Poincaré metric

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In mathematics, the Poincaré metric, named after Henri Poincaré, is the metric tensor describing a two-dimensional surface of constant negative curvature. It is the natural metric commonly used in a variety of calculations in hyperbolic geometry or Riemann surfaces.

There are three equivalent representations commonly used in two-dimensional hyperbolic geometry. One is the Poincaré half-plane model, defining a model of hyperbolic space on the upper half-plane. The Poincaré disk model defines a model for hyperbolic space on the unit disk. The disk and the upper half plane are related by a conformal map, and isometries are given by Möbius transformations. A third representation is on the punctured disk, where relations for q-analogues are sometimes expressed. These various forms are reviewed below.

Overview of metrics on Riemann surfaces

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A metric on the complex plane may be generally expressed in the form

 

where λ is a real, positive function of   and  . The length of a curve γ in the complex plane is thus given by

 

The area of a subset of the complex plane is given by

 

where   is the exterior product used to construct the volume form. The determinant of the metric is equal to  , so the square root of the determinant is  . The Euclidean volume form on the plane is   and so one has

 

A function   is said to be the potential of the metric if

 

The Laplace–Beltrami operator is given by

 

The Gaussian curvature of the metric is given by

 

This curvature is one-half of the Ricci scalar curvature.

Isometries preserve angles and arc-lengths. On Riemann surfaces, isometries are identical to changes of coordinate: that is, both the Laplace–Beltrami operator and the curvature are invariant under isometries. Thus, for example, let S be a Riemann surface with metric   and T be a Riemann surface with metric  . Then a map

 

with   is an isometry if and only if it is conformal and if

 .

Here, the requirement that the map is conformal is nothing more than the statement

 

that is,

 

Metric and volume element on the Poincaré plane

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The Poincaré metric tensor in the Poincaré half-plane model is given on the upper half-plane H as

 

where we write   and  . This metric tensor is invariant under the action of SL(2,R). That is, if we write

 

for   then we can work out that

 

and

 

The infinitesimal transforms as

 

and so

 

thus making it clear that the metric tensor is invariant under SL(2,R). Indeed,

 

The invariant volume element is given by

 

The metric is given by

 
 

for  

Another interesting form of the metric can be given in terms of the cross-ratio. Given any four points   and   in the compactified complex plane   the cross-ratio is defined by

 

Then the metric is given by

 

Here,   and   are the endpoints, on the real number line, of the geodesic joining   and  . These are numbered so that   lies in between   and  .

The geodesics for this metric tensor are circular arcs perpendicular to the real axis (half-circles whose origin is on the real axis) and straight vertical lines ending on the real axis.


Conformal map of plane to disk

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The upper half plane can be mapped conformally to the unit disk with the Möbius transformation

 

where w is the point on the unit disk that corresponds to the point z in the upper half plane. In this mapping, the constant z0 can be any point in the upper half plane; it will be mapped to the center of the disk. The real axis   maps to the edge of the unit disk   The constant real number   can be used to rotate the disk by an arbitrary fixed amount.

The canonical mapping is

 

which takes i to the center of the disk, and 0 to the bottom of the disk.

Metric and volume element on the Poincaré disk

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The Poincaré metric tensor in the Poincaré disk model is given on the open unit disk

 

by

 

The volume element is given by

 

The Poincaré metric is given by

 

for  

The geodesics for this metric tensor are circular arcs whose endpoints are orthogonal to the boundary of the disk. Geodesic flows on the Poincaré disk are Anosov flows; that article develops the notation for such flows.

The punctured disk model

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J-invariant in punctured disk coordinates; that is, as a function of the nome.
 
J-invariant in Poincare disk coordinates; note this disk is rotated by 90 degrees from canonical coordinates given in this article

A second common mapping of the upper half-plane to a disk is the q-mapping

 

where q is the nome and τ is the half-period ratio:

  .

In the notation of the previous sections, τ is the coordinate in the upper half-plane  . The mapping is to the punctured disk, because the value q=0 is not in the image of the map.

The Poincaré metric on the upper half-plane induces a metric on the q-disk

 

The potential of the metric is

 

Schwarz lemma

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The Poincaré metric is distance-decreasing on harmonic functions. This is an extension of the Schwarz lemma, called the Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem.

See also

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References

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  • Hershel M. Farkas and Irwin Kra, Riemann Surfaces (1980), Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN 0-387-90465-4.
  • Jurgen Jost, Compact Riemann Surfaces (2002), Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN 3-540-43299-X (See Section 2.3).
  • Svetlana Katok, Fuchsian Groups (1992), University of Chicago Press, Chicago ISBN 0-226-42583-5 (Provides a simple, easily readable introduction.)