Khorasani Turkic

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Khorasani Turkic or Khorasani Turkish is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken in the North Khorasan Province and the Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Nearly all Khorasani Turkic speakers are also bilingual in Persian.[1]

Khorasani Turkic
خراسان تركچیسی, Xorasan Türkçesi
Khorasani Turkic written in the Persian script.
Native toIran
RegionNorth Khorasan[1]
EthnicityKhorasani Turks
Native speakers
400,000–900,000 (2015–2019)[2][1]
Persian alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3kmz
Glottologkhor1269
Khorasani Turkic is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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Geographic distribution

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Khorasani Turkic is spoken in the Iranian provinces of North Khorasan near Bojnord and Razavi Khorasan near Sabzevar, Quchan. The Oghuz dialect spoken in Western Uzbekistan is sometimes considered a dialect of Khorasani Turkic.[citation needed]

Dialects

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Khorasani Turkic is split into North, South and West dialects. The northern dialect is spoken in North Khorasan near Quchan; the southern in Soltanabad, near Sabzevar; the western, around Bojnord.

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Khorasani Turkic belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, which also includes Turkish, Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz, Qashqai, Turkmen and Salar.

Khorasani Turkic was first classified as a separate dialect by Iranian Azerbaijani linguist Javad Heyat in the book Tārikh-e zabān o lahcayā-ye Türki (History of the Turkic dialects).[3] According to some linguists, it should be considered intermediate linguistically between Azerbaijani and Turkmen, although it is sufficiently distinct not to be considered a dialect of either.[3] It is considered by Turkic scholars to be most closely related to the other Oghuz varieties spoken in Iran, and a close relationship with Turkmen has been disputed on the basis of the comparisons of the core set of agglutinating morphemes.[4]

Doerfer and Hesche classify Khorasani Turkic into different branches within the Oghuz languages.[5]

Oghuz
Central Oghuz

Southeastern Khorasani Turkish

Southern Oghuz

Northwestern Khorasani Turkish

Southwestern Khorasani Turkish

Eastern Oghuz

Northern Khorasani Turkish

Northeastern Khorasani Turkish

According to Robert Lindsay, Khorasani Turkic has four branches:[6]

Khorasani Turkic

Northwest Khorasani Turkic (Bojnurd (ru))

North-Northeast-Langar Khorasani Turkic

Southern Khorasani Turkic

Afshar

Glottolog lists seven distinct dialects:[7]

Khorasan Turkic

Langar

Northeast Khorasan Turkic

North Khorasan Turkic

Northwest Khorasan Turkic

Southeast Khorasan Turkic

South Khorasan Turkic

West Quchani

Phonology

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Consonants

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Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p t t͡ʃ k q
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x h
voiced v z ʒ ɣ
Flap ɾ
Approximant l j

Vowels

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Vowels
Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i y ɯ u
Mid e ø o
Open æ ɑ (ɒ)

All vowels have phonemic length distinction. The vowel /ɑ/ is rounded to [ɒ] when followed by the vowels /u/, /i/ (sho& long /oː/ (Muxabbat [muxɒbbɑt] "love" , Insan [insɒn] "human"). On the other hand, short /o/ & all the remaining vowels do not cause this rounding, not even the mid & close vowels /e ø ɯ y/ & their long counterparts. (Yoldaşlık [joldɑʃlɯk] "friendship"). /ɑ/ is always pronounced [ɑ] in plurals (& for some speakers, it is pronounced as such unconditionally)

Morphology

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Nouns

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Pluralization

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Pluralization is marked on nouns with the suffix /-lar/, which has the two forms /-lar/ and /-lær/, depending on vowel harmony. As mentioned in the phonology section, plural /ɑ/ is never rounded to [ɒ], even when it follows /u/, /oː/ or /i/.

Case

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Nouns in Khorasani Turkic take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and whether they follow a vowel or a consonant:

Case
After Vowels After Consonants
Nominative No Ending
Genitive niŋ/nin iŋ/in
Dative ja/jæ a/æ
Accusative ni/nɯ i/ɯ
Locative da/dæ
Ablative dan/dæn
Instrumental nan/næn

Possession

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Possession is marked with a suffix on the possessed noun.

Singular Plural
1st Person (I)m (I)mIz
2nd Person (I)ŋ (I)ŋIz
3rd Person (s)I lArI

Pronouns

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Khorasani Turkic has six personal pronouns. Occasionally, personal pronouns take different case endings from regular nouns.

Singular Plural
1st Person mæn bɯz
2nd Person sæn siz
3rd Person o olar

Verbs

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Verbs are declined for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number. The infinitive form of the verb ends in -max.

Examples

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Excerpt from Tulu (1989) p. 90
Translation IPA Romanization Arabic script (Iran)
Thus, there was a padishah named Ziyad. ɑl ɣæssa bir zijæːd pæːdiʃæːhiː bæːɾɨdɨ Al ğässa bir Ziyäd pädişähi bärıdı .ال غسا بیر زياد پدیشهی بـهریدی
Almighty God had given him no son. xodɒːʷændi æːlæm ona hit͡ʃ ɔɣul ataː elæmɑmiʃdi Xodavändi äläm ona hiç oğul ata elämamişdi. .خوداوندی آلم اونا هیچ اوغول اتا ایلهمامیشدی
Then, he spoke to his vizier: "O Vizier, I have no son. What shall I do about it?" bæːdæn vaziːɾæ dədi, ej vaziːɾ, mændæ ki ɔɣul joxdɨ, mæn t͡ʃaːɾæ ejlem Bädän vazirä dedi: "Ey vazir, mändä ki oğul yoxdı. Män nä çarä eylem?" بدن وازیره دهدی: «ای وازیر, منده کی اوغول یوخدی. من نه چاره ایولیم»؟
The vizier said: "Ruler of the whole world, what will you do with this possession?" vaziːɾ dedi, pɒːdiʃaː-i ɢɨblæ-ji ɒːlæm, sæn bu mɒːlɨ-æmwɒːlɨ næjlijæsæn Vazir dedi: "Padişai qıbläyi aläm, sän bu malıämvalı näyliyäsän?" وازیر دهدی: «پادیشای قیبلنهیی آلم, سن بو مالیموالی نیلیسن»؟

Writing system

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Khorasani Turkic is not often written, but it may be with the Persian alphabet in the Perso-Arabic script.[8]

Letter Romanization IPA
ا a /ɑ/, /æ/, /o/, /Ø/
ب b /b/
پ p /p/
ت t /t/
ث (s) /s/
ج x /d͡ʒ/
چ č /t͡ʃ/
ح (h) /h/
خ x /x/
د d /d/
ذ (z) /z/
ر r /r/
ز z /z/
ژ ž /ʒ/
س s /s/
ش ş /ʃ/
ص (s) /s/
ض (d) /d/
ط (t) /t/
ظ (z) /z/
ع ə, ‘ /æ/, /Ø/
غ ǧ /ɣ/
ف f /f/
ق q /q/
ک k /k/
گ g /ɡ/
ل l /l/
م m /m/
ن n /n~ŋ/
و w /v~w/, /o/, /ø/, /u/, /y/
ه h /h/
ی y, ı, i, e /j/, /ɯ/, /i/, /e/
ء ʿ /ʔ/
نگ ng /ŋ(g)/

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Khorasani Turkic at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ The Turkic Languages, By Lars Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató Johanson, page 13, Routledge, 2015
  3. ^ a b Sultan Tulu (1994). "Horasan Türkçesi ne İlgili Folklor Çalışmaları". Journal of Turkish Research Institute (in Turkish). 1: 48–51. ISSN 1300-9052. Wikidata Q122840179.
  4. ^ Christiane Bulut (4 November 2021), Turkic Languages of Iran, pp. 287–302, doi:10.4324/9781003243809-19, Wikidata Q122750094
  5. ^ Doerfer, Gerhard; Hesche, Wolfram (1993). Chorasantürkisch: Wörterlisten, Kurzgrammatiken, Indices. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03320-7.
  6. ^ Lindsay, Robert. Mutual Intelligibility Among the Turkic Languages. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  7. ^ "Glottolog 4.8 - Khorasan Turkic". glottolog.org. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  8. ^ "Khorasani Turkic alphabet, pronunciation and language".
Bibliography
  • Tulu, Sultan (1989). Chorasantürkische Materialien aus Kalāt bei Esfarāyen (in German). Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag. ISBN 3-922968-88-0.
  • Doerfer, Gerhard; Hesche, Wolfram (1993). Chorasantürkisch: Wörterlisten, Kurzgrammatiken, Indices. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03320-7.

Additional resources

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