet) (hieroglyphs)

Km

Km hieroglyph depicted in various Egyptian relief carvings

km is the Egyptian hieroglyph for the color black and also used to indicate conclusion or completion, in Gardiner's sign list km is numbered I6. Its phonetic value is km. The Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache ('Dictionary of the Egyptian Language') lists no less than 24 different compound variants of km including black objects such as black stone, metal, wood, hair, eyes, and animals, and in some instances applied to a person's name.^[1]

Why the km hieroglyph looks the way it does is unknown. In Gardiner's Sign List it's described as "piece of crocodile-skin with spines" and is in section I under "amphibious animals, reptiles, etc" although other hieroglyphs categorized by Gardiner in this way, like I5, the hieroglyph for crocodile

all depict the whole animal and there is no known Egyptian text that organize the hieroglyphs into categories. Rossini and Schumann-Antelme propose that the km hieroglyph (Gardiner: I6) actually depicts crocodile claws coming out of the hide.^[2] and that km originally derived from the word 'ikm' meaning 'shield' although typically they were made of cow hide (but later copper or bronze) ^[3] If it depicts part of a crocodile, hide or foot, it's relation to the color black is unknown (although Nile crocodiles may appear dark gray, or loosely "black" in color).

In some texts the km hieroglyph means 'coming to an end', terminating, or "an item of completion". The blackness of night, a completion of the day, potentially connects the meanings. Consistent with this meaning some scholars believe the hieroglyph depicts

"a piece charcoal burning to its ending", this at the same time, a black colored object.^[4]

Km.t (Kemet)

The name of Egypt on the Luxor Obelisk of Ramesses II.
(Egyptian: km-m-t 𓆎 𓅓 𓏏 with "City-Region" determinative '𓊖', "kmt")

Starting around the 11th-12th dynasty Ancient Egypt was referred to as Kemet ( 'km.t' ). Many scholars theorize the word may refer to the fertile black colored soil along the banks of the Nile. In other instances, beginning around this same period, the word Ta-meri (“The Beloved Land”) (tꜣ-mrj)

was also used to refer to Egypt.^[5] The determinative O49

used in both words is the hieroglyph for 'country, inhabited/cultivated land' and called the niw.t (a political designate) It is believed to represent a 'town intersection' of roads.^[6]

Kemet (km.t) and the Kmi Demotic place names in the Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone of 198 BC includes the 'km.t' three times and of 22 Kmi place names for ancient Egypt, 7 use the hieroglyph iAt-

, signifying the soil of Egypt, N30: X1*Z2-

, which is the Greek form of "Egypt", signifying it as "the (divine) place of the mound (of creation)" and the fertile black soil of the land after the Inundation.^[7]^[8] The doubled hieroglyph,

, Gardiner N23, is used as the Two Lands, (Upper Egypt, and Lower Egypt), and the common use of "Ta-Mer-t", and additionally uses of 'Horus of the Two Lands' .)

In the Demotic (Egyptian) text of the Rosetta Stone, the demotic for Egypt is 'Kmi' . There are three uses of the actual Kmi, but seven others referenced as Kmi refer to iAt in the hieroglyphs. Other euphemistic references to Egypt in the Rosetta Stone include "Ta-Mer-t", which has the meaning of the 'full/fruitful/cultivated land', hr-tAwy, the 'lands of Horus', and tAwy, the "Two Lands."

Kmi—spelling-"Egypt" —(22 places, synchronized, Demotic–Hieroglyphs)

demotic—hieroglyphs

1. –Kmi—Ta-Mer-t
2. –Kmi—Ta-Mer-t
3. –Kmi—rsy.t + mHt
  (i.e. South and North)(lands)
4. –Kmi—"Hr tAwy"
5. –Kmi—kmt-(restored)
6. –Kmi—Ta-Mer-t
7. –Kmi—Ta-Mer-t
8. –Kmi—iAt
9. –Kmi—kmt
10. –Kmi—"Hr tAwy"
11. –Kmi—Ta-Mer-t
12. –Kmi—iAt
13. –Kmi—iAt

demotic—hieroglyphs
14.–Kmi—XXXXXX-(omitted from text)
15.–Kmi—rsy.t + mHt
(i.e. South and North)(lands)
16.–Bki—iAt
17.–Kmi—kmt
18.–Kmi—iAt
19.–Kmi—tAwy
20.–Kmi—iAt
21.–Kmi—iAt
22.–Kmi—Ta-Mer-t
--
--
--

Egyptian word examples, conclusion, completion, kmt, km iri

and

"conclusion" and "to total"--("complete")
--"kmt"--and--"km iri"--
in hieroglyphs

Coming to a conclusion, or completion is one use of the km hieroglyph in the words kmt and km iri ('to make an end').^[9] The discussion of the biliteral states: The conclusion of a document, written in black ink, ending the work, has the same semantic connotation.^[10] (as km for 'concluding') The Rossini, Schumann-Antelme write-up states that initially the word comes from "shield", ikm, and thus the original association with the crocodile.^[10]

In: An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary by E.A. Wallace Budge, Volume 2, 1920

on page 787B and 788A in the "K"-section km is rendered as "kam" and related variations follow ^[11]

The first 5 entries, kam, kam-t, or kamkam relate to the meaning "to end, to bring to an end, to finish, to complete" (Entry four is untranslated and is from Papyrus 3024, Lepsius, Denkmaler-(papyrus).) The references for the others in the first five are: Peasant, Die Klagen des Bauern, 1908.,^[12] Thes.-(Thesaurus Inscriptionum Aegyptiacarum, Brugsch);.^[13] A. Z.-(twice);^[14] Shipwreck., 118-(Tale of the shipwrecked sailor);^[15] Amen.-(author: Amen-em-apt);^[16] and Thes. (again).

Entries 6,7 and 8 describe being black and black-colored things. also referring to Coptic refer to coptic "KAME", for 6 and 8; entry 7 to coptic "KMOM", "KMEM". For entry 7, to be black, Budge also references Revue-(Rev.);^[17] for entry 8, black items, Budge also references T.-(King Teta);^[18] and N.-(Pepi II-(King Nefer-ka-Ra).^[19] 9, "Kammau" as Egyptian, 10 "kami-t" as ^ : , books of the black land, 11 the same word "kami-t" also as "black cow" or "black cattle". 12 "Kam-ur" is defined as "The Red Sea" Variations that follow include various animals, gods, goddesses and a couple of lakes

21 and 22, describe a "buckler", or "shield", and "black wood". The last of the 27 entries describe black stones, or powders and black plants, or seeds; (all small multiple, plural, grains-of, items). Entry 26 is an image, or statue, using the vertical mummy hieroglyph gardiner A53, ("in the form of", "the custom of"). These last six entries are unreferenced.

The 1920 Budge dictionary is a compilation of 200 referenced works by 120 authors. During Budge's own lifetime and today some scholars have disputed its interpretation of hieroglyphs and texts.^[20] Budge's transliteration system was unique to Budge. Most Egyptologists then (and today) use the transcription and transliteration system developed by the Berlin School which issued the master compendium of Egyptian hieroglyphic language in 1926, Wörterbuch der Aegyptischen Sprache (7 Vols.),^[21] and which is detailed in the publication by A. H. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs (1957)).

Shield

and

"shield" and "to put an end to"
--"ikm"--and--'khm--
in hieroglyphs

"Shield", ikm and another word with an approximate km cognate, 'khm starting with the vowel ( ' ), 'khm, meaning to put to an end are the possible words related to the origins of the crocodile skin, and the 'verb of action', of items coming to an end. The second word 'khm has nine entries in the Budge dictionary,^[22] shield, ikam, has two entries.^[23]

The name of Egypt name in ancient egyptian and arabic
from the Luxor Obelisk on the Place de la Concorde in Paris, originally erected by Ramses II in Egypt
Obelisk of Nectanebo II
kmt hieroglyph on lower left
Susa, Statue of Darius I , king of Peria, carved in Egypt from greywacke from the quarries of the Wadi Hammamat, but was later erected near the Great Gate of the royal palace in Susa.

References

^ Wörterbuch V: 122-124)
^ Schumann-Antelme, Rossini, Illustrated Hieroglyphics Handbook, p 140.
^ El-Shahawy, Abeer (2005). The Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Farid Atiya Press. p. 127.
^ Collier-Manley, How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs, Other small signs-D8', Sign D8, crocodile skin glyph, "burning charcoal with flames", p. 138.
^ Silver, Carly, "What Did the Ancient Egyptians Call Egypt?", ThoughtCo., retrieved 30 March 2024
^ Gardiner 2005 (1957): 498.
^ Ptolemaic Lexicon (Wilson 1997: 36, indicating is as a euphemism for the land after the inundation subsided.
^ Wörterbuch (Erman and Grapow 1926, "I": 26, 13), indicating it as a collateral term for exposed fertile black land of Egypt.
^ Schumann-Antelme, Rossini, Illustrated Hieroglyphics Handbook, p 140-141.
^ ^a ^b Schumann-Antelme, Rossini, p. 140.
^ Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, volume 2, p 787B, 788A.
^ Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Principal Works used in Preparation of Dictionary, p. lxxxv.
^ Budge, Ibid. p. lxxxviii.
^ Budge, Ibid. (Zeitschrift fur Agypttische Sprache und Alterthumskunde, in progress) p. lxxxviii.
^ Budge, Ibid. (Shipwreck.), p. lxxxvii.
^ Budge, Ibid. "The Book of Precepts of Amen-em-apt, the son of Ka-nekht", according to the Papyrus in the British Museum, p. lxxvii;
^ Budge, Ibid. Revue, 13, 15, 14, 10; Revue Egyptologique publiee sous la direction de MM. Brugsch, F. Chabas, and Eug. Revillout, p. lxxxvi.
^ Budge, Ibid. T 26, King Teta, funerary texts published by Maspero, p. lxxxvii.
^ Budge, Ibid. N 208, King Nefer-ka-Ra, (Pepi II), funerary texts published by Maspero, p. lxxxvii.
^ D. Forbes 1997: 79
^ Bierbrier 1995: 72
^ Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, p. 135B, p. 136A.
^ Budge, Ibid., p. 94A.