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Kappa (folklore)

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For other uses, see Kappa (disambiguation).

In traditional Japanese folklore a kappa (河童, "river-child")—also known as kawatarō (川太郎, "river-boy"), komahiki (駒引, "horse-puller"), with a boss called kawatora (川虎, "river-tiger") or suiko (水虎, "water-tiger")—is a reptiloid kami with similarities to yōkai. Kappa can become harmful when not respected as gods. Accounts typically depict them as green, human-like beings with webbed hands and feet and turtle-like carapaces on their backs. A depression on the head, called a "dish" (Japanese: sara), retains water, and if this is damaged or its liquid is lost (either through spilling or drying up), a kappa becomes severely weakened.

Kappa
Drawing of a kappa copied from Koga Tōan's Suiko Kōryaku (1820)
GroupingKami and yōkai
Other name(s)Gatarō, Kawako
CountryJapan

The kappa favor cucumbers and love to engage in sumo-wrestling.[1] They are often accused of assaulting humans in water and removing a mythical organ called the shirikodama from their victim's anus.[2]

Terminology

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Netsuke of a kappa

The name kappa is a contraction of the words kawa (river) and wappa, a variant form of 童 warawa (also warabe) "child". Another translation of kappa is "water-sprite".[3] The kappa are also known regionally by at least eighty other names such as kawappa, kawako, kawatarō, gawappa, kōgo, suitengu.[4]

It is also called kawauso 'otter', dangame 'soft-shelled turtle', and enkō 'monkey', suggesting it outwardly resembles these animals. The name komahiki or "steed-puller" alludes to its reputed penchant to drag away horses.[4]

The kappa has been known as kawako in Izumo (Shimane Prefecture) where Lafcadio Hearn was based,[5] and gatarō was the familiar name of it to folklorist Kunio Yanagita from Hyōgo Prefecture.[6]

Appearance

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Kappa. — From Gazu Hyakki Yagyō ("The Illustrated Night Parade of a Hundred Demons") by Toriyama Sekien
 
Kappa (かはつは) from Bakemono no e (化物之繪, c. 1700), Harry F. Bruning Collection of Japanese Books and Manuscripts, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.

Kappa are said to be roughly humanoid in form and about the size of a child, inhabiting the ponds and rivers of Japan.[1] Clumsy on land, they are at home in the water, and thrive during the warm months.[7] They are typically greenish in color[8] (or yellow-blue[9]), and either scaly[10][11] or slimy skinned, with webbed hands and feet, and a turtle-like carapace on their back.[8] Inhuman traits include three anuses that allow them to pass three times as much gas as humans.[7] Despite their small stature, they are physically stronger than a grown man.[7]

The kappa are sometimes said to smell like fish,[9] and they can swim like them.

According to some accounts, a kappa's arms are connected to each other through the torso and can slide from one side to the other.[12] While they are primarily water creatures, they do on occasion venture onto land. When they do, the "dish" on their head can be covered with a metal cap for protection.[13]

A hairy kappa is called a hyōsube.[14]

  •  
    A book illustrating twelve kinds of kappa.
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    A kappa by Katsushika Hokusai
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    A kappa has sex at a river underwater, while a woman is watching and smiling in a print from Utamaro's Utamakura
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    A paired male and female kappa statues at the Sogenji Buddhist shrine at the Asakusa district in Tokyo.

Behavior

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Capturing a kappa alive. Utagawa Kuniyoshi

Kappa are usually seen as kami of the water. Their actions range from comparatively minor misdemeanors, such as looking up women's kimono if they venture too near to water, to outright malevolence, such as drowning people and animals, kidnapping children, raping women and at times eating human flesh.[13] Though sometimes menacing, they may also behave amicably towards humans.[10] While younger kappa are frequently found in family groups, adult kappa live solitary lives. However, it is common for kappa to befriend other yōkai and sometimes even people.[7]

Cucumber

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Folk beliefs claim the cucumber as their traditional favorite meal.[13] At festivals, offerings of cucumber are frequently made to the kappa.[15] Sometimes the kappa is said to have other favorite foods, such as the Japanese eggplant, soba (buckwheat noodles), nattō (fermented soybeans), or kabocha (Japanese pumpkin).[16]

In Edo (old Tokyo), there used to be a tradition where people would write the names of their family members on cucumbers and send them afloat into the streams to mollify the kappa and prevent the family from coming to harm in the streams.[17] In some regions, it was customary to eat cucumbers before swimming as protection, but in others it was believed that this act would guarantee an attack.[15]

A cucumber-filled sushi roll is known as a kappamaki.[13][1]

As a menace

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As water monsters, kappa have been blamed for drownings, and are often said to try to lure people into water and pull them in with their great skill at wrestling.[13] They are sometimes said to take their victims for the purpose of drinking their blood, eating their livers, or gaining power by taking their shirikodama (尻子玉), a mythical ball said to contain the soul, which is located inside the anus.[13][18][19]

Kappa have been used to warn children of the dangers lurking in rivers and lakes, as kappa have been often said to try to lure people to water and pull them in.[20][13] Even today, signs warning about kappa appear by bodies of water in some Japanese towns and villages.[citation needed]

 
"DANGER!! Do not swim or play around here." A kappa is depicted as a metaphor of drowning on a sign near a pond in Fukuoka

Kappa are also said to victimize animals, especially horses and cows. The motif of the kappa trying to drown a horse is found all over Japan.[21]

Lafcadio Hearn wrote of a story in Kawachimura near Matsue where a horse-stealing kappa was captured and made to write a sworn statement vowing never to harm people again.[5][22]

In many versions the kappa is dragged by the horse to the stable where it is most vulnerable, and it is there it is forced to submit a writ of promise not to misbehave.[23]

Defeating the kappa

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Defense against kappa: repelling with flatulence. By Tsukioka Yoshitoshi.

It was believed that there were a few means of escape if one was confronted with a kappa. Kappa are obsessed with politeness, so if a person makes a deep bow, it will return the gesture. This results in the kappa spilling the water held in the "dish" (sara) on its head, rendering it unable to leave the bowing position until the plate is refilled with water from the river in which it lives. If a person refills it, the kappa will serve that person for all eternity.[13] A similar weakness of the kappa involves its arms, which can easily be pulled from its body. If an arm is detached, the kappa will perform favors or share knowledge in exchange for its return.[24]

Another method of defeat involves shogi or sumo wrestling: a kappa sometimes challenges a human being to wrestle or engage in other tests of skill.[25] This tendency is easily used to encourage the kappa to spill the water from its sara. One notable example of this method is the folktale of a farmer who promises his daughter's hand in marriage to a kappa in return for the creature irrigating his land. The farmer's daughter challenges the kappa to submerge several gourds in water. When the kappa fails in its task, it retreats, saving the farmer's daughter from the marriage.[15] Kappa have also been driven away by their aversion to iron, sesame, or ginger.[26]

Good deeds

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Kappa are not entirely antagonistic to human beings.

Once befriended, kappa may perform any number of tasks for human beings, such as helping farmers irrigate their land. Sometimes, they bring fresh fish, which is regarded as a mark of good fortune for the family receiving it.[24] They are also highly knowledgeable about medicine, and legend states that they taught the art of bone-setting to human beings.[13][27][28] There are also legends that Kappa will save a friendly human from drowning.

Regional variations

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Along with the oni and the tengu, the kappa is among the best-known yōkai in Japan.[29][30]

The kappa is known by various names of the creature vary by region and local folklore.[4] In Shintō, they are often considered to be an avatar (keshin) of the Water Deity or suijin.[31]

Shrines are dedicated to the worship of kappa as water deity in such places as Aomori Prefecture[10] or Miyagi Prefecture.[32] There were also festivals meant to placate the kappa in order to obtain a good harvest, some of which still take place today. These festivals generally took place during the two equinoxes of the year, when the kappa are said to travel from the rivers to the mountains and vice versa.[33]

The best known place where it has been claimed Kappa reside is in the Kappabuchi [ja] waters of Tōno in the Iwate Prefecture. The nearby Jōkenji [ja] In Tōno, there is a Buddhist temple that has komainu dog statues with depressions on their heads reminiscent of the water-retaining dish on the kappa's heads, said to be dedicated to the kappa which according to legend helped extinguish a fire at the temple.[34] The Kappa is also venerated at the Sogenji Buddhist temple in the Asakusa district of Tokyo where according to tradition, a mummified arm of a Kappa is enshrined within the chapel hall since 1818.[citation needed]

In his Tōno Monogatari, Kunio Yanagita records a number of beliefs from the Tōno area about women being accosted and even impregnated by kappa.[35] Their offspring were said to be repulsive to behold, and were generally buried.[35]

Cross culture lore

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Similar folklore can be found in Asia and Europe. Like the Japanese description of the beast, in Chinese and in Scandinavian lore this beast is infamous for kidnapping and drowning people as well as horses.

The siyokoy of the Philippine islands is also known for kidnapping children by the water's edge.[citation needed]

A frog-face vodyanoy is known in Slavic mythology. A green human-like being named a vodník is widely known in western Slavic folklore and tales, especially in the Czech Republic or Slovakia.[citation needed]

In German mythology, a similar creature is known as Wassermann, Nix, or Nickel. They have been mentioned in connection with the larger rivers Elbe and Saale in the eastern part of Germany, but they are most widely connected to Lusatia in South-East Germany. This is not entirely surprising, as the area is not only close to Poland and Czech Republic, but also home to the Slavic minority of the Sorbs.

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The kappa is a popular creature of the Japanese folk imagination; its manifestations cut across genre lines, appearing in folk religion, beliefs, legends, folktales and folk metaphors.[4]

In Japan, the character Sagojō (Sha Wujing) is conventionally depicted as a kappa: he being a comrade of the magic monkey Sun Wukong in the Chinese story Journey to the West.[20]

Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's 1927 novella Kappa centers on a man who got lost and ended up in the land of the kappa near Mount Hotakadake.[36] The story heavily focuses on the subject of suicide and Akutagawa killed himself the year the work was published.[37] Kappas are a recurring image in David Peace's novel Patient X,[38] itself about the life and work of Akutagawa.

  • In the anime show Inuyasha, a kappa, Sha Gojyo's descendant said to be a descendant of the legendary character from Journey of the West and together with Son Goku's descendant, the servant of Chokyūkai to find a bride. Later, since Hakudoshi collecting the heads of other yōkai, they tracked down Hakudoshi and Kagura, that he didn't they're Naraku's incarnations, and watching as Hakudoshi to peer into the yōkai heads to catch a glimpse of the Border of the Afterlife.
  • Kagome's grandfather gave her an alleged mummified foot of a kappa for her early 15th birthday, but she does not accept and gives to Buyo.
  • In episode 4 of Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon, Grandpa Higurashi gifted to his great-granddaughter, Moroha a mummified kappa's foot as a gift in which she accepts and kept since then.

Kappa, and creatures based on them, are recurring characters in Japanese tokusatsu films and television shows. Examples include the kappas in the Daiei/Kadokawa series Yokai Monsters, the 2010 kaiju film Death Kappa,[39][40] and "King Kappa", a kaiju from the 1972 Tsuburaya Productions series Ultraman Ace.[41]

These yōkai-like kami also represent Japan as a nation, featuring in advertisements for a range of products from a major brand of sake to Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi's DC Card (a credit card). In their explicitly commercial conceptions, yōkai are no longer frightening or mysterious — the DC Card Kappa, for example, is not a slimy water creature threatening to kill unsuspecting children but a cute and (almost) cuddly cartoon character.[42]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kappa.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Foster (2015), p. 157.
  2. ^ Foster (2015), p. 162.
  3. ^ Shamoon, Deborah (2013). "The Yōkai in the Database: Supernatural Creatures and Folklore in Manga and Anime". Marvels & Tales. 27 (2): 276–289. doi:10.13110/marvelstales.27.2.0276. ISSN 1521-4281. JSTOR 10.13110/marvelstales.27.2.0276. S2CID 161932208.
  4. ^ a b c d Foster (1998), p. 3, citing Ōno (1994), p. 14
  5. ^ a b Hearn, Lafcadio (1910). Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan. Tauchnitz. pp. 302–303.
  6. ^ Irokawa, Daikichi (1988). The Culture of the Meiji Period. Princeton University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-691-00030-5.
  7. ^ a b c d "Kappa | Yokai.com". Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  8. ^ a b Foster (2015), p. 88.
  9. ^ a b Foster (1998), p. 4.
  10. ^ a b c Frédéric, Louis (2002). "kappa". Japan Encyclopedia. President and Fellows of Harvard College. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-674-00770-3.
  11. ^ Volker, T. (1975). The Animal in Far Eastern Art and Especially in the Art of the Japanese. BRILL. p. 110. ISBN 978-90-04-04295-7.
  12. ^ According to the Wakan Sansai Zue. Foster (1998), p. 6
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ashkenazi, Michael (2003). Handbook of Japanese Mythology. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-1-57607-467-1. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  14. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: カッパ， ヒョウスベ [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  15. ^ a b c Foster (1998), p. 5.
  16. ^ Foster (1998), p. 5, citing Takeda, Akira [ja] (1988), "Suijinshinkō to kappa 水神信仰と河童 [Water deity belief and the kappa]"; Ōshima, Takehiko ed. Kappa 河童, p. 12.
  17. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童雑談 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  18. ^ "Shirikodama". tangorin.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  19. ^ Nara, Hiroshi (2007). Inexorable Modernity: Japan's Grappling with Modernity in the Arts. Lexington Books. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7391-1841-2.
  20. ^ a b Does Kappa still have their occult power? Archived 2017-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. road-station.com (Michi-no-eiki).
  21. ^ Ishida & Yoshida (1950), pp. 1–2, 114–115
  22. ^ Davis, F. Hadland (1912). Myths and Legends of Japan. New York: T.Y. Crowell Co. pp. 350–351.
  23. ^ Foster (1998), p. 8, 10.
  24. ^ a b Foster (1998), p. 8.
  25. ^ Foster, Michael Dylan (2009). Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Monsters and the Culture of Yōkai. University of California Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-520-25361-2.
  26. ^ Foster (1998), p. 6, citing Ōno (1994), p. 42
  27. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童の教えた中風の薬 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  28. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童の秘伝接骨薬 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  29. ^ Kyōgoku, Natsuhiko; Tada, Katsumi (2000). Yōkai zuka (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kokusho Kankōkai. p. 147. ISBN 978-4-336-04187-6.
  30. ^ Tada, Katsumi (1990). 幻想世界の住人たち Iv 日本編 幻想世界の住人たち. Truth In Fantasy (in Japanese). Vol. IV. 新紀元社. p. 110. ISBN 978-4-915146-44-2.
  31. ^ Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. President and Fellows of Harvard College. p. 910. ISBN 978-0-674-00770-3.
  32. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童神社 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
  33. ^ Foster (1998), p. 9.
  34. ^ Masatoshi, Naitō (内藤正敏) (1994). Tōno monogatari no gen fūkei 遠野物語の原風景 [Original landscape of the Tōno monogatari]. 筑穈書房. p. 176. ISBN 9784480028785.
  35. ^ a b Tatsumi, Takayuki (1998). "Deep North Gothic: A Comparative Cultural Reading of Kunio Yanagita's Tono Monogatari and Tetsutaro Murano's The Legend of Sayo". Newsletter of the Council for the Literature of the Fantastic. 1 (5). Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  36. ^ Yamanouchi, Hisaaki. The Search for Authenticity in Modern Japanese Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
  37. ^ Peace, David. "Last words" Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 27 September 2007.
  38. ^ Peace, David (2018). Patient X: the case-book of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-5255-2177-8. OCLC 1013525517.
  39. ^ Foster (2015), p. 164.
  40. ^ Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (2016). The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters. Routledge. p. 355. ISBN 978-1409425625.
  41. ^ "Ultraman Ace". Beta Capsule Reviews. 26 January 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  42. ^ Foster, Michael Dylan (2009). Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Monsters and the Culture of Yokai (1 ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25361-2. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1ppkrc.11.
  43. ^ Summer Days with Coo, archived from the original on 11 November 2020, retrieved 20 May 2020
  44. ^ "第九十九回「い組」お稽古「江戸の妖怪・化物」アダム・カバット – 和塾" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  45. ^ "7 Redeeming Things About Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3". 18 June 2022. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
Bibliography
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