This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (November 2022) |
Judeo-Malayalam (Malayalam: യെഹൂദ്യമലയാളം, yehūdyamalayāḷaṃ; Hebrew: מלאיאלאם יהודית, malayalam yəhūḏīṯ) is the traditional language of the Cochin Jews (also called Malabar Jews), from Kerala, in southern India, spoken today by a few dozens of people in Israel and by probably fewer than 25 in India.
| Judeo-Malayalam | |
|---|---|
| യെഹൂദ്യമലയാളം (yehūdyamalayāḷaṃ) מלאיאלאם יהודית (Malayalam yəhûḏîṯ) | |
| Native to | Kerala, Israel |
| Ethnicity | Cochin Jews |
Native speakers | a few dozen (2009)[1] |
| Malayalam alphabet Hebrew alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | jewi1241 Jewish Malayalam |
 | |
Judeo-Malayalam is the only known Dravidian Jewish language. (There is another Dravidian language spoken regularly by a Jewish community Telugu, spoken by the small, and only very newly observant Jewish community of east-central Andhra Pradesh but because of the long period in which the people were not practicing Judaism, they did not develop any distinctly identifiable Judeo-Telugu language or the dialect. See main article: Telugu Jews.)
Since it does not differ substantially in grammar or syntax from other colloquial Malayalam dialects, it is not considered by many linguists to be a language in its own right, but a dialect, or simply a language variation. Judeo-Malayalam shares common features with other Jewish languages like Ladino, Judeo-Arabic and Yiddish. For example, verbatim translations from Hebrew to Malayalam, archaic features of Old Malayalam, Hebrew components agglutinated to Dravidian verb and noun formations and special idiomatic usages based on its Hebrew loanwords. Due to the lack of long-term scholarship on this language variation, there is no separate designation for the language (if it can be so considered), for it to have its own language code (see also SIL and ISO 639).
Unlike many Jewish languages, Judeo-Malayalam is not written using the Hebrew alphabet. It does, however, like most Jewish languages, contain many Hebrew loanwords, which are regularly transliterated, as much as possible, using the Malayalam script. Like many other Jewish languages, Judeo-Malayalam also contains a number of lexical, phonological and syntactic archaisms, in this case, from the days before Malayalam became fully distinguished from Tamil.
In spite of claims by some Paradesi Jews that their ancestors' Ladino influenced the development of Judeo-Malayalam, so far no such influence, not even on the superficial lexical level, is found. There is, however, affiliation with Mappila Malayalam, especially of North Malabar, in words such as khabar or khabura (grave), and formations such as mayyattŭ āyi (മയ്യത്ത് ആയി) used by Muslims and śālōṃ āyi (ശാലോം ആയി) used by Jews for died (മരിച്ചു പോയി, mariccu pōyi in standard Malayalam). As with the parent language, Judeo-Malayalam also contains loanwords from Sanskrit and Pali as a result of the long-term affiliation of Malayalam, like all the other Dravidian languages, with Pali and Sanskrit through sacred and secular Buddhist and Hindu texts.
Because the vast majority of scholarship regarding the Cochin Jews has concentrated on the ethnographic accounts in English provided by Paradesi Jews (sometimes also called White Jews), who immigrated to Kerala from Europe in the sixteenth century and later, the study of the status and role of Judeo-Malayalam has suffered neglect. Since their emigration to Israel, Cochin Jewish immigrants have participated in documenting and studying the last speakers of Judeo-Malayalam, mostly in Israel. In 2009, a documentation project was launched under the auspices of the Ben-Zvi Institute in Jerusalem. Digital copies can be obtained for any scholar who wishes to study Judeo-Malayalam.
Loanwords
editOver the centuries, Malayalam borrowed Hebrew words. A few of them are given below:
| Original Hebrew | Malayalam derivative | Meaning | Notes [3] |
|---|---|---|---|
| ner tamid (נר תמיד) | ner tamid | the "Eternal Light" | from the cognate (נר תמיד) |
| Nāṣrani | Nasrani | Follower of Nazarene tradition | Original term for the Nazarene sect at Qumran |
| Pesach (/ˈpɛsɑːx, ˈpeɪ-/;[4] חַג הַפֶּסַח | Pesaha | Passover | from the cognate Pesah of the exodus |
| Malakh | Malakha | Angel | reference to Angel as mentioned in the last book of the Hebrew Bible (Malakhi) |
| Bimah (בּימה), | Bema | Altar | from the cognate Bima |
| Qrbn | Qurbana | Sacrifice/Peace Offering | from the cognate Korban (קרבן) |
| Tamar (Hebrew: תָּמָר) | Tamara | Upright beauty | from the cognate Tmr (Hebrew: תָּמָר) "Date Palm" ( of Upright Beauty), as described in Song of Songs chapter 7. Implies Stature (Posture) and upright beauty. implying upright and resilient plant in adverse environment. Like (upright Date Palm in the hostile desert) and (upright Lotus in murky water (malayalam)). Similar characteristics of resilience across diverse environments. |
| TarQum | Tarkam | Interpretation and Argumentation | from the cognate ( תרגום' ) interpretation, translation, version') |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Gamliel, Ophira (2009). Jewish Malayalam – Women's Songs (PDF) (Thesis). Hebrew University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Jewish Malayalam". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ Gamliel, O. (2009) Oral literary forms in Jewish Malayalam. Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies, 10, pp. 47-60
- ^ "Pesach" Archived November 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
Bibliography
edit- Gamliel, Ophira. Fading memories and Linguistic Fossils in the religiolect of Kerala Jews. University of Glasgow.
- "Judeo-Malayalam page" Archived 1 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Jewish Language Research
- "Malayalam" page, Ethnologue
- Hebrew (omniglot.com)
- "Jews of India", The South Asian