Idiopidae, also known as armored or spiny trapdoor spiders,[1] is a family of mygalomorph[2] spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1889.[3]
| Armored trapdoor spiders | |
|---|---|
| |
| Idiops constructor, male | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Mygalomorphae |
| Clade: | Avicularioidea |
| Family: | Idiopidae Simon, 1889 |
| Diversity | |
| 23 genera, 441 species | |
| |
Behaviour
editIdiopidae build burrows, and some species close these with a trapdoor lined with silk. Prothemenops siamensis from Thailand, which is about 2 cm long, builds its retreat in a streamside vertical earth bank in lower montane rainforest. Each burrow has two or three entrances that lead into a main tube. The trapdoor is a form of safety and ways of ambushing prey. Idiopidae adapt and live in many various environments as seen by the map on the far right, which leads to the various species to co-exist with other Idiopidae and other spiders outside of the family.[4] Idiopidae are not poisonous and their bites are not fatal to humans.
Description
editThe spiders have large bodies, similar to those of tarantulas. In most species the males have a spur on their legs, which is used to immobilise the female and prevent her from biting during the mating process. The lateral posterior spinnerets are elongated.[5]
The oldest known idiopid, Number 16, died at the age of 43 years.[6]
Species
editAs of 2019, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following genera:[7]
- Arbanitis L. Koch, 1874 — Australia
- Blakistonia Hogg, 1902 — Australia
- Bungulla Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, 2017 — Australia
- Cantuaria Hogg, 1902 — New Zealand, Australia
- Cataxia Rainbow, 1914 — Australia
- Cryptoforis Wilson, Rix & Raven, 2020 — Australia
- Ctenolophus Purcell, 1904 — South Africa
- Eucanippe Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, 2017 — Australia
- Eucyrtops Pocock, 1897 — Australia
- Euoplos Rainbow, 1914 — Australia
- Gaius Rainbow, 1914 — Australia
- Galeosoma Purcell, 1903 — South Africa, Mozambique, Botswana
- Genysa Simon, 1889 — Madagascar
- Gorgyrella Purcell, 1902 — Zimbabwe, Tanzania, South Africa
- Heligmomerus Simon, 1892 — Africa, Asia
- Hiboka Fage, 1922 — Madagascar
- Idiops Perty, 1833 — South America, Africa, Asia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Idiosoma Ausserer, 1871 — Australia
- Neocteniza Pocock, 1895 — Central America, South America
- Prothemenops Schwendinger, 1991 — Thailand
- Scalidognathus Karsch, 1892 — India, Sri Lanka
- Segregara Tucker, 1917 — South Africa
- Titanidiops Simon, 1903 — Morocco
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ American Arachnological Society Committee on Common Names of Arachnids (2003). Common Names of Arachnids (PDF) (Report) (Fifth ed.).
- ^ Raven, R.J. (1985). "The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 182.
- ^ Simon, E. (1889). Arachnides.
- ^ Fonseca-Ferreira, Paulo (2021). "Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species". European Journal of Taxonomy (780): 1–71. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.780.1581.
- ^ Murphy, Frances; Murphy, John (2000). "An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia". Malaysian Nature Society Kuala Lumpur.
- ^ Leanda Denise Mason; Grant Wardell-Johnson; Barbara York Main (2018). "The longest-lived spider: mygalomorphs dig deep, and persevere". Pacific Conservation Biology. 24 (2): 203. doi:10.1071/PC18015. hdl:20.500.11937/68826.
- ^ "Family: Idiopidae Simon, 1889". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
External links
edit
- Find-a-spider Guide: Images of several species