Janthina janthina is a species of holoplanktonic sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Epitoniidae. Its common names include violet sea-snail, common violet snail, large violet snail and purple storm snail.[2]
| Janthina janthina | |
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| Janthina janthina | |
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| A live Janthina janthina, with bubble raft, that has been washed up in Maui, Hawaii. This is the normal view from above: the spire of the shell is held pointing down when the animal is floating on the surface of the ocean. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Epitonioidea |
| Family: | Epitoniidae |
| Genus: | Janthina |
| Species: | J. janthina
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| Binomial name | |
| Janthina janthina | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Distribution
editThis species is found worldwide in the warm waters of tropical and temperate seas, floating at the surface.[3] More specifically, the species is located in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.[4] They are often found in large groups and sometimes become stranded on beaches when they are blown ashore by strong winds.[3] The snails are a unique part of the neuston, organisms which live on or near the surface of the water, because of their relatively large size. They have veliger, or free swimming larvae, but the adults do not swim, and cannot create their rafts, except at the surface where air bubbles are available.[5]
Habitat
editThese snails are pelagic, drifting on the surface of the ocean, where they feed upon pelagic hydrozoa, especially the by-the-wind sailor, Velella velella, and the Portuguese man o' war, Physalia physalis.
Description
editJ. janthina is a member of the family Janthinidae, snails that trap air bubbles to maintain their positions at the surface of the ocean, where they are predators on hydrozoa.[6] The air bubbles are stabilized by the secretion of amphiphilic mucins which have evolved from epitoniid egg masses.[7] This passive flotation is a particularly resource-efficient form of animal locomotion.[8] In addition to the bubble raft, only the veliger, or larval stage, has an operculum, and the shell is paper-thin to allow the animal to float upside down at the surface.[3][9]
The snail's shell is reverse countershaded, because of its upside-down position in the water column. There is a light purple shade on the spire of the shell, and a darker purple on the ventral side.[9] The animal has a large head on a very flexible neck. The eyes are small and are situated at the base of its tentacles. The shell, which is violet, with a paler upper surface, is almost smooth, with a slightly depressed-globose shape.[6] It is thin and delicate, and is without an operculum.[3] The height of the species shell is up to 38 mm, the width to 40 mm.[6]
The snail begins life as a male and later changes into a female. The eggs are held by the female until they develop into the larval form.[3]
References
edit- ^ Gofas, S. (2009). Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140155 on 2010-05-16
- ^ "Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)". World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). Retrieved 2022-04-07.
- ^ a b c d e Morrison, Sue; Storrie, Ann (1999). Wonders of Western Waters: The Marine Life of South-Western Australia. CALM. p. 68. ISBN 0-7309-6894-4.
- ^ Churchill, Celia; Valdes, Angel; Foighil, Diarmaid (2014). "Molecular and Morphological Systematics of Neustonic Nudibranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Glaucidae: Glaucus), with Descriptions of Three New Cryptic Species". p. 174.
- ^ Lalli, Carol M.; Ronald W. Gilmer (1989). Pelagic Snails: The Biology of Holoplanktonic Gastropod Mollusks. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1490-7.
- ^ a b c Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1.
- ^ Churchill, Celia K.C.; Ó Foighil, Diarmaid; Strong, Ellen E.; Gittenberger, Adriaan (October 2011). "Females floated first in bubble-rafting snails". Current Biology. 21 (19): R802–R803. Bibcode:2011CBio...21.R802C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.011. PMID 21996498.
- ^ Rühs, Patrick A.; Bergfreund, Jotam; Bertsch, Pascal; Gstöhl, Stefan J.; Fischer, Peter (2021). "Complex fluids in animal survival strategies". Soft Matter. 17 (11): 3022–3036. arXiv:2005.00773. Bibcode:2021SMat...17.3022R. doi:10.1039/D1SM00142F. PMID 33729256.
- ^ a b Rothschild, Susan B.; Nick Fotheringham (2004). Beachcomber's Guide to Gulf Coast Marine Life: Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58979-061-2.