Ibn Miskuyah (Persian: مُسْکُـوْيَه Muskūyah, 932–1030), (Arabic: مِسْكَوَيْه، أبو علي محمد بن أحمد بن يعقوب مسكويه الرازي) full name Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb Miskawayh al-Rāzī[2] was a Persian[3] chancery official of the Buyid era, and philosopher and historian from Parandak, Iran. As a Neoplatonist, his influence on Islamic philosophy is primarily in the area of ethics. He was the author of the first major Islamic work on philosophical ethics entitled the Refinement of Character (تهذيب الأخلاق Tahdhīb al-Akhlāq), focusing on practical ethics, conduct, and the refinement of character. He separated personal ethics from the public realm, and contrasted the liberating nature of reason with the deception and temptation of nature. Miskawayh was a prominent figure in the intellectual and cultural life of his time.[3]
Ibn Miskawayh مُسکویه | |
|---|---|
| Personal | |
| Born | 932 Parandak, (Ziyarid Iran) |
| Died | 1030 |
| Religion | Islam |
| Era | Islamic Golden Age |
| Region | Iran |
| Main interest(s) | History, Theology, medicine, ethics and philosophy |
| Notable work(s) | Kitab al hayawan (The book of animal life) تهذيب الأخلاق (Ethical Instruction) Al-Fawz al-Asghar Tajarib al-umam (Experiences of Nations) |
| Muslim leader | |
Influenced by | |
Influenced | |
Life
editMiskawayh was born in Rey, then under Ziyarid control. Miskawayh may have been a Zoroastrian convert to Islam, but it seems more likely that it was one of his ancestors who converted.[3][4] During his early career, he spent his life in Baghdad, where he served as the secretary of Muhallabi, the vizier of the Buyid emir Mu'izz al-Dawla. He was fluent enough in Middle Persian to have translated some pre-Islamic texts in that language into Arabic.[citation needed] After a long service to the Buyids of Iraq, Miskawayh moved to the court of Rukn al-Dawla, where he spent seven years working there with the Buyid vizier Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid. In 966, a group of ghazi marched towards the Library of Rey, but Miskawayh managed to save it.[3] After the death of Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid in 970, Miskawayh continued to serve the latter's son, Abu'l-Fath. In 975, he, along with him, left for Baghdad.
He later worked as a secretary and librarian for a sequence of viziers, including 'Adud al-Dawla. Some contemporary sources associated him with the Brethren of Purity, claiming that some of his writings were used in the compilation of the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity.[5] Miskawayh died in 1030 at Ray,[1] then under Kakuyid control.
Works
edit- Al-Fawz al-Akbar (الفوز الأكبر) - 'The Greatest Victory' contains a Neoplatonic description of the evolution of the soul. The work states that creation begins with God, with the intellect being the first existence to emanate from him. A series of emanations from the intellect results in a chain of being, starting with minerals and proceeding through vegetables, animals, and humans, which results in a cyclic spiritual evolution back to the source of man's creation: God.[6] The Indian Islamic scholar Muhammad Hamidullah compared Miskawayh's views to Darwinian evolutionary thought.[7]
- Tajārib al-Umam (كتاب تجارب الأمم) - 'Experiences of Nations' is one of the first eyewitness chronicles of contemporary events by a Muslim historian. Miskawayh, as an official under the Buyid vizier al-Muhallabi, had access to the internal happenings of the court. The chronicle is a universal history from the beginning of Islam, but it cuts off near the end of the reign of 'Adud al-Dawla.
- Tahdhib al'Akhlaq wa Tathir al'Araq (تهذيب الأخلاق و تطهير الأعراق) - 'Refinement of Morals and Cleansing of Ethics' his major work in the field of philosophy treats principally the philosophy of ethics and was written for students.
- Kitab al-Hikma al-Khalida (كتاب الحكمة الخالدة) - 'Book of Eternal Wisdom' is an Arabic translation from the Persian work Eternal Wisdom (Persian: جاویدان خرد).[3] One manuscript is titled Book of Literatures of the Arabs and Persians (كتاب آداب العرب والفرس).[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ibn Miskawayh". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Miskawayh. Accessed 12 May 2023.
- ^ Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P.; et al., eds. (1993). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 7: Mif-Naz (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 143–144. ISBN 9004094199. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "Miskawayh" at Encyclopædia Iranica
- ^ Arkoun, M. (1993). "Miskawayh". In H. A. R. Gibb (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 7 (New ed.). Leiden—New York: E.J. Brill. pp. 143a–144b. ISBN 978-90-04-15610-4.
- ^ Nasr, Hossein (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1419-5., page = 26
- ^ Mohamed, Yasein (2000). "The Cosmology of Ikhwan al-Safa', Miskawayh and al-Isfahâni". Islamic Studies. 39 (4): 10–15. JSTOR 23076118.
- ^ Adamec, Ludwig W. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Islam. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. pp. 290–291. ISBN 978-1442277236.
[These books] state that God first created matter and invested it with energy for development. Matter, therefore, adopted the form of vapour which assumed the shape of water in due time. The next stage of development was mineral life. Different kinds of stones developed in course of time. Their highest form being mirjan (coral). It is a stone which has in it branches like those of a tree. After mineral life evolves vegetation. The evolution of vegetation culminates with a tree which bears the qualities of an animal. This is the date-palm. It has male and female genders. It does not wither if all its branches are chopped but it dies when the head is cut off. The date-palm is therefore considered the highest among the trees and resembles the lowest among animals. Then is born the lowest of animals. It evolves into an ape. This is not the statement of Darwin. This is what Ibn Miskawayh states and this is precisely what is written in the Epistles of Ikhwan al-Safa. The Muslim thinkers state that ape then evolved into a lower kind of a barbarian man. He then became a superior human being. Man becomes a saint, a prophet. He evolves into a higher stage and becomes an angel. The one higher to angels is indeed none but God. Everything begins from Him and everything returns to Him.
Sources
edit- Bosworth, C. E. (2002). "Meskawayh, Abu' Ali Aḥmad". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Emami, Abu'l-Qassem; Umar, Suheyl (2008). "Abū ʿAlī Miskawayh". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
- Ibn Miskawayh, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1329). Kitāb Tahdhīb al-akhlāq wa-taṭhīr al-aʻrāq (in Arabic). Cairo: al-Maṭbaʻah al-Ḥusaynīyah.
- Ibn Miskawaih, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1917) [1909]. Caetani, Leone (ed.). The Tajârib al-umam; or, History of Ibn Miskawayh (in Arabic). Vol. 5&6. London: Luzac.