Ḥarsūsī (Arabic: لغة حرسوسية) or Ḥersīyet[3] (pronunciation in Harsusi: [ħʌrsiːjət][4]) is a Semitic language of Oman, spoken by the Harasis people. It is classified as a moribund language,[5] with an estimated 600-1000 speakers in Jiddat al-Harasis, a stony desert in south-central Oman. It is closely related to Mehri.[6]
| Harsusi | |
|---|---|
| Harsiyyet | |
| Pronunciation | [ħʌrsiːjət][1] |
| Native to | Oman |
| Region | Jiddat al-Harasis, Dhofar Province |
Native speakers | 600 (2011)[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | hss |
| Glottolog | hars1241 |
| ELP | Ḥarsusi |
 | |
General information
editHarsusi first came to the attention of outside scholars in 1937, when it was mentioned by Bertram Thomas in his book Four Strange Tongues of South Arabia.[5] While certain scholars have claimed that Harsusi is a dialect of the more widely spoken Mehri language,[7] most maintain that they are mutually intelligible but separate languages.[6] Harsusi, like all the Modern South Arabian languages, is unwritten,[5] though there have been recent efforts to create a written form using an Arabic-based script.[8]
Because the Harasis people were for centuries the only human inhabitants of Jiddat al-Harasis, the language developed in relative isolation.[9] However, as most Harasis children now attend Arabic-language schools and are literate in Arabic, Harsusi is spoken less in the home, meaning that it is not being passed down to future generations.[5] Though the discovery of oil in the area and the conservation project for the re-introduced oryx herd have provided many job opportunities for Harsusi men,[6] these factors have also caused many Harasis to speak Arabic and Mehri in addition to or in place of Harsusi. Harry Stroomer wrote that it was "probably extinct" These pressures led one researcher to conclude in 1981 that "within a few generations Harsusi will be replaced by Arabic, more specifically by the Omani Arabic standard dialect"[10] though this has not yet materialized.
UNESCO has categorised Harsusi as a language that is "definitely endangered".[11]
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Dental | Lateral | Post- alveolar |
Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | t | k | ʔ | |||||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||||
| glottalized | tʼ | kʼ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | ħ | h |
| voiced | ð | z | ɮ | ɣ | (ʕ) | ||||
| glottalized | ðʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ||||||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||||
| Semivowel | l | j | w | ||||||
The pharyngeal consonant /ʕ/ only exists possibly because of the influence of Omani Arabic.
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | ə | o oː |
| Open | a aː |
In prominent open syllables or after a guttural (such as /h/, /ħ/, /x/ and /ɣ/), /ə/ is realized as /ʌ/. After a glottalized or lateral fricative consonant, /ə/ is realized as /ä/.[4]
Diphthongs may be realized as ay /æj/ and aw /ɑw/.
References
edit- ^ Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude. "Mehri and Hobyot Spoken in Oman and Yemen". Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
- ^ Harsusi at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ^ Johnstone 1977, p. 61.
- ^ a b Johnstone 1977, p. xv.
- ^ a b c d Morris, M. 2007. "The pre-literate, non-Arabic languages of Oman and Yemen. Archived 2015-03-08 at the Wayback Machine" Lecture conducted from Anglo-Omani and British-Yemeni Societies.
- ^ a b c Peterson, J.E. "Oman's Diverse Society: Southern Oman. Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine" In: Middle East Journal 58.2, 254-269.
- ^ Maisel, S., and Shoup, J. 2009. Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States. [permanent dead link] Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
- ^ Eades, D. "The documentation and ethnolinguistic analysis of Modern South Arabian: Harsusi. Archived 2015-07-07 at the Wayback Machine" Endangered Languages Archive.
- ^ Chatty, D. 2013. "Negotiating Authenticity and Translocality in Oman: The 'Desertscapes' of the Harasiis Tribe. Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine" In S. Wippel (ed.). Regionalizing Oman 6, 129-145. Springer Netherlands.
- ^ Swiggers, P. 1981. "A Phonological Analysis of the Ḥarsūsi Consonants." In: Arabica 28.2/3, 358-361.
- ^ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), "Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger", 2010.
- Johnstone, Thomas M. (1977). Ḥarsūsi Lexicon and English-Ḥarsūsi word-list. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713580-3.
Further reading
edit- Chatty, Dawn (2001). "Adapting to Multinational Oil Exploration: The Mobile Pastoralists of Oman". In Leder, Stefan; Streck, Bernhard (eds.). Mitteilungen des SFB Differenz und Integration: Nomadismus aus der Perspektiveder Begrifflichkeit. Centre for Oriental Studies (OWZ), Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. pp. 1–19.
- Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude (1997). "The Modern South Arabian Languages". In Hetzron, R. (ed.). The Semitic Languages (PDF). London: Routledge. pp. 378–423. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-05.
- Stroomer, Harry (2004). Harsusi Texts from Oman: Based on the Field Materials of T. M. Johnstone. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05097-5.
- Thomas, Bertram (1937). Four Strange Tongues from South Arabia: The Hadara Group. Proceedings of the British Academy. Vol. 23. London: H. Milford.
External links
edit- Ethnologue
- ELAR archive of Harsusi language documentation materials