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José Antonio Urrutikoetxea Bengoetxea (born 24 December 1950),[citation needed] also known as Josu Urrutikoetxea, Josu Urrutikoetxea Bengoetxea, and by the nickname Josu Ternera, is a former member of the Basque separatist organization ETA. In separate trials over a number of years, he was convicted for his involvement in the 1986 Plaza República Dominicana bombing and the 1987 Zaragoza barracks bombing, which together killed 23 people.
Josu Urrutikoetxea | |
|---|---|
 Urrutikoetxea in 2020 | |
| Nickname(s) | Josu Ternera |
| Born | 24 December 1950 Ugao-Miraballes, Biscay, Basque Country, Spain |
| Allegiance | Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) |
| Rank | Leader of the political wing |
| Battles / wars | Basque conflict |
Early life and education
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2024) |
José Antonio Urrutikoetxea Bengoetxea was born 24 December 1950 in Ugao-Miraballes, Biscay, Basque Country.
Career
editAt the age of 18, Urrutikoetxea joined the ETA in 1968[1] and was in charge of operations in the Biscay region until fleeing to France in May 1971[1] at which time he joined the military front of the organisation.
In July 1972, he participated in ETA meetings in Madrid. On 15 July 1972, he attacked the Orbegozo factory in Hernani (Gipuzkoa), stealing approximately four million pesetas.
On 28 July 1972, Urrutikoetxea was involved in the robbery of a van carrying foreign currency for the Bank of Biscay in Pasaia (Guipúzcoa), seizing more 12,000,000 pesetas. On 6 December 1972, he participated in an attack on the Union House of Hernani.
On 21 January 1973, along with other members of ETA, Urrutikoetxea planned attacks that would use their available supply of more than 3,000 kilograms of dynamite and various explosive materials. Part of those explosives were used in December 1973 to assassinate the Prime Minister of Spain, Luis Carrero Blanco.
First arrest, 1989
editIn January 1989, Urrutikoetxea and Herri Batasuna leader Elena Beloki were arrested in Bayonne, France. The Herri Batasuna organization was later recognized as the force behind the international apparatus of ETA. Urrutikoetxea was sent to Fresnes Prison, near Paris, and later was extradited to Spain, where he was freed when it was ruled that he had been wrongly convicted in France regarding his membership and financing of ETA and the other crimes of which he had been accused.
Urrutikoetxea was summoned to testify on two occasions before the Supreme Court of Spain, which investigated whether Urrutikoetxea had issued the order for ETA to bomb the quarters of the Civil Guard of Zaragoza in 1987, killing eleven people, among them five children. On 26 October 1990, he was tried in France, found guilty and sentenced to ten years in prison in France for conspiracy, use of false documents and illegal possession of weapons.[1]
The Office of the Public Prosecutor of the National Hearing Solicitor in July 1993 sentenced Urrutikoetxea to an additional twelve years of prison for being in charge of the international apparatus of ETA from 1984 until his arrest in 1989. After serving six years in France, he was handed over to the Spanish authorities on 4 May 1996.[1]
Judge Javier Gomez de Liaño, of Spain's Audiencia Nacional, ordered Urrutikoetxea 's detention. That same month, he was accused of belonging to an arms depot. In June 1996, he was declared guilty of being in charge of the 1986 Plaza República Dominicana bombing in Madrid, which killed twelve civil guards.
Former ETA member Juan Manuel Suárez Gamboa recognized that Urrutikoetxea was one of the primary leaders of ETA. In October 1996, Jose Rego maintained that Urrutikoetxea was the head of ETA in 1987, which led to four more cases against him in the Audiencia Nacional.
Fugitive, 2002-2019
editFrom 2002 until 2019, he was a fugitive.[2] Urrutikoetxea left ETA in 2006.[3] In 2013, along with David Pla Marín and Iratxe Sorzabal, he met Spanish government representatives in Norway.[1] Norway allowed them to remain there, conditional on progress being made towards a final dissolution of ETA. When this did not occur, the three were expelled from the country in 2013.[4] In 2018 Urrutikoetxea was involved in the disarmament and dissolution of ETA.[3]
He was detained in Sallanches, France on 16 May 2019.[5][6][7]
Trial and acquittal, 2021
editHe was tried in a French court in June 2021 for acts of terrorism committed by ETA in 2011-2013.[3] On 1 September 2021 he was acquitted[7] with the president of the 16th Anti-Terrorism Criminal Chamber of Paris stating "there is neither material evidence nor evidence of motive to prove the crime of participating in a criminal association with the intention of planning acts of terrorism."[3]
Urrutikoetxea has been a member of the Basque Parliament in Vizcaya on the lists of Euskal Herritarrok and has been a member of the Commission of Human Rights.[citation needed]
Society and culture
editAn interview between Urrutikoetxea and journalist Jordi Évole was the focus of a 2023 Netflix documentary, Face to Face with ETA: Conversations with a Terrorist or No me llame Ternera.[8][9] Its inclusion in the 2023 San Sebastián International Film Festival was subject to controversy.[9]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Ormazabal, Mikel (16 May 2019). "Josu Ternera, toda una vida de mando en el terror". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ Cerdán, Manuel (22 July 2004). "'Josu Ternera' el 14-F: "Se van a enterar los españoles de lo que somos capaces"". elmundo.es (in Spanish). Madrid: Mundinteractivos, S.A. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d Urrutikoetxea, Josu; Wieviorka, Michel; Lacoste, Thomas (October 2022). "Lessons learned from an imperfect negotiation process". Violence. 3 (2): 301–335. doi:10.1177/26330024221085618. ISSN 2633-0024. S2CID 250713713 – via SageJournals.
- ^ "Norway expels three ETA members after seeing no moves toward a peace process". El País. 5 March 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ Jones, Sam (2019-05-16). "Fugitive ex-Eta leader Josu Ternera arrested in France". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
- ^ Águeda, Pedro (May 16, 2019). "Detenido en Francia el ex jefe político de ETA 'Josu Ternera'". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 May 2019.
- ^ a b "Paris court acquits former Basque separatist leader of terrorism charges". France 24. 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
- ^ Bhatia, Harshika (2023-12-15). "Face to Face with ETA: Conversations with a Terrorist Streaming: Watch & Stream Online via Netflix". Yahoo Entertainment. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
- ^ a b Goodfellow, Melanie (12 September 2023). "San Sebastian Film Festival Stands By Selection Of Netflix-Backed Doc Featuring Interview With Former ETA Terror Org Leader Josu Urrutikoetxea". Deadline. Retrieved 2023-12-19.