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Rambhadracharya

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Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya[α][4] (born Pandit Giridhar Mishra on 14 January 1950)[β] is an Indian Hindu spiritual leader, educator, Sanskrit scholar, polyglot, poet, author, textual commentator, philosopher, composer, singer, playwright and Katha artist based in Chitrakoot, India.[5] He is one of four incumbent Jagadguru Ramanandacharya,[γ] and has held this title since 1988.[6][7][8]

Jagadguru Rambhadracharya
Jagadguru Rambhadracharya delivering a sermon on 25 October 2009 in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Personal
Born
Giridhar Mishra

(1950-01-14) 14 January 1950 (age 74)
Sachipuram earlier known as Shandikhurd, Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India
ReligionHinduism
SectRamanandi sect
SignatureThumb impression of Rambhadracharya
Organization
Founder of
PhilosophyVishishtadvaita Vedanta
Religious career
Guru
  • Ishvardas (Mantra)
  • Ramprasad Tripathi (Sanskrit)
  • Ramcharandas (Sampradaya)
SuccessorAcharya Ramchandra Das
Disciples
Literary worksŚrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam on Prasthanatrayi, Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam, Bhṛṅgadūtam, Gītarāmāyaṇam, Śrīsītārāmasuprabhātam, Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudi, Aṣṭāvakra, and others
HonoursDharmacakravartī, Mahāmahopādhyāya, Śrīcitrakūṭatulasīpīṭhādhīśvara, Jagadguru Rāmānandācārya, Mahākavi, Prasthānatrayībhāṣyakāra, and others
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
Quotation

Humanity is my temple, and I am its worshiper. The disabled are my supreme God, and I am their grace seeker.[3]

Rambhadracharya is the founder and head of Tulsi Peeth, a religious and social service institution in Chitrakoot named after Saint Tulsidas.[9][10] He is the founder and lifelong chancellor of the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University in Chitrakoot, which offers graduate and postgraduate courses exclusively to four types of disabled students.[5][11][12][13][14] Rambhadracharya has been blind since the age of two months, had no formal education until the age of seventeen years, and has never used Braille or any other aid to learn or compose.[15]

Rambhadracharya can speak 22 languages[16] and is a spontaneous poet and writer in Sanskrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Maithili, and several other languages.[17][18] He has authored more than 240 books and 50 papers,[11][19][20] including four epic poems,[δ] Hindi commentaries on Tulsidas' Ramcharitmanas and Hanuman Chalisa, a Sanskrit commentary in verse on the Ashtadhyayi, and Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi scriptures.[21][22] He is acknowledged for his knowledge in diverse fields including Sanskrit grammar, Nyaya and Vedanta.[23] He is regarded as one of the greatest authorities on Tulsidas in India,[24] and is the editor of a critical edition of the Ramcharitmanas.[25] He is a Katha artist for the Ramayana and the Bhagavata. His Katha programmes are held regularly in different cities in India and other countries, and are telecast on television channels like Shubh TV, Sanskar TV and Sanatan TV.[26][27] He is also a leader of the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP).[28]

Birth and early life

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An old photograph of Shachidevi Mishra, mother of Rambhadracharya

Jagadguru Rambhadracharya was born to Pandit Shri Rajdev Mishra and Shrimati Shachidevi Mishra in a Saryupareen Brahmin family of the Vasishtha Gotra (lineage of the sage Vasishtha) in Shandikhurd village in the Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India.[29] He was born on Makara Sankranti day, 14 January 1950.[11][14][30][31] He was named Giridhar by his great aunt, a paternal cousin of his paternal grandfather, Pandit Suryabali Mishra. The great aunt was a devotee of Mirabai, a female saint of the Bhakti era in medieval India, who used the name Giridhar to address the god Krishna in her compositions.[17][32]

Loss of eyesight

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Shree Giridhar Ji lost his eyesight at the age of two months. On 24 March 1950, his eyes were infected by trachoma. There were no advanced facilities for treatment in the village, so he was taken to an elderly woman in a nearby village who was known to cure trachoma boils to provide relief. The woman applied a paste of myrobalan to Giridhar's eyes to burst the lumps, but his eyes started bleeding, resulting in the loss of his eyesight.[14][30][31] His family took him to the King George Hospital in Lucknow, where his eyes were treated for 21 days, but his sight could not be restored.[30] Various Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, Allopathic, and other practitioners were approached in Sitapur, Lucknow, and Bombay, but to no avail.[32] Rambhadracharya has been blind ever since. He cannot read or write, as he does not use Braille; he learns by listening and composes by dictating to scribes.[15]

Childhood accident

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In June 1953, at a juggler's monkey dance show in the village, the children—including Giridhar—suddenly ran away when the monkey began to touch them. Giridhar fell into a small dry well and was trapped for some time, until a teenage girl rescued him.[30] His grandfather told him that his life was saved because he had learned, that very morning itself, the following line of a verse in the Ramcharitmanas (1.192.4), from the episode of the manifestation of the god Rama:[30][33]

यह चरित जे गावहिं हरिपद पावहिं ते न परहिं भवकूपा ॥
yaha carita je gāvahı̐ haripada pāvahı̐ te na parahı̐ bhavakūpā ॥

Those who sing this character (of Rama), they attain to the feet of Hari (Vishnu) and never fall into the well of birth and death.

Even after he fell into the well, Giridhar was confident that Rama will somehow rescue him from this "kupa" (well). Thereafter, Giridhar's grandfather asked him to recite the verse always, and from then on, Giridhar has followed the practice of reciting it every time he takes water or food.[30]

First composition

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Giridhar's initial education came from his paternal grandfather, as his father worked in Bombay. In the afternoons, his grandfather would narrate to him various episodes of the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, and devotional works like Vishramsagar, Sukhsagar, Premsagar and Brajvilas. At the age of three, Giridhar composed his first piece of poetry—in Awadhi (a dialect of Hindi)—and recited it to his grandfather. In this verse, Krishna's foster mother Yashoda is fighting with a Gopi (milkmaid) for hurting Krishna.[30][32]

Devanagari
मेरे गिरिधारी जी से काहे लरी।
तुम तरुणी मेरो गिरिधर बालक काहे भुजा पकरी॥
सुसुकि सुसुकि मेरो गिरिधर रोवत तू मुसुकात खरी॥
तू अहिरिन अतिसय झगराऊ बरबस आय खरी॥
गिरिधर कर गहि कहत जसोदा आँचर ओट करी॥

IAST
mere giridhārī jī se kāhe larī।
tuma taruṇī mero giridhara bālaka kāhe bhujā pakarī॥
susuki susuki mero giridhara rovata tū musukāta kharī॥
tū ahirina atisaya jhagarāū barabasa āya kharī॥
giridhara kara gahi kahata jasodā ā̐cara oṭa karī॥

"'Why did you fight with my Giridhara (Krishna)? You are a young maiden, and my Giridhara (Krishna) is but a child, why did you hold his arm? My Giridhara (Krishna) is crying, sobbing repeatedly, and you stand there smirking! O Ahir lady (cowherd girl), you are excessively inclined to quarrel, and come and stand here uninvited' – so says Yashoda, holding on to the hand of Giridhara (Krishna) and covering [his face] with the end of her Sari", sings Giridhara (the poet).

Mastering Gita and Ramcharitmanas

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At the age of five, Giridhar memorised the entire Bhagavad Gita, consisting of around 700 verses with chapter and verse numbers, in 15 days, with the help of his neighbour, Pandit Murlidhar Mishra. On Janmashtami day in 1955, he recited the entire Bhagavad Gita.[14][30][32][34][35] He released the first Braille version of the scripture, with the original Sanskrit text and a Hindi commentary, at New Delhi on 30 November 2007, 52 years after memorising the Gita.[36][37] When Giridhar was seven, he memorised the entire Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, consisting of around 10,900 verses with chapter and verse numbers, in 60 days, assisted by his grandfather. On Rama Navami day in 1957, he recited the entire epic while fasting.[14][30][32][35] Later, Giridhar went on to memorise the Vedas, the Upanishads, works of Sanskrit grammar, the Bhagavata Purana, all the works of Tulsidas, and many other works in Sanskrit and Indian literature.[32][34]

Upanayana and discourses

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Giridhar's Upanayana (sacred thread ceremony) was performed on Nirjala Ekadashi (the Ekadashi falling in the bright half of the lunar month of Jyeshtha) of 24 June 1968. On this day, besides being given the Gayatri Mantra, he was initiated (given Diksha) into the mantra of Rama by Pandit Ishvardas Maharaj of Ayodhya. Having mastered the Bhagavad Gita and Ramcharitmanas at a very young age, Giridhar started visiting the Katha programmes held near his village once every three years in the intercalary month of Purushottama. The third time he attended, he presented a Katha on Ramcharitmanas, which was acclaimed by several famous exponents of the Katha art.[32]

Discrimination by family

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When Giridhar was eleven, he was stopped from joining his family in a wedding procession. His family thought that his presence would be a bad omen for the marriage.[30][31] This incident left a strong impression on Giridhar; he says at the beginning of his autobiography:[38]

I am the same person who was considered to be inauspicious for accompanying a marriage party. ... I am the same person who currently inaugurates the biggest of marriage parties or welfare ceremonies. What is all this? It is all due to the grace of God which turns a straw into a vajra and a vajra into a straw.

Formal education

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Schooling

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A young Giridhar Mishra in an undated photo

Although Giridhar did not have any formal schooling until the age of seventeen years, he had learned many literary works as a child by listening to them. His family wished him to become a Kathavachak (Narrator of Hindu literature, Epics and stories) but Giridhar wanted to pursue his studies. His father explored possibilities for his education in Varanasi and thought of sending him to a special school for blind students. Giridhar's mother refused to send him there, saying that blind children were not treated well at the school.[31] On 7 July 1967 Giridhar joined the Adarsh Gaurishankar Sanskrit College in the nearby Sujanganj village of Jaunpur to study Sanskrit Vyakarana (grammar), Hindi, English, Maths, History, and Geography.[39] In his autobiography he recalls this day as the day when the "Golden Journey" of his life began.[40] With an ability to memorise material by listening to it just once, Giridhar has not used Braille or other aids to study.[15] In three months, he had memorised and mastered the entire Laghusiddhāntakaumudī of Varadaraja.[39] He was top of his class for four years, and passed the Uttara Madhyama (higher secondary) examination in Sanskrit with first class and distinction.[35]

First Sanskrit composition

At the Adarsh Gaurishankar Sanskrit College, Giridhar learnt the eight Ganas of Sanskrit prosody while studying Chandaprabhā, a work on Sanskrit prosody. The next day, he composed his first Sanskrit verse, in the Bhujaṅgaprayāta metre.[39]

Devanagari
महाघोरशोकाग्निनाऽऽतप्यमानं
पतन्तं निरासारसंसारसिन्धौ ।
अनाथं जडं मोहपाशेन बद्धं
प्रभो पाहि मां सेवकक्लेशहर्त्तः ॥

IAST
mahāghoraśokāgninā'tapyamānaṃ
patantaṃ nirāsārasaṃsārasindhau ।
nāthaṃ jaḍaṃ mohapāśena baddhaṃ
prabho pāhi māṃ sevakakleśaharttaḥ ॥

O omnipotent Lord, remover of the distress of your worshippers! Protect me, who is being consumed by the extremely dreadful fire of sorrows, who is helplessly falling in the ocean of the mundane world, who is without any protector, who is ignorant, and who is bonded by the shackles of delusion.

Graduation and masters

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In 1971 Giridhar enrolled at the Sampurnanand Sanskrit University in Varanasi for higher studies in Vyakarana.[39] He topped the final examination for the Shastri (Bachelor of Arts)[41] degree in 1974, and then enrolled for the Acharya (Master of Arts)[41] degree at the same institute.[15] While pursuing his master's degree, he visited New Delhi to participate in various national competitions at the All-India Sanskrit Conference, where he won five out of the eight gold medals—in Vyakarana, Samkhya, Nyaya, Vedanta, and Sanskrit Antakshari.[6][15] Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, presented the five gold medals, along with the Chalvaijayanti trophy for Uttar Pradesh, to Giridhar.[35] Impressed by his abilities, Gandhi offered to send him at her own expense to the United States for treatment for his eyes, but Giridhar turned down this offer, replying with an extemporaneous Sanskrit verse.[15][42]

Devanagari
किं दृष्टव्यं पतितजगति व्याप्तदोषेऽप्यसत्ये
मायाचाराव्रततनुभृतां पापराजद्विचारे ।
दृष्टव्योऽसौ चिकुरनिकुरैः पूर्णवक्त्रारविन्दः
पूर्णानन्दो धृतशिशुतनुः रामचन्द्रो मुकुन्दः ॥

IAST
kiṃ dṛṣṭavyaṃ patitajagati vyāptadoṣe'pyasatye
māyācārāvratatanubhṛtāṃ pāparājadvicāre ।
dṛṣṭavyo'sau cikuranikuraiḥ pūrṇavaktrāravindaḥ
pūrṇānando dhṛtaśiśutanuḥ rāmacandro mukundaḥ ॥

What is to be seen in this fallen world, which is false and filled with vices, is full of disputes and is governed by the sins of deceitful and wicked humans? Only Rama is worth seeing, whose flocks of hair cover his lotus-like face, who is completely blissful, who has the form of a child, and who is the giver of liberation.

In 1976 Giridhar topped the final Acharya examinations in Vyakarana, winning seven gold medals and the Chancellor's gold medal.[35] In a rare achievement, although he had only enrolled for a master's degree in Vyakarana, he was declared Acharya of all subjects taught at the university on 30 April 1976.[15]

Doctorate and post-doctorate

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After completing his master's degree, Giridhar enrolled for the doctoral Vidyavaridhi (PhD)[43] degree at the same institute, under Pandit Ramprasad Tripathi.[15] He received a research fellowship from the University Grants Commission (UGC), but even so, he faced financial hardship during the next five years.[15] He completed his Vidyavaridhi degree in Sanskrit grammar on 14 October 1981.[15] His dissertation was titled Adhyātmarāmāyaṇe'pāṇinīyaprayogānāṃ Vimarśaḥ, or Deliberation on the non-Paninian usages in the Adhyatma Ramayana.[44] The thesis was authored in only thirteen days in 1981.[44] On completion of his doctorate, the UGC offered him the position of head of the Vyakarana department of the Sampurnanand Sanskrit University. However, Giridhar did not accept; he decided to devote his life to the service of religion, society, and those with disabilities.[15]

On 9 May 1997, Giridhar (now known as Rambhadracharya) was awarded the post-doctorate Vachaspati (DLitt)[41][43] degree by Sampurnanand Sanskrit University for his 2000-page Sanskrit dissertation Pāṇinīyāṣṭādhyāyyāḥ Pratisūtraṃ Śābdabodhasamīkṣā, or Investigation into verbal knowledge of every Sūtra of the Ashtadhyayi of Panini.[39] The degree was presented to him by K. R. Narayanan, then President of India.[45] In this work, Rambhadracharya explained each aphorism of the grammar of Panini in Sanskrit verses.[39]

Later life

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1979–1988

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Virakta Diksha

In 1976 Giridhar narrated a Katha on Ramcharitmanas to Swami Karpatri, who advised him not to marry, to stay a lifelong Brahmachari (celibate bachelor) and to take initiation in a Srivaishnava Sampradaya (a sect worshipping Vishnu, Krishna, or Rama as the supreme God).[46][47] Giridhar took vairagi (renouncer) initiation or Virakta Diksha in the Ramananda Sampradaya on the Kartika full-moon day of 19 November 1983 from Shri Ramcharandas Maharaj Phalahari. He now came to be known as Rambhadradas.[47]

 
Rambhadracharya meditating on the banks of Mandakini river during a Payovrata. He is seated in the Sukhasana pose with fingers folded in the Chin Mudra.
Six-month fasts

Following the fifth verse of the Dohavali composed by Tulsidas, Rambhadradas observed a six-month Payovrata, a diet of only milk and fruits, at Chitrakoot in 1979.[47][48][49]

Devanagari
पय अहार फल खाइ जपु राम नाम षट मास ।
सकल सुमंगल सिद्धि सब करतल तुलसीदास ॥

IAST
paya ahāra phala khāi japu rāma nāma ṣaṭa māsa ।
sakala sumaṃgala siddhi saba karatala tulasīdāsa ॥

Chant the name of Rama subsisting on a diet of milk and fruits for six months. Says Tulsidas, on doing so, all auspiciousness and accomplishments will be in one's hand.

In 1983 he observed his second Payovrata beside the Sphatik Shila in Chitrakoot.[47] The Payovrata has become a regular part of Rambhadradas' life. In 2002, in his sixth Payovrata, he composed the Sanskrit epic Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam.[50] He continues to observe Payovratas, the latest (2010–2011) being his ninth.[51][52]

Tulsi Peeth
Main article: Tulsi Peeth

In 1987 Rambhadradas established a religious and social service institution called Tulsi Peeth (The seat of Tulsi) in Chitrakoot, where, according to the Ramayana, Rama had spent twelve out of his fourteen years of exile.[10] As the founder of the seat, the title of Śrīcitrakūṭatulasīpīṭhādhīśvara (literally, the Lord of the Tulsi Peeth at Chitrakoot) was bestowed upon him by Sadhus and intellectuals. In the Tulsi Peeth, he arranged for a temple devoted to Rama and his "Patni"Sita to be constructed, which is known as Kanch Mandir ("glass temple").[10]

Post of Jagadguru Ramanandacharya

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Rambhadradas was chosen as the Jagadguru Ramanandacharya seated at the Tulsi Peeth by the Kashi Vidwat Parishad in Varanasi on 24 June 1988.[8] On 3 February 1989, at the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, the appointment was unanimously supported by the Mahants of the three Akharas, the four sub-Sampradayas, the Khalsas and saints of the Ramananda Sampradaya.[53] On 1 August 1995 he was ritually anointed as the Jagadguru Ramanandacharya in Ayodhya by the Digambar Akhara.[6] Thereafter he was known as Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya.[54]

Deposition in the Ayodhya case

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In July 2003 Rambhadracharya deposed as an expert witness for religious matters (OPW 16) in Other Original Suit Number 5 of the Ram Janmabhoomi Babri Masjid dispute case in the Allahabad High Court.[55][56][57] Some portions of his affidavit and cross examination are quoted in the final judgement by the High Court.[58][59][60] In his affidavit, he cited the ancient Hindu scriptures including the Ramayana, Rāmatāpanīya Upaniṣad, Skanda Purana, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, and others describing Ayodhya as a city holy to Hindus and the birthplace of Rama. He cited verses from two works composed by Tulsidas which, in his opinion, are relevant to the dispute. The first citation consisted of eight verses from a work called Dohā Śataka, which describe the destruction of a temple and construction of a mosque at the disputed site in 1528 CE by Mughal ruler Babur, who had ordered General Mir Baqui to destroy the Rama temple, considered a symbol of worship by sanatana dharmi.[56] The second citation was a verse from a work called Kavitāvalī, which mentions a mosque.[58] In his cross examination, he described in some detail the history of the Ramananda sect, its Mathas, rules regarding Mahants, formation and working of Akharas, and Tulsidas' works.[58] Refuting the possibility of the original temple being to the north of the disputed area, as pleaded by the pro-mosque parties, he described the boundaries of the Janmabhoomi as mentioned in the Ayodhya Mahatmya section of Skanda Purana, which tallied with the present location of the disputed area, as noted by Justice Sudhir Agarwal.[58] However, he stated that he had no knowledge of whether there was a Ram Chabootra ("Platform of Rama") outside the area that was locked from 1950 to 1985 and where the Chati Poojan Sthal was, nor whether the idols of Rama, his brother Lakshmana, and Sita were installed at Ram Chabootra outside the Janmabhoomi temple.[56]

Multilingualism

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Rambhadracharya is a scholar of 14 languages and can speak 22 languages in total,[17][18][23] including Sanskrit, Hindi, English, French, Bhojpuri, Maithili, Oriya, Gujarati, Punjabi, Marathi, Magadhi, Awadhi, and Braj.[14] He has composed poems and literary works in many Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, and Awadhi.[5][14] He has translated many of his works of poetry and prose into other languages. He delivers Katha programmes in various languages, including Hindi, Bhojpuri, and Gujarati.[61]

Institutes for the disabled

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See also: Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University
 
Rambhadracharya with mobility-impaired students in front of the main building of Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University on 2 January 2005

On 23 August 1996 Rambhadracharya established the Tulsi School for the Blind in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh.[10][13] He founded the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University, an institution of higher learning solely for disabled students, on 27 September 2001 in Chitrakoot.[13][14] This is the first university in the world exclusively for those with disabilities.[62][63] The university was created by an ordinance of the Uttar Pradesh Government, which was later passed as Uttar Pradesh State Act 32 (2001) by the Uttar Pradesh legislature.[64][65] The act appointed Swami Rambhadracharya as the lifelong chancellor of the university. The university offers graduate, post-graduate, and doctorate degrees in various subjects, including Sanskrit, Hindi, English, Sociology, Psychology, Music, Drawing and Painting, Fine Arts, Special Education, Education, History, Culture and Archeology, Computer and Information Sciences, Vocational Education, Law, Economics, and Prosthetics and Orthotics.[65] The university plans to start offering courses in Ayurveda and Medical Sciences from 2013.[66] Admissions are restricted to the four types of disabled students—visually impaired, hearing impaired, mobility impaired, and mentally impaired—as defined by the Disability Act (1995) of the Government of India. According to the Government of Uttar Pradesh, the university is among the chief educational institutes for Information Technology and Electronics in the state.[67]

Rambhadracharya also founded an organisation called Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Viklang Seva Sangh, headquartered in Satna, Madhya Pradesh. Its goal is to create community awareness and initiate child development programmes in rural India. Its primary objective is to supplement the education programmes of Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University by helping disabled children get a good education. Aid is generally given in the form of facilities which enable easier access to education.[68] Rambhadracharya also runs a hundred-bed hospital in Gujarat.[13]

Critical edition of Ramcharitmanas

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Main article: Tulsi Peeth edition of the Ramcharitmanas

The Ramcharitmanas was composed by Tulsidas in the late sixteenth century. It has been extremely popular in northern India over the last four hundred years, and is often referred to as the "Bhagvad gita of northern India" by Western Indologists.[69] Rambhadracharya produced a critical edition of the Ramcharitmanas,[70] which was published as the Tulsi Peeth edition. Apart from the original text, for which Rambhadracharya has relied extensively on older manuscripts,[70] there were differences in spelling, grammar, and prosodic conventions between the Tulsi Peeth edition and contemporary editions of the Ramcharitmanas.[71][72]

In November 2009, Rambhadracharya was accused of tampering with the epic,[70][73] but the dispute died down after Rambhadracharya expressed his regret for any annoyance or pain caused by the publication.[74] A writ petition was also filed against him but it was dismissed.[19] This edition was published in 2005 by Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas.[22][75]

Assassination threats

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In November 2007 someone claiming to be an al-Qaeda member sent Rambhadracharya a letter telling him and his disciples either to accept Islam or to be prepared to die.[76] Police superintendent Kamal Singh Rathore said that this letter had been sent from Haridwar, that Rambhadracharya's security arrangements had been increased and that an intensive investigation of the letter had been carried out.[76] Gita Devi, secretary of JRHU, said that Rambhadracharya had been threatened by al-Qaeda, as Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas president Nrityagopal had been in the past.[76]

In November 2014, Rambhadracharya received another assassination threat with a demand of "terror tax" over JRHU operations.[77]

Participation in 84-kosi yatra

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On 25 August 2013, Rambhadracharya arrived at the Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport in Lucknow along with VHP leader Ashok Singhal.[28][78] He was going to Ayodhya to take part in the 84-kosi yatra, a 12-day religious yatra which was banned by the state government citing law and order reasons. It is alleged that the ban was due to opposition from Muslim organisations or vote-bank politics.[28][79][80] Rambhadracharya's participation in the yatra was kept secret.[81] Rambhadracharya was put under house arrest at the home of R C Mishra, his disciple and friend.[82][83]

On 26 August 2013, a local lawyer Ranjana Agnihotri filed a habeas corpus petition in the Allahabad High Court's Lucknow bench, on which judges Imtiyaz Murtaza and D K Upadhayaya passed the release order for Rambhadracharya, along with Singhal and Praveen Togadia.[28] The petitioner's advocate H S Jain said that even though Rambhadracharya and other leaders were arrested under the section 151 of the 1973 Criminal Procedure Code, which permits an arrest to prevent commission of cognisable offences, the custody period cannot exceed 24 hours unless any other section of the code or any other law is applicable.[28] After his release, Rambhadracharya said that the government had been creating misconceptions about the yatra.[84]

Two days after the incident, Rambhadracharya was given Y-category security cover by the Uttar Pradesh government since he had reported security threats.[78] Hindustan Times reported that this grant could be a possible attempt to "build bridges with the sadhus after the Sunday showdown."[78] Government officials said that a high-powered committee will decide on the continuation of the security cover.[78] JRHU vice-chancellor B Pandey said that Rambhadracharya met Uttar Pradesh chief minister Akhilesh Yadav in Lucknow and invited him to be the chief guest in a University function, and Yadav accepted the invitation.[78] However, Yadav did not attend the function due to difficult circumstances, but sent the Energy Minister of State Vijay Mishra and Secondary Education Minister of State Vijay Bahadur Pal.[85] Rambhadracharya was disappointed that Yadav could not "come for even 15 minutes for disabled children," and said that he will have atone for this.[85]

Works

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Śrībhārgavarāghaviyam being released by Atal Bihari Vajpayee (centre) in 2002. Rambhadracharya is to the left.
Main article: Works of Jagadguru Rambhadracharya

Rambhadracharya has authored more than 250 books and 50 papers, including published books and unpublished manuscripts.[11][19][20] Various audio and video recordings have also been released. His major literary and musical compositions are listed below.[22][75]

Poetry and plays

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  • (1980) Kākā Vidura (काका विदुर) – Hindi minor poem.
  • (1982) Mā̐ Śabarī (मा̐ शबरी) – Hindi minor poem.
  • (1991) Rāghavagītaguñjana (राघवगीतगुञ्जन) – Hindi lyrical poem.
  • (1993) Bhaktigītasudhā (भक्तिगीतसुधा) – Hindi lyrical poem.
  • (1994) Arundhatī (अरुन्धती) – Hindi epic poem.
  • (1996) Ājādacandraśekharacaritam (आजादचन्द्रशेखरचरितम्) – Sanskrit minor poem.[86]: 14 
  • (1996) Āryāśatakam (आर्याशतकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 18 
  • (1996) Gaṇapatiśatakam (गणपतिशतकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 46 
  • (1996) Caṇḍīśatakam (चण्डीशतकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 54 
  • (1996) Jānakīkṛpākaṭākṣam (जानकीकृपाकटाक्षम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 65 
  • (1996) Mukundasmaraṇam (मुकुन्दस्मरणम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 129 
  • (1996) Śrīrāghavābhyudayam (श्रीराघवाभ्युदयम्) – Single-act Sanskrit play-poem.[86]: 136, 180 
  • (1996) Śrīrāghavendraśatakam (श्रीराघवेन्द्रशतकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 137 
  • (1997) Aṣṭādhyāyyāḥ Pratisūtraṃ Śābdabodhasamīkṣaṇam (अष्टाध्याय्याः प्रतिसूत्रं शाब्दबोधसमीक्षणम्) – Sanskrit commentary in verse on the Sutras of the Ashtadhyayi.
  • (1997) Śrīrāmabhaktisarvasvam (श्रीरामभक्तिसर्वस्वम्) – Sanskrit poem of one hundred verses.
  • (1998) Śrīgaṅgāmahimnastotram (श्रीगङ्गामहिम्नस्तोत्रम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 172 
  • (2001) Sarayūlaharī (सरयूलहरी) – Sanskrit minor poem.[86]: 185 
  • (2001) Laghuraghuvaram (लघुरघुवरम्) – Sanskrit minor poem.[86]: 144 
  • (2001) Namo Rāghavāya (नमो राघवाय) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 78 
  • (2001) Śrīnarmadāṣṭakam (श्रीनर्मदाष्टकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise on the river Narmada.[86]: 78 
  • (2001) Bhaktisārasarvasvam (भक्तिसारसर्वस्वम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 109 
  • (2001) Ślokamauktikam (श्लोकमौक्तिकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 170 
  • (2001) Śrīrāghavacaraṇacihnaśatakam (श्रीराघवचरणचिह्नशतकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 139 
  • (2001) Śrījānakīcaraṇacihnaśatakam (श्रीजानकीचरणचिह्नशतकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 174 
  • (2001) Śrīrāmavallabhāstotram (श्रीरामवल्लभास्तोत्रम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 181 
  • (2010) Sarvarogaharāṣṭakam (सर्वरोगहराष्टकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 200 
  • (2001) Śrīcitrakūṭavihāryaṣṭakam (श्रीचित्रकूटविहार्यष्टकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 173 
  • (2001) Śrījānakīkṛpākaṭākṣastotram (श्रीजानकीकृपाकटाक्षस्तोत्रम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 174 
  • (2002) Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam (श्रीभार्गवराघवीयम्)  – Sanskrit epic poem. The poet was awarded the 2004 Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit for the epic.[86]: 177 [87][88]
  • (2002) Śrīrāghavabhāvadarśanam (श्रीराघवभावदर्शनम्) – Sanskrit minor poem.[86]: 180 
  • (2003) Kubjāpatram (कुब्जापत्रम्) – Sanskrit letter poem.
  • (2004) Bhṛṅgadūtam (भृङ्गदूतम्) – Sanskrit minor poem of the Dūtakāvya (messenger-poem) category.[86]: 118 
  • (2007) Manmathāriśatakam (मन्मथारिशतकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 123 
  • (2008) Caraṇapīḍāharāṣṭakam (चरणपीडाहराष्टकम्) – Sanskrit hymn of praise.[86]: 62 
  • (2008) Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī (श्रीसीतारामकेलिकौमुदी) – Hindi Rītikāvya (procedural-era Hindi poem).[89]
  • (2009) Śrīsītārāmasuprabhātam (श्रीसीतारामसुप्रभातम्) – A Sanskrit suprabhatam.[90]
  • (2010) Aṣṭāvakra (अष्टावक्र) – Hindi epic poem.[91][92]
  • (2011) Gītarāmāyaṇam (गीतरामायणम्) – Sanskrit lyrical epic poem.[86]: 49 [93]
  • (2011) Avadha Kai Ajoriyā (अवध कै अजोरिया) – Awadhi lyrical poem.[94]
  • (2011) Śrīsītāsudhānidhiḥ (श्रीसीतासुधानिधिः) – Sanskrit minor poem of the Stotraprabandhakāvya category.[95]

Prose

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Covers of some books edited or authored by Rambhadracharya.

Sanskrit commentaries on Prasthanatrayi

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Main article: Shriraghavkripabhashyam

Rambhadracharya composed Sanskrit commentaries titled Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam on the Prasthanatrayi scriptures – the Brahma Sutra,[86]: 107  the Bhagavad Gita,[86]: 178  and eleven Upanishads.[86]: 21, 27, 43, 59, 67, 100, 128, 129, 140, 158, 170  These commentaries were released on 10 April 1998 by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, then Prime Minister of India.[22][96] Rambhadracharya composed Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam on Narada Bhakti Sutra in 1991.[86]: 82  He thus revived the tradition of writing Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi. He also gave the Ramananda Sampradaya its second commentary on Prasthanatrayi in Sanskrit, the first being the Ānandabhāṣyam, composed by Ramananda himself.[97][98] Rambhadracharya's commentary in Sanskrit on the Prasthanatrayi was the first written in almost 500 years.[97]

Other prose works

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Rambhadracharya delivering a discourse. He has delivered many discourses, some of which have been published as books.
  • (1982) Bharata Mahimā (भरत महिमा) – Hindi discourse.
  • (1981) Adhyātmarāmāyaṇe Apāṇinīyaprayogānāṃ Vimarśaḥ (अध्यात्मरामायणे अपाणिनीयप्रयोगानां विमर्शः) – Sanskrit dissertation (PhD thesis).
  • (1982) Mānasa Me̐ Tāpasa Prasaṅga (मानस में तापस प्रसंग) – Hindi deliberation.
  • (1983) Mahavīrī (महावीरी) – Hindi commentary on Hanuman Chalisa.
  • (1985) Sugrīva Kā Agha Aura Vibhīṣaṇa Kī Karatūti (सुग्रीव का अघ और विभीषण की करतूति) – Hindi discourse.
  • (1985) Śrīgītātātparya (श्रीगीतातात्पर्य) – Hindi commentary on the Bhagavad Gita.
  • (1988) Sanātanadharma Kī Vigrahasvarūpa Gomātā (सनातनधर्म की विग्रहस्वरूप गोमाता) – Hindi deliberation.
  • (1988) Śrītulasīsāhitya me̐ Kṛṣṇa Kathā (श्रीतुलसीसाहित्य में कृष्णकथा) – Hindi investigative research.
  • (1989) Mānasa me̐ Sumitrā (मानस में सुमित्रा) – Hindi discourse.
  • (1990) Sīta Nirvāsana Nahī̐ (सीता निर्वासन नहीं) – Hindi critique.
  • (1991) Śrīnāradabhaktisūtreṣu Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam (श्रीनारदभक्तिसूत्रेषु श्रीराघवकृपाभाष्यम्) – Sanskrit commentary on the Narada Bhakti Sutra.
  • (1992) Prabhu Kari Kṛpā Pā̐varī Dīnhī (प्रभु करि कृपा पाँवरी दीन्ही) – Hindi discourse.
  • (1993) Parama Baḍabhāgī Jaṭāyu (परम बड़भागी जटायु) – Hindi discourse.
  • (2001) Śrīrāmastavarājastotre Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam (श्रीरामस्तवराजस्तोत्रे श्रीराघवकृपाभाष्यम्) – Sanskrit commentary on the Rāmastavarājastotra.
  • (2001) Śrī Sītārāma Vivāha Darśana (श्री सीताराम दर्शन) – Hindi discourse.
  • (2004) Tuma Pāvaka Ma̐ha Karahu Nivāsā (तुम पावक मँह करहु निवासा) – Hindi discourse.
  • (2005) Bhāvārthabodhinī (भावार्थबोधिनी) – Hindi commentary on the Ramcharitmanas.
  • (2007) Śrīrāsapañcādhyāyīvimarśaḥ (श्रीरासपञ्चाध्यायीविमर्शः) – Hindi deliberation on Rāsapañcādhyāyī.
  • (2006) Ahalyoddhāra (अहल्योद्धार) – Hindi discourse.
  • (2008) Hara Te Bhe Hanumāna (हर ते भे हनुमान) – Hindi discourse.
  • (2009) Satya Rāmapremī Śrīdaśaratha (सत्य रामप्रेमी श्रीदशरथ) – Hindi discourse on the character of Dasharatha.
  • (2011) Veṇugīta (वेणुगीत) – Hindi discourse on chapter 21 from Book 10 of Śrīmadbhāgavatam.

Audio and video

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  • (2001) Bhajana Sarayū (भजन सरयू) – Audio CD with eight bhajans (devotional hymns) in Hindi devoted to Rama. Composed, set to music, and sung by Rambhadracharya. Released by Yuki Cassettes, Delhi.[99]
  • (2001) Bhajana Yamunā (भजन यमुना) – Audio CD with seven bhajans in Hindi devoted to Krishna. Composed, set to music, and sung by Rambhadracharya. Released by Yuki Cassettes, Delhi.[100]
  • (2009) Śrī Hanumat Bhakti (श्री हनुमत् भक्ति) – Audio CD with six bhajans in Hindi devoted to Hanuman, and composed by Tulsidas. Set to music and sung by Rambhadracharya. Released by Kuber Music, New Delhi.[101]
  • (2009) Śrīsītārāmasuprabhātam (श्रीसीतारामसुप्रभातम्) – Audio CD of Śrīsītārāmasuprabhātam, a Sanskrit Suprabhata poem. Composed, set to music, and sung in the Vairagi Raga by Rambhadracharya. Released by Yuki Cassettes, Delhi.[102]
  • (2009) Sundara Kāṇḍa (सुन्दर काण्ड) – DVD with a musical rendition of and commentary on the Sundar Kand of Ramcharitmanas. Spoken, set to music, and sung by Rambhadracharya. Released by Yuki Cassettes, Delhi.[103]

Literary style

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Main article: Rambhadracharya's literary style

Rewa Prasad Dwivedi writes in his Sanskrit poem dedicated to Rambhadracharya that he is an encyclopaedia of learning whose literature is like numerous Narmadā rivers flowing out simultaneously, and in whose literary works Shiva and Parvati delight while performing Tandava and Lasya.[104]

Devarshi Kala Nath Shastry writes in his review of Rambhadracharya's works that Rambhadracharya is an accomplished and eloquent poet who is the foremost among scholars and is also well-versed in all scriptures, and who even talks in extemporaneously composed poetry with Sanskrit scholars, usually in Upajāti metre. Rambhadracharya uses with great effect the Daṇḍaka style with Sanskrit adjectives in his speeches. Shastry recounts a use of a long sentence in the Daṇḍaka style at a speech in Jaipur in July 2003 by Rambhadracharya, in which one sentence with multiple adjectives lasted around seven minutes and was "replete with poetic beauty". Shastry writes that among Sanskrit poets, only Śrīharṣa (poet of Naiṣadhīyacaritam) has been described as having such wonderful command over Sanskrit as Rambhadracharya has.[105]

Shastry critiqued the work Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam in the January 2003 issue of the Sanskrit monthly Bhāratī. Shastry writes that the work has poetic excellence, variety of meters and dexterity of language which has not been seen hitherto in Sanskrit epics. Shastry finds the twentieth canto of the epic to be an excellent illustration of Sanskrit poetry in Prakrit verses, a style which was pioneered by Shastry's father.[105]

Dr. Brajesh Dikshit, Sanskrit scholar from Jabalpur, says that Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam combines the styles of three previous Sanskrit epics – it has two leading characters like in Bhāravi's Kirātārjunīyam, the poetic excellence and variety of prosodic metres is like in Śrīharṣa's Naiṣadhīyacaritam, while the length and extent of the work is like the Śiśupālavadham of Māgha.[106]

Shastry also critiqued the work Bhṛṅgadūtam, about which he says that it has many new usages (Prayogas) not seen earlier in Sanskrit poetry. As per Shastry, new dimensions in Sanskrit literature are seen in the play Śrīrāghavābhyudayam where there are songs in the Gīti style, and Gītarāmāyaṇam which is an epic poem in the Gīti style of Gītagovindam by Jayadeva.[105] Dikshit writes that Kubjāpatram is a revival of the letter-poem (Patrakāvya) genre in Sanskrit after 2000 years, and is the first work in Sanskrit literature whose lead character is disabled.[106]

Shastry says that rhyme (Antyānuprāsa) is a distinguishing feature of Rambhadracharya's Sanskrit poetry. Shastry notes that another feature of Rambhadracharya's works is the devotion to motherland and patriotism, which is most evident in the poetic work Ājādacandraśekharacaritam on the life of Chandrashekhar Azad. Shastry says that this strong feeling of love towards motherland is reminiscent of old Sanskrit literature including Prithvi Sukta of Atharva Veda, various Puranas including Bhagavata Purana, and also in the Sanskrit works of Swami Bhagavadacharya, a former Jagadguru Ramanandacharya.[105] Dikshit says that the nationalistic play Śrīrāghavābhyudayam establishes Rambhadracharya as a successful playwright at a young age. Dikshit praises the aesthetics of the work Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī saying that it represents all the six Sampradāyas of Indian literature (Rīti, Rasa, Alaṅkāra, Dhvani, Vakrokti and Aucitya), and that it is a unique work of Rambhadracharya when it comes to figures of speech. Dikshit says that this work places Rambhadracharya in the league of Ritikavya poets like Raskhan, Keshavdas, Ghananand and Padmakar; but observes the distinction that while the works of all these poets are primarily in the Śṛngāra Rasa, Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī is a work which has Vātsalya Rasa as the primary emotion, which is augmented by Śṛngāra Rasa.[106]

Dinkar notes that in the poems of Rambhadracharya, the three poetical styles of Pāñcālī (secondary figurative sense with short and sweet-sounding compounds), Vaidarbhī (with compounds and soft contexts and without many figures of speech) and Lāṭī (with precise contexts and without many figures of speech) are dominant.[107]

Recognition, awards and honours

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Recognition

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Recognition in India
 
Rambhadracharya (left) being presented the Vani Alankarana Puraskara by Somnath Chatterjee (right) in 2006
 
Rambhadracharya's katha on Ramcharitmanas in June 2011 at Shree Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Singapore.

Rambhadracharya is widely popular in Chitrakoot.[70] Atal Bihari Vajpayee considered Rambhadracharya to be an "immensely learned person well versed in Vedic and Puranic literature besides the grammar", and commended his intelligence and memory.[108] Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi said of Rambhadracharya that the "intense knowledge of the most revered is indeed adorable".[109] Nanaji Deshmukh called Rambhadracharya "an astonishing gem of the country".[110] Swami Kalyandev considered Rambhadracharya to be "an unprecedented intellectual and speaker, and an Acharya with great devotion".[111] Somnath Chatterjee called him a "celebrated Sanskrit scholar and educationist of great merit and achievement".[5] He is considered one of the greatest scholars on Tulsidas and Ramcharitmanas in India, and is cited as such.[24][112][113] Ram Prakash Gupta and Keshari Nath Tripathi have stated that Rambhadracharya has enriched society with his contributions and will continue to do so.[114] Swami Ramdev considers Rambhadracharya to be the most learned person in the world at present.[115] Rambhadracharya was a member of a delegation of saints and Dharmacharyas which met the then president A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and the then union Home Minister Shivraj Patil in July 2005 to hand over a memorandum urging to strengthen the security arrangements for important religious places in the country.[116] Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra said that Rambhadracharya is of a high-mind, has a stupendous grip on the Indian literature, and "his soul feels the true pleasure in serving oppressed disabled people".[117] Mata Prasad Pandey, the Speaker of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, said that Rambhadracharya has opened a door of development for those with disabilities in India, and that he has achieved what eminent industrialists and the government cannot do.[118][119] Energy Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Uttar Pradesh Vijay Mishra termed Rambhadracharya as "most revered", whereas Uttar Pradesh's Secondary Education Minister of State Vijay Bahadur Pal called him the "chancellor of the utterly unique handicapped university."[120] Rambhadracharya is also a member of the 51-members Akhil Bharatiya Sant Ucchadhikar Samiti (Empowered Committee of the All India Saints).[121] In November 2014, Rambhadracharya was one of the nine people nominated by the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi for the Clean India Campaign.[122] In September 2014, Rambhadracharya adopted five villages of Chitrakoot, with an aim to construct toilets in all the households.[123] Rambhadracharya was one of the guests in the inaugural International Yoga Day event in New Delhi.[124]

International recognition

In 1992 Rambhadracharya led the Indian delegation at the Ninth World Conference on Ramayana, held in Indonesia.[13][125] He has travelled to several countries, including England, Mauritius, Singapore, and the United States to deliver discourses on Hindu religion and peace.[13][126] He has been profiled in the International Who's Who of Intellectuals.[127] He was also one of the key figures of the Dharma Prachar Yatra at Detroit.[128]

Address at Millennium World Peace Summit

Rambhadracharya was one of the spiritual and religious Gurus from India at the Millennium World Peace Summit, organised by the United Nations in New York City from 28 to 31 August 2000. While addressing the gathering, he gave Sanskrit definitions for the words Bharata (the ancient name of India) and Hindu, and touched upon the Nirguna and Saguna aspects of God. In his speech on Peace, he called for developed and developing nations to come together to strive for the eradication of poverty, the fight against terrorism, and nuclear disarmament. At the end of his speech, he recited the Shanti Mantra.[126][129]

Awards and honours

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Main article: List of awards and honours received by Rambhadracharya

In 2015, Rambhadracharya was awarded Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honour.[130] Rambhadracharya has been honoured by several leaders and politicians, including A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Somnath Chatterjee, Shilendra Kumar Singh, and Indira Gandhi.[5][11][131] Several state governments, including that of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Himachal Pradesh have conferred honours on him.[17][132][133] In 2021, he was also awarded with Kendra Sahitya Academy Fellowship.[134] On 17 February 2024 Rambhadracharya was named a recipient (along with Gulzar) of the 58th Jnanpith Award (for 2023).

See also

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Notes

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This section contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
  1. ^ [जगद्गुरुरामानन्दाचार्यस्वामिरामभद्राचार्यः] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |pron= (help), Sanskrit pronunciation: [dʑɐɡɐdɡʊɽʊ ɽaːmaːnɐndaːtɕaːɽjɐ sʋaːmɪ ɽaːmɐbʱɐdɽaːtɕaːɽjɐh] ⓘ; Hindi: जगद्गुरु रामानन्दाचार्य स्वामी रामभद्राचार्य, Hindi pronunciation: [dʒəɡədɡuru raːmaːnəndaːtʃaːrjə sʋaːmiː raːmbʱədraːtʃaːrjə] ⓘ; IAST: Jagadguru Rāmānandācārya Svāmī Rāmabhadrācārya.
  2. ^ Sanskrit: गिरिधरमिश्रः, Sanskrit pronunciation: [ɡɪɽɪdʱɐɽɐ mɪɕɽɐh] ⓘ; Hindi: गिरिधर मिश्र, Hindi pronunciation: [ɡiridʱər miʃrə] ⓘ; IAST: Giridhara Miśra.
  3. ^ Leaders of the Ramananda monastic order.
  4. ^ Two each in Sanskrit and Hindi.

References

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  1. ^ "राष्ट्रबोध का अभाव सबसे बड़ी चुनौती -प्रेमभूषण महाराज, रामकथा मर्मज्ञ" [The lack of national awareness is the biggest challenge: Prem Bhushan Maharaj, the exponent of Ram Katha]. Panchjanya (in Hindi). 16 August 2012. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  2. ^ Sharma, Richa; Raj, Jyoti; Mishra, Narayan Dutt (hosts) (30 April 2016). "Vaartavali: Sanskrit News Magazine April 30". Vaartavali (in Sanskrit). Doordarshan News. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2016. नित्यानन्दमिश्रः ... स्वामिरामभद्राचार्यस्य शिष्यो हि अयं ...
  3. ^ Rambhadracharya, Jagadguru (Speaker) (2003). जगद्गुरु रामभद्राचार्य विकलांग विश्वविद्यालय [Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University] (CD) (in Hindi). Chitrakoot: Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University. Event occurs at 00:02:16. मानवता ही मेरा मन्दिर मैं हूँ इसका एक पुजारी ॥ हैं विकलांग महेश्वर मेरे मैं हूँ इनका कृपाभिखारी ॥
  4. ^ "UP govt creating misconception about yatra: Rambhadracharya". Zee News. 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Address at the Presentation of the 'Twelfth and Thirteenth Ramkrishna Jaidayal Dalmia Shreevani Alankaran, 2005 & 2006', New Delhi, 18 January 2007". Speeches. The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011. Swami Rambhadracharya ... is a celebrated Sanskrit scholar and educationist of great merit and achievement. ... His academic accomplishments are many and several prestigious Universities have conferred their honorary degrees on him. A polyglot, he has composed poems in many Indian languages. He has also authored about 75 books on diverse themes having a bearing on our culture, heritage, traditions and philosophy which have received appreciation. A builder of several institutions, he started the Vikalanga Vishwavidyalaya at Chitrakoot, of which he is the lifelong Chancellor.
  6. ^ a b c Chandra, R. (September 2008). "जीवन यात्रा" [Life Journey]. Kranti Bharat Samachar (in Hindi). 8 (11). Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh: Rajesh Chandra Pandey: 22–23. RNI No. 2000, UPHIN 2638.
  7. ^ Agarwal 2010, pp. 1108–1110.
  8. ^ a b Dinkar 2008, p. 32.
  9. ^ Nagar 2002, p. 91.
  10. ^ a b c d Correspondent, Chitrakut (5 January 2011). "प्रज्ञाचक्षु की आंख बन गई बुआ जी" [Buaji became the eye of the visually impaired]. Jagran Yahoo (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 22 September 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  11. ^ a b c d e Tripathi, Radhavallabh, ed. (2012). संस्कृतविद्वत्परिचायिका – Inventory of Sanskrit Scholars (PDF). New Delhi, India: Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan. p. 94. ISBN 978-93-8611-185-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  12. ^ Dwivedi 2008, p. x.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Aneja 2005, p. 68.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h Shubhra (12 February 2010). "जगद्गुरु रामभद्राचार्य विकलांग विश्वविद्यालय" [Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University]. Bhāratīya Pakṣa (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Aneja 2005, p. 67.
  16. ^ "Visually impaired Jagadguru a messiah for others". The Times of India. 3 December 2015. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  17. ^ a b c d "वाचस्पति पुरस्कार २००७" [Vachaspati Award 2007] (PDF) (in Hindi). K. K. Birla Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  18. ^ a b Dinkar 2008, p. 39.
  19. ^ a b c Kant, Pradeep; Kumar, Anil (19 May 2011). "Writ Petition No. 8023 (MB) of 2008: Shiv Asrey Asthana and others Vs Union of India and others". Allahabad High Court (Lucknow Bench). Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ^ a b "మార్గదర్శి జగద్గురు రామభద్రాచార్య (Margadarsi Jagadguru Rambhadracharya)". మార్గదర్శి (Margadarsi) (in Telugu). Hyderabad. 21 October 2012. 1:24 minutes in. ETV Network. ETV2. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2012. ఆయన శతాధిక గ్రంథకర్తా (He is the author of more than 100 books).
  21. ^ Prasad 1999, p. 849: श्रीहनुमानचालीसा की सर्वश्रेष्ठ व्याख्या के लिए देखें महावीरी व्याख्या, जिसके लेखक हैं प्रज्ञाचक्षु आचार्य श्रीरामभद्रदासजी। श्रीहनुमानचालीसा के प्रस्तुत भाष्य का आधार श्रीरामभद्रदासजी की ही वैदुष्यमंडित टीका है। इसके लिए मैं आचार्यप्रवर का ऋणी हूँ। [For the best explanation of Hanuman Chalisa, refer the Mahāvīrī commentary, whose author is the visually-disabled Acharya Rambhadradas. The base for the commentary being presented is the commentary by Rambhadradas, which is adorned with erudition. For this, I am grateful to the eminent Acharya.]
  22. ^ a b c d Dinkar 2008, pp. 40–43.
  23. ^ a b Shastri, Kalanath (January 2003). "जगद्गुरुश्रीरामभद्राचार्याणां महाकाव्यं श्रीभार्गवराघवीयम्" [Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam, the epic poem of Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]. Bharati (in Sanskrit). 53 (8). Jaipur, Rajasthan: Bharatiya Sanskrit Prachar Sansthanam: 21–22. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2013. व्याकरणवेदान्तन्यायादिविविधशास्त्रपारदृश्वनां कविसार्वभौमानां विद्वत्कुलचक्रवर्तिनां महामहोपाध्यायानां जगद्गुरुश्रीरामभद्राचार्याणां ... जगद्गुरुरामभद्राचार्या न केवलं संस्कृतेऽपि तु चतुर्दशभाषासु विलक्षणमधिकारं बिभ्रति।
  24. ^ a b Prasad 1999, p. xiv: "Acharya Giridhar Mishra is responsible for many of my interpretations of the epic. The meticulousness of his profound scholarship and his extraordinary dedication to all aspects of Rama's story have led to his recognition as one of the greatest authorities on Tulasidasa in India today ... that the Acharya's knowledge of the Ramacharitamanasa is vast and breathtaking and that he is one of those rare scholars who know the text of the epic virtually by heart."
  25. ^ Rambhadracharya (ed) 2006.
  26. ^ Television channels:
  27. ^ Correspondent, Sitamarhi (5 May 2011). "ज्ञान चक्षु से रामकथा का बखान करने पहुंचे रामभद्राचार्य" [Rambhadracharya arrives to expound on Ramkatha with the eyes of his knowledge]. Jagran Yahoo (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 22 September 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  28. ^ a b c d e Ashish Tripathi (26 August 2013). "VHP yatra: Allahabad HC orders release of Ashok Singhal, Praveen Togadia". The Times of India. Lucknow. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  29. ^ Singh, Roopam (27 January 2015). "पढ़िए, पद्म पुरस्कार पाने वाली यूपी की इन छह हस्‍तियों के बारे में" [Read about the six Padma-awardees from Uttar Pradesh] (in Hindi). ETV Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nagar 2002, pp. 37–53.
  31. ^ a b c d Aneja 2005, p. 66.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g Dinkar 2008, pp. 22–24.
  33. ^ Prasad 1999, p. 133.
  34. ^ a b Mukherjee, Sutapa (10 May 1999). "A Blind Sage's Vision: A Varsity For The Disabled At Chitrakoot". Outlook. 5. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  35. ^ a b c d e Parauha, Tulsidas (14 January 2011). "महाकविजगद्गुरुस्वामिरामभद्राचार्याणां व्यक्तित्वं कृतित्वञ्च" [The life and works of the great poet Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]. In Rambhadracharya, Svami (ed.). गीतरामायणम् (गीतसीताभिरामं संस्कृतगीतमहाकाव्यम्) [Gītarāmāyaṇam (The Gītasītābhirāmam Sanskrit lyrical epic poem)] (in Sanskrit). Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University. pp. 5–9.
  36. ^ "Bhagavad Gita in Braille Language". Zee News. 3 December 2007. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  37. ^ "अब ब्रेल लिपि में भगवद्गीता" [Now, Bhagavad Gita in Braille script]. Webdunia Hindi (in Hindi). Asian News International. 6 December 2007. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  38. ^ Nagar 2002, p. 37.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Dinkar 2008, pp. 25–27.
  40. ^ Nagar 2002, p. 55.
  41. ^ a b c Gupta and Kumar 2006, p. 745.
  42. ^ Nagar 2002, p. 72.
  43. ^ a b Bhuyan 2002, p. 245.
  44. ^ a b Rajpandit, Acharya Vachaspati (1991). "श्रीराघवकृपाभाष्यकारजीवनवृत्तम्" [The biography of the author of Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣya]. श्रीनारदभक्तिसूत्रे श्रीराघवकृपाभाष्यम् [Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣya on the Nārada Bhakti Sūtra] (in Sanskrit). Haridwar, India: Shri Raghav Sahitya Prakashan Nidhi. p. 12. मिश्रवर्याः विद्यावारिधि (पी.एच्.डी) इत्युपाधये शोधप्रबन्धमपि लिखितवन्तोऽनुसन्धानविधया केवलैस्त्रयोदशभिरेव दिवसैः "अध्यात्मरामायणेऽपाणिनीयप्रयोगाणां विमर्शः" इतिनामानम् [Mr. Mishra also authored a thesis titled "Adhyātmarāmāyaṇe'pāṇinīyaprayogānāṃ Vimarśaḥ" in the research style for the Vidyavaridhi (PhD) degree in only thirteen days.]
  45. ^ Nagar 2002, p. 89.
  46. ^ Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Calby, Frank Moore, eds. (1916). New International Encyclopædia: Volume XXII (Second ed.). New York City, United States of America: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 847. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
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  48. ^ Poddar 1996, p. 10.
  49. ^ Dubey, Hariprasad (13 April 2011). "पवित्र स्थान: ६ महीने रहें चित्रकूट" [Sacred Places: Stay in Chitrakoot for 6 months]. Jagran Yahoo (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 22 September 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011. तुलसीदास ने माना है कि यदि कोई व्यक्ति छह मास तक पयस्विनी के किनारे रहता है और केवल फल खाकर राम नाम जपता रहता है, तो उसे सभी तरह की सिद्धियां मिल जाती हैं। [Tulasidasa has admitted that if one stays on the banks of Payasvini river for six months, chanting the name of Rama and subsisting only on fruits, they obtain all types of powers or accomplishments.]
  50. ^ Dinkar 2008, p. 127.
  51. ^ Correspondent, Chitrakuta (25 July 2010). "तीर्थ में गूंजते रहे गुरु वंदना के स्वर" [The sounds of prayers to Guru resonate in the pilgrimage]. Jagran Yahoo (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 22 September 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  52. ^ Correspondent, Chitrakuta (5 January 2011). "जिले में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर का शोध संस्थान बनेगा" [International-level research institute to come up in the district]. Amar Ujala (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  53. ^ Agarwal 2010, p. 781.
  54. ^ Nagar 2002, p. 125.
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    • Macfie 2004, p. vii. "The choice of the subtitle is no exaggeration. The book is indeed the Bible of Northern India".
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Works cited

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  • Agarwal, Sudhir J. (30 September 2010). "Consolidated Judgment in OOS No. 1 of 1989, OOS No. 3 of 1989, OOS No. 4 of 1989 & OOS No. 5 of 1989". Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: Allahabad High Court (Lucknow Bench). Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Aneja, Mukta (2005). "Shri Ram Bhadracharyaji – A Religious Head with a Vision". In Kaul, J. K.; Abraham, George (eds.). Abilities Redefined – Forty Life Stories of Courage And Accomplishment (PDF). Delhi, India: All India Confederation of the Blind. pp. 66–68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
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  • Dinkar, Dr. Vagish (2008). श्रीभार्गवराघवीयम् मीमांसा [Investigation into Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam] (in Hindi). Delhi, India: Deshbharti Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-908276-6-9.
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  • Macfie, J. M. (2004). "Preface". The Ramayan of Tulsidas or the Bible of Northern India. Whitefish, Montana, USA: Kessinger. ISBN 978-1-4179-1498-2. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  • Mishra, Gita Devi (August 2011). Sushil, Surendra Sharma (ed.). "पूज्यपाद जगद्गुरु जी को तुलसी एवार्ड २०११" [Tulsi Award 2011 to Honorable Jagadguru]. Shri Tulsi Peeth Saurabh (in Hindi). 15 (3). Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India: Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas.
  • Nagar, Shanti Lal (2002). Sharma, Acharya Divakar; Goyal, Siva Kumar; Sushil, Surendra Sharma (eds.). The Holy Journey of a Divine Saint: Being the English Rendering of Swarnayatra Abhinandan Granth (First, Hardback ed.). New Delhi, India: B. R. Publishing Corporation. ISBN 81-7646-288-8.
  • Pandey, Ram Ganesh (2008) [First edition 2003]. तुलसी जन्म भूमि: शोध समीक्षा [The Birthplace of Tulasidasa: Investigative Research] (in Hindi) (Corrected and extended ed.). Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, India: Bharati Bhavan Publication.
  • Poddar, Hanuman Prasad (1996). Dohāvalī (in Hindi). Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India: Gita Press.
  • Prasad, Ram Chandra (1999) [First published 1991]. Sri Ramacaritamanasa The Holy Lake of the Acts of Rama (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0762-6.
  • Rambhadracharya, Jagadguru, ed. (30 March 2006). श्रीरामचरितमानस – मूल गुटका (तुलसीपीठ संस्करण) [Śrīrāmacaritamānasa – Original Text (Tulasīpīṭha edition)] (in Hindi) (4th ed.). Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, India: Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University.
  • Sharma, Dharam Veer (30 September 2010). "Judgment in OOS No. 4 of 1989". Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: Allahabad High Court (Lucknow Bench). Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Sharma, Dharam Veer (30 September 2010). "Annexure V". Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: Allahabad High Court (Lucknow Bench). Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Sharma, Acharya Divakar; Sushil, Surendra Sharma; Shrivastav, Dr. Vandana, eds. (14 January 2011). षष्टिपूर्ति (अभिनन्दनग्रन्थ) [Completion of 60 years (Felicitation Book)] (in Hindi). Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India: Tulsi Mandal. ISBN 978-81-923856-0-0.
  • Sushil, Surendra Sharma; Mishra, Abhiraj Rajendra (February 2011). Sushil, Surendra Sharma (ed.). "गीतरामायणप्रशस्तिः" [Praise of Gītarāmāyaṇam]. Shri Tulsi Peeth Saurabh (in Hindi). 14 (9). Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India: Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas.
  • Tripathi, Radhavallabh; Shukla, Ramakant; Tripathi, Ramakant; Singh Dev, Dharmendra Kumar, eds. (2012). आधुनिकसंस्कृतसाहित्यसन्दर्भसूची – लोकप्रियसाहित्यग्रन्थमाला ४४ [A Bibliography of Modern Sanskrit Writings] (PDF) (in Sanskrit). New Delhi, India: Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan. ISBN 978-93-86111-89-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
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Awards
Preceded by Recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Sanskrit
2005 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Recipient of the Vachaspati Award
2007 		Succeeded by
Harinarayan Dixit

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