Mele-Fila (Ifira-Mele) is a Polynesian language spoken in Mele and Ifira on the island of Efate in Vanuatu. In spite of their differences, Mele and Fila are two dialects of the same language and are mutually intelligible. French and English are also fairly common among the residents of Efate.[2]
| Mele-Fila | |
|---|---|
| Ifira-Mele | |
| Native to | Vanuatu |
| Region | Efate, Ifira Island |
Native speakers | 3,500 (2001)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mxe |
| Glottolog | mele1250 |
Mele-Fila is an everyday language for residents of Mele village and Fila Island. Mele village, with a population of 1,000, is located roughly 7 km (4.3 mi) north-west of Port Vila, the nation’s capital. Fila Island, with a population of 400, is located about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) west of Vila.[2]
History
editBased on archaeological evidence, it is understood that peoples speaking Austronesian languages originated on the island of Taiwan about 6,000 years ago. Some of their descendants formed the Lapita civilisation, who sailed to Remote Oceania, including Vanuatu, roughly 3,200 years ago.[3]
The population of Mele-Fila belongs to the Polynesian outliers, who historically came from Central Polynesia (Tonga, Samoa) during the last two millennia.
Phonology
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveolo- palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labio- velarized |
plain | ||||||
| Nasal | mʷ | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | pʷ | p | t | t͡ɕ | k | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ||||
| voiced | v | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | h | ||||
This language is unusual among Polynesian languages for its phoneme /tɕ/. In the Fila dialect, /p/ and /m/ are not distinct from their labialized counterparts.[4]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
Mele vowels are similar to other Polynesian vowels as there are /i e a o u/ long and short. More than half of the words used in the language hail from Proto Polynesian language.[2] Stressed initial vowels were kept, while unstressed initial vowels were removed.
- "Ex: English: then, Mele: gafuru, PPN: angafulu"
- "Ex: English: yesterday, Mele: nanafi, PPN: ananafi" [2]
Articles and verbal particles with unstressed long vowels often have their unstressed vowel shortened:[2]
- Ex: ruú ́́are - “The two houses”
- Ex: ru pókasi - “the two pigs”
Consonant clusters (strings of consonants without a vowel) exist, but can only be formed from these three combinations:[5]
Word stress usually falls on the second-to-last syllable. Mele-Fila words usually contain at least three vowels.[4] Similar to many Polynesian languages, this requires counting long vowels as two vowels.[2]
Mele-Fila has borrowed significantly from the Efate languages of Vanuatu.[4] It also borrowed from English and French via Bislama, one of Vanuatu's national languages and creole language.[4] This has caused its syllable structure to allow (C)VC consonants as well as (C)V.[5] Consonants can be geminated(vocally lengthened), which indicates that a noun is plural.[5]
Syntax
editMele-Fila has a Subject – Verb – Object sentence order.[2]
Verbal particles
editBelow is a list of "verbal particles":[2]
- Ee – not of the future (past or current)
- Tee – intentional (could also mean immediate future)
- Too (roo in 3rd person) – future
- Kuu – indicates start or completion[clarification needed] of an action/event
- Kaa – used when communicating to relatives below your social standing
- Kee (uncommon)- hypothetical
- Negation marker used post verb /kee/ (more common)
- Negation marker used pre-verb /see/ only used with ee or tee verbal particles
- Loose possession- used for actual ownership and some family relationships (possessed + n(a) + Possessor)
- Intimate possession – relation between parts/wholes and certain family relations
- Noki – frequent/habitual (always)
Notes
edit- ^ Mele-Fila at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Clark, Ross (1975). Mele Notes.[full citation needed]
- ^ Bedford, Stuart; Spriggs, Matthew (2008). "Northern Vanuatu as a Pacific Crossroads: The Archaeology of Discovery, Interaction, and the Emergence of the "Ethnographic Present"". Asian Perspectives. 47 (1): 95–120. doi:10.1353/asi.2008.0003. hdl:10125/17282. JSTOR 42928734.
- ^ a b c d e Clark 2011, p. 948.
- ^ a b c d Clark 2011, p. 949.
References
edit- Clark, Ross (1 June 2011). "Mele-Fila". In Tryon, Darrell T. (ed.). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 947–950. doi:10.1515/9783110884012.2.947. ISBN 978-3110884012.
Further reading
edit- Biggs, Bruce (1975). Mele-Fila Vocabulary.
- Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian languages. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University (ANU). hdl:1885/10191. ISBN 9781922185075.
- Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Mele-Fila language". World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- Yuko Otsuka (2005). "History of Polynesian Languages" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2006.
- "Vanuatu: History". The Commonwealth. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014.
- "Vanuatu". Nations Online Project.
External links
edit- Materials on Mele-Fila are included in the open access Arthur Capell collections (AC1 and AC2) held by Paradisec.