Jet bundle

(Redirected from Jet space)

In differential topology, the jet bundle is a certain construction that makes a new smooth fiber bundle out of a given smooth fiber bundle. It makes it possible to write differential equations on sections of a fiber bundle in an invariant form. Jets may also be seen as the coordinate free versions of Taylor expansions.

Historically, jet bundles are attributed to Charles Ehresmann, and were an advance on the method (prolongation) of Élie Cartan, of dealing geometrically with higher derivatives, by imposing differential form conditions on newly introduced formal variables. Jet bundles are sometimes called sprays, although sprays usually refer more specifically to the associated vector field induced on the corresponding bundle (e.g., the geodesic spray on Finsler manifolds.)

Since the early 1980s, jet bundles have appeared as a concise way to describe phenomena associated with the derivatives of maps, particularly those associated with the calculus of variations.[1] Consequently, the jet bundle is now recognized as the correct domain for a geometrical covariant field theory and much work is done in general relativistic formulations of fields using this approach.

Jets

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Suppose M is an m-dimensional manifold and that (E, π, M) is a fiber bundle. For pM, let Γ(p) denote the set of all local sections whose domain contains p. Let   be a multi-index (an m-tuple of non-negative integers, not necessarily in ascending order), then define:

 

Define the local sections σ, η ∈ Γ(p) to have the same r-jet at p if

 

The relation that two maps have the same r-jet is an equivalence relation. An r-jet is an equivalence class under this relation, and the r-jet with representative σ is denoted  . The integer r is also called the order of the jet, p is its source and σ(p) is its target.

Jet manifolds

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The r-th jet manifold of π is the set

 

We may define projections πr and πr,0 called the source and target projections respectively, by

 

If 1 ≤ kr, then the k-jet projection is the function πr,k defined by

 

From this definition, it is clear that πr = π o πr,0 and that if 0 ≤ mk, then πr,m = πk,m o πr,k. It is conventional to regard πr,r as the identity map on J r(π) and to identify J0(π) with E.

The functions πr,k, πr,0 and πr are smooth surjective submersions.

 

A coordinate system on E will generate a coordinate system on J r(π). Let (U, u) be an adapted coordinate chart on E, where u = (xi, uα). The induced coordinate chart (Ur, ur) on J r(π) is defined by

 

where

 

and the   functions known as the derivative coordinates:

 

Given an atlas of adapted charts (U, u) on E, the corresponding collection of charts (U r, u r) is a finite-dimensional C atlas on J r(π).

Jet bundles

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Since the atlas on each   defines a manifold, the triples  ,   and   all define fibered manifolds. In particular, if  is a fiber bundle, the triple   defines the r-th jet bundle of π.

If WM is an open submanifold, then

 

If pM, then the fiber   is denoted  .

Let σ be a local section of π with domain WM. The r-th jet prolongation of σ is the map   defined by

 

Note that  , so   really is a section. In local coordinates,   is given by

 

We identify   with   .

Algebro-geometric perspective

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An independently motivated construction of the sheaf of sections   is given.

Consider a diagonal map  , where the smooth manifold   is a locally ringed space by   for each open  . Let   be the ideal sheaf of  , equivalently let   be the sheaf of smooth germs which vanish on   for all  . The pullback of the quotient sheaf   from   to   by   is the sheaf of k-jets.[2]

The direct limit of the sequence of injections given by the canonical inclusions   of sheaves, gives rise to the infinite jet sheaf  . Observe that by the direct limit construction it is a filtered ring.

Example

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If π is the trivial bundle (M × R, pr1, M), then there is a canonical diffeomorphism between the first jet bundle   and T*M × R. To construct this diffeomorphism, for each σ in   write  .

Then, whenever pM

 

Consequently, the mapping

 

is well-defined and is clearly injective. Writing it out in coordinates shows that it is a diffeomorphism, because if (xi, u) are coordinates on M × R, where u = idR is the identity coordinate, then the derivative coordinates ui on J1(π) correspond to the coordinates ∂i on T*M.

Likewise, if π is the trivial bundle (R × M, pr1, R), then there exists a canonical diffeomorphism between  and R × TM.

Contact structure

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The space Jr(π) carries a natural distribution, that is, a sub-bundle of the tangent bundle TJr(π)), called the Cartan distribution. The Cartan distribution is spanned by all tangent planes to graphs of holonomic sections; that is, sections of the form jrφ for φ a section of π.

The annihilator of the Cartan distribution is a space of differential one-forms called contact forms, on Jr(π). The space of differential one-forms on Jr(π) is denoted by   and the space of contact forms is denoted by  . A one form is a contact form provided its pullback along every prolongation is zero. In other words,   is a contact form if and only if

 

for all local sections σ of π over M.

The Cartan distribution is the main geometrical structure on jet spaces and plays an important role in the geometric theory of partial differential equations. The Cartan distributions are completely non-integrable. In particular, they are not involutive. The dimension of the Cartan distribution grows with the order of the jet space. However, on the space of infinite jets J the Cartan distribution becomes involutive and finite-dimensional: its dimension coincides with the dimension of the base manifold M.

Example

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Consider the case (E, π, M), where ER2 and MR. Then, (J1(π), π, M) defines the first jet bundle, and may be coordinated by (x, u, u1), where

 

for all pM and σ in Γp(π). A general 1-form on J1(π) takes the form

 

A section σ in Γp(π) has first prolongation

 

Hence, (j1σ)*θ can be calculated as

 

This will vanish for all sections σ if and only if c = 0 and a = −bσ′(x). Hence, θ = b(x, u, u10 must necessarily be a multiple of the basic contact form θ0 = duu1dx. Proceeding to the second jet space J2(π) with additional coordinate u2, such that

 

a general 1-form has the construction

 

This is a contact form if and only if

 

which implies that e = 0 and a = −bσ′(x)cσ′′(x). Therefore, θ is a contact form if and only if

 

where θ1 = du1u2dx is the next basic contact form (Note that here we are identifying the form θ0 with its pull-back   to J2(π)).

In general, providing x, uR, a contact form on Jr+1(π) can be written as a linear combination of the basic contact forms

 

where

 

Similar arguments lead to a complete characterization of all contact forms.

In local coordinates, every contact one-form on Jr+1(π) can be written as a linear combination

 

with smooth coefficients   of the basic contact forms

 

|I| is known as the order of the contact form  . Note that contact forms on Jr+1(π) have orders at most r. Contact forms provide a characterization of those local sections of πr+1 which are prolongations of sections of π.

Let ψ ∈ ΓW(πr+1), then ψ = jr+1σ where σ ∈ ΓW(π) if and only if  

Vector fields

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A general vector field on the total space E, coordinated by  , is

 

A vector field is called horizontal, meaning that all the vertical coefficients vanish, if   = 0.

A vector field is called vertical, meaning that all the horizontal coefficients vanish, if ρi = 0.

For fixed (x, u), we identify

 

having coordinates (x, u, ρi, φα), with an element in the fiber TxuE of TE over (x, u) in E, called a tangent vector in TE. A section

 

is called a vector field on E with

 

and ψ in Γ(TE).

The jet bundle Jr(π) is coordinated by  . For fixed (x, u, w), identify

 

having coordinates

 

with an element in the fiber   of TJr(π) over (x, u, w)Jr(π), called a tangent vector in TJr(π). Here,

 

are real-valued functions on Jr(π). A section

 

is a vector field on Jr(π), and we say  

Partial differential equations

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Let (E, π, M) be a fiber bundle. An r-th order partial differential equation on π is a closed embedded submanifold S of the jet manifold Jr(π). A solution is a local section σ ∈ ΓW(π) satisfying  , for all p in M.

Consider an example of a first order partial differential equation.

Example

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Let π be the trivial bundle (R2 × R, pr1, R2) with global coordinates (x1, x2, u1). Then the map F : J1(π) → R defined by

 

gives rise to the differential equation

 

which can be written

 

The particular

 

has first prolongation given by

 

and is a solution of this differential equation, because

 

and so   for every pR2.

Jet prolongation

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A local diffeomorphism ψ : Jr(π) → Jr(π) defines a contact transformation of order r if it preserves the contact ideal, meaning that if θ is any contact form on Jr(π), then ψ*θ is also a contact form.

The flow generated by a vector field Vr on the jet space Jr(π) forms a one-parameter group of contact transformations if and only if the Lie derivative   of any contact form θ preserves the contact ideal.

Let us begin with the first order case. Consider a general vector field V1 on J1(π), given by

 

We now apply   to the basic contact forms   and expand the exterior derivative of the functions in terms of their coordinates to obtain:

 

Therefore, V1 determines a contact transformation if and only if the coefficients of dxi and   in the formula vanish. The latter requirements imply the contact conditions

 

The former requirements provide explicit formulae for the coefficients of the first derivative terms in V1:

 

where

 

denotes the zeroth order truncation of the total derivative Di.

Thus, the contact conditions uniquely prescribe the prolongation of any point or contact vector field. That is, if   satisfies these equations, Vr is called the r-th prolongation of V to a vector field on Jr(π).

These results are best understood when applied to a particular example. Hence, let us examine the following.

Example

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Consider the case (E, π, M), where ER2 and MR. Then, (J1(π), π, E) defines the first jet bundle, and may be coordinated by (x, u, u1), where

 

for all pM and σ in Γp(π). A contact form on J1(π) has the form

 

Consider a vector V on E, having the form

 

Then, the first prolongation of this vector field to J1(π) is

 

If we now take the Lie derivative of the contact form with respect to this prolonged vector field,   we obtain

 

Hence, for preservation of the contact ideal, we require

 

And so the first prolongation of V to a vector field on J1(π) is

 

Let us also calculate the second prolongation of V to a vector field on J2(π). We have   as coordinates on J2(π). Hence, the prolonged vector has the form

 

The contact forms are

 

To preserve the contact ideal, we require

 

Now, θ has no u2 dependency. Hence, from this equation we will pick up the formula for ρ, which will necessarily be the same result as we found for V1. Therefore, the problem is analogous to prolonging the vector field V1 to J2(π). That is to say, we may generate the r-th prolongation of a vector field by recursively applying the Lie derivative of the contact forms with respect to the prolonged vector fields, r times. So, we have

 

and so

 

Therefore, the Lie derivative of the second contact form with respect to V2 is

 

Hence, for   to preserve the contact ideal, we require

 

And so the second prolongation of V to a vector field on J2(π) is

 

Note that the first prolongation of V can be recovered by omitting the second derivative terms in V2, or by projecting back to J1(π).

Infinite jet spaces

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The inverse limit of the sequence of projections   gives rise to the infinite jet space J(π). A point   is the equivalence class of sections of π that have the same k-jet in p as σ for all values of k. The natural projection π maps   into p.

Just by thinking in terms of coordinates, J(π) appears to be an infinite-dimensional geometric object. In fact, the simplest way of introducing a differentiable structure on J(π), not relying on differentiable charts, is given by the differential calculus over commutative algebras. Dual to the sequence of projections   of manifolds is the sequence of injections   of commutative algebras. Let's denote   simply by  . Take now the direct limit   of the  's. It will be a commutative algebra, which can be assumed to be the smooth functions algebra over the geometric object J(π). Observe that  , being born as a direct limit, carries an additional structure: it is a filtered commutative algebra.

Roughly speaking, a concrete element   will always belong to some  , so it is a smooth function on the finite-dimensional manifold Jk(π) in the usual sense.

Infinitely prolonged PDEs

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Given a k-th order system of PDEs EJk(π), the collection I(E) of vanishing on E smooth functions on J(π) is an ideal in the algebra  , and hence in the direct limit   too.

Enhance I(E) by adding all the possible compositions of total derivatives applied to all its elements. This way we get a new ideal I of   which is now closed under the operation of taking total derivative. The submanifold E(∞) of J(π) cut out by I is called the infinite prolongation of E.

Geometrically, E(∞) is the manifold of formal solutions of E. A point   of E(∞) can be easily seen to be represented by a section σ whose k-jet's graph is tangent to E at the point   with arbitrarily high order of tangency.

Analytically, if E is given by φ = 0, a formal solution can be understood as the set of Taylor coefficients of a section σ in a point p that make vanish the Taylor series of   at the point p.

Most importantly, the closure properties of I imply that E(∞) is tangent to the infinite-order contact structure   on J(π), so that by restricting   to E(∞) one gets the diffiety  , and can study the associated Vinogradov (C-spectral) sequence.

Remark

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This article has defined jets of local sections of a bundle, but it is possible to define jets of functions f: MN, where M and N are manifolds; the jet of f then just corresponds to the jet of the section

grf: MM × N
grf(p) = (p, f(p))

(grf is known as the graph of the function f) of the trivial bundle (M × N, π1, M). However, this restriction does not simplify the theory, as the global triviality of π does not imply the global triviality of π1.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Krupka, Demeter (2015). Introduction to Global Variational Geometry. Atlantis Press. ISBN 978-94-6239-073-7.
  2. ^ Vakil, Ravi (August 25, 1998). "A beginner's guide to jet bundles from the point of view of algebraic geometry" (PDF). Retrieved June 25, 2017.

Further reading

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  • Ehresmann, C., "Introduction à la théorie des structures infinitésimales et des pseudo-groupes de Lie." Geometrie Differentielle, Colloq. Inter. du Centre Nat. de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, 1953, 97-127.
  • Kolář, I., Michor, P., Slovák, J., Natural operations in differential geometry. Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. ISBN 3-540-56235-4, ISBN 0-387-56235-4.
  • Saunders, D. J., "The Geometry of Jet Bundles", Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-36948-7
  • Krasil'shchik, I. S., Vinogradov, A. M., [et al.], "Symmetries and conservation laws for differential equations of mathematical physics", Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1999, ISBN 0-8218-0958-X.
  • Olver, P. J., "Equivalence, Invariants and Symmetry", Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-47811-1