Wikipedia

Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory

(Redirected from Human rights under the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant)

The condition of human rights in the territory controlled by the Islamic State (IS) is considered to be among the worst in the world.[1][2][3][4] The Islamic State's policies included acts of genocide,[5][6][7] torture[8][9] and slavery.[10][11] The United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) stated in November 2014 that the Islamic State "seeks to subjugate civilians under its control and dominate every aspect of their lives through terror, indoctrination, and the provision of services to those who obey". Many Islamic State actions of extreme criminality, terror, recruitment and other activities have been documented in the Middle East.[12]

The territories in Iraq and Syria, which was occupied by the Islamic State and claimed as part of its self-dubbed "Caliphate"[13] saw the creation of one of the most criminally active, corrupt and violent regimes in modern times, and it ruled that territory until its defeat.[14] IS murdered tens of thousands of civilians,[15] kidnapped several thousand people, and forced hundreds of thousands of others to flee. It systematically committed torture, mass rapes, forced marriages,[16] extreme acts of ethnic cleansing, mass murder, genocide, robbery, extortion, smuggling, slavery, kidnappings, and the use of child soldiers; in its implementation of strict interpretations of Sharia law which were based on ancient eighth-century methods, they carried out public "punishments"[17] such as beheadings, crucifixions, beatings, mutilation and dismemberment, the stoning of both children and adults, and the live burning of people. IS members committed rape against tens of thousands of girls and women (mainly members of non-Sunni minority groups and families).

Several human rights organizations and peace organizations, including Human Rights Watch, the United Nations and Amnesty International, have deemed IS guilty of crimes against humanity, and they have also accused the whole IS organization of being a criminal organization, one which has committed some of the most severe war crimes since World War II.[18][19]

UN's determinations

edit

A UN report released in 2014 stated that between 6 July and 10 September 2014, IS and allied insurgent groups launched violence in an "apparent systematic and widespread character" across Iraq. The report stated that these violent acts included forced abductions and perpetration of "sexual and physical violence" against women and children.[19]

In November 2014, the UN's Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic said that the Islamic State was committing crimes against humanity and that it "seeks to subjugate civilians under its control and dominate every aspect of their lives through terror, indoctrination, and the provision of services to those who obey."[20] In October 2015, the UN Human Rights Council "strongly condemn[ed] the terrorist acts and violence committed against civilians by the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Daesh), al-Nusrah Front and other extremist groups, and their continued gross, systematic and widespread abuses of human rights and violations of international humanitarian law, and reaffirm[ed] that terrorism, including the actions of the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Daesh), cannot and should not be associated with any religion, nationality or civilization."[21]

Statements by human rights groups

edit

A report by Human Rights Watch in November 2014 accused IS militants in Libya's Derna of war crimes and human rights abuses and of terrorizing residents. Human Rights Watch documented three apparent incidents in which captives were killed and at least ten public floggings by the Islamic Youth Shura Council, which joined IS in November. It also documented the beheading of three Derna residents and dozens of seemingly politically motivated assassinations of judges, public officials, members of the security forces and others. Sarah Leah Watson, Director of HRW Middle East and North Africa, said: "Commanders should understand that they may face domestic or international prosecution for the grave rights abuses their forces are committing."[22]

Various human rights groups and many Iraqi Turkmen themselves accused the Islamic State of carrying Anti-Turkish thoughts, which led to the Iraqi Turkmen genocide.[23][24]

Amnesty International has held IS responsible for the ethnic cleansing of ethnic and religious minority groups in northern Iraq on a "historic scale". It issued a special report in late 2014 describing how IS has "systematically targeted non-Arab and non-Sunni Muslim communities, killing or abducting hundreds, possibly thousands, and forcing more than 830,000 others to flee the areas it has captured since 10 June 2014". Among these people are Assyrian Christians, Turkmen Shia, Shabak Shia, Yazidis, Kaka'i and Mandaeans, who have lived together for centuries in Nineveh province, large parts of which became under IS's control.[25][26]

Genocide and other war crimes

edit

IS's crimes of murder, ethnic cleansing, enslavement and rape[27] against Shia,[28][29] Christian,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Yazidis[37][38] and various religious minorities within its territories were recognized as a genocide by the European Parliament and U.S. House of Representatives in 2014. In 2017, CNN journalists Jomana Karadsheh and Chris Jackson reported exclusively on the efforts by Commission for International Justice and Accountability (CIJA) to bring IS to justice of war crimes committed against Yazidis.[39] There are also many Sunni Muslim victims of IS.

One captured IS fighter boasted about raping over 200 women from Iraq's minority groups and killing over 500 people and claimed he was encouraged to do so by the leadership.[40]

On occasions, IS executed women who refused to have sex with its fighters.[41] In a briefing to the UN Security Council held on 10 May 2021, a UN investigative team stated that IS launched a genocide against Yazidis "as a religious group" during the Sinjar massacre, with the objective of eliminating them "physically and biologically".[42]

Religious and minority group massacres, forced conversion, and expulsion

edit

See also: Arabization, Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State, Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State, Yazidi genocide, Islamization, and Iraqi Turkmen genocide
 
Yazidi refugees on Mount Sinjar in August 2014

IS compels people in the areas that it controls to live according to its interpretation of sharia law.[43][44] There have been many reports of the group's use of death threats, torture and mutilation to compel conversion to Islam,[43][44] and of clerics being killed for refusal to pledge allegiance to the so-called "Islamic State".[45] IS directs violence against Shia Muslims, Alawites, Assyrian, Chaldean, Syriac and Armenian Christians, Yazidis, Druze, Shabaks and Mandeans in particular.[46]

IS fighters have targeted Syria's minority Alawite sect.[47][48] IS and affiliated jihadist groups reportedly took the lead in an offensive on Alawite villages in Latakia Governorate of Syria in August 2013.[49][50]

Amnesty International has held IS responsible for the ethnic cleansing of ethnic and religious minority groups in northern Iraq on a "historic scale", putting entire communities "at risk of being wiped off the map of Iraq". In a special report released on 2 September 2014, the organization described how IS had "systematically targeted non-Arab and non-Sunni Muslim communities, killing or abducting hundreds, possibly thousands, of individuals and forcing more than 830,000 others to flee the areas it has captured since 10 June 2014". Among these people were Assyrian Christians, Turkmen Shia, Shabak Shia, Kaka'i, Yazidis and Mandaeans, who have lived together for centuries in Nineveh province, large parts of which have come under IS's control.[26][51]

Among the known killings of religious and minority group civilians carried out by IS are those in the villages and towns of Quiniyeh (70–90 Yazidis killed), Hardan (60 Yazidis killed), Sinjar (500–2,000 Yazidis killed), Ramadi Jabal (60–70 Yazidis killed), Dhola (50 Yazidis killed), Khana Sor (100 Yazidis killed), Hardan area (250–300 Yazidis killed), al-Shimal (dozens of Yazidis killed), Khocho (400 Yazidis killed and 1,000 abducted), Jadala (14 Yazidis killed)[52] and Beshir (700 Shia Turkmen killed),[citation needed] and others committed near Mosul (670 Shia inmates of the Badush prison killed),[citation needed] and in Tal Afar prison, Iraq (200 Yazidis killed for refusing conversion).[52] The UN estimated that 5,000 Yazidis were killed by IS during the takeover of parts of northern Iraq in August 2014.[citation needed] In late May 2014, 150 Kurdish boys from Kobani aged 14–16 were abducted and subjected to torture and abuse, according to Human Rights Watch.[53] In the Syrian towns of Ghraneij, Abu Haman and Kashkiyeh 700 members of the Sunni Al-Shaitat tribe were killed for attempting an uprising against IS control.[54][55] The UN reported that in June 2014 IS had killed a number of Sunni Islamic clerics who refused to pledge allegiance to it.[45]

Christians living in areas under IS control face four options: converting to Islam, paying a religious levy called the jizya, leaving the caliphate, or death.[56][57] "We offer them three choices: Islam; the dhimma contract – involving payment of jizya; if they refuse this they will have nothing but the sword", IS said.[58] Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of IS till his 2019 demise, further noted that Christians who do not agree with those terms must "leave the borders of the Islamic Caliphate" within a specified deadline.[58] IS had already set similar rules for Christians in Raqqa, once one of Syria's more liberal cities.[59][60] However, on 29 March 2016, IS issued a decree preventing Christians and Armenians from leaving Raqqa.[61][62]

On 23 February 2015, in response to a major Kurdish offensive in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, IS abducted 150 Assyrian Christians from villages near Tal Tamr (Tell Tamer) in northeastern Syria, after launching a large offensive in the region.[63][64]

Kurdish officials have claimed that IS's campaign against Kurdish and Yezidi enclaves, such as Sinjar, are part of an organised Arabization plan.[65]

According to Iraqi security officials, Islamic State militants targeted a football ground, built near a Shiite shrine in the city of Kirkuk. They shot mortar rounds that killed six civilians and injured nine others, on August 24, 2019. In another attack day before, a bike equipped with explosives blasted near a mosque in Shia-majority area of Mussayyib, killing three people and wounding 34.[66]

Shia Muslims

edit
Main article: Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State

Despite being the religious majority in Iraq, Shia Muslims who predominantly inhabit the country's south were killed in large numbers by IS.[67] By June 2014, IS had already claimed to have killed 1,700 Shia Muslims.[67] IS, attempting to create a Sunni Muslim caliphate, has labelled all Shia Muslims infidels.[67] As a result, they have specifically targeted Shia communities.[68] According to witnesses, after the militant group took the city of Mosul, they divided the Sunni prisoners from the Shia prisoners.[68] 650 Shia prisoners were then taken to another location and executed.[68] Kurdish officials in Erbil have reported similar incidents where Sunni and Shia prisoners were separated and Shia prisoners were killed.[68] Sometimes, Shia were burned alive.[69]

Iraqi Turkmen

edit
Main article: Iraqi Turkmen genocide

Iraqi Turkmen generally never got involved in the Iraqi conflict until the Islamic State began a violent process of persecution against them. They had 200,000 Turkmen displaced, thousands killed, and hundreds still missing. The Iraqi Turkmen Front stated that the attacks on Turkmens were an ethnic cleansing attempt.[70]

Christians

edit
Further information: Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State

Iraqi Christians, the majority being the Chaldean Christians of northern Iraq, have also been targeted by IS.[67] The group warns Christians they must either convert to Islam, pay a fine, or face execution.[67] At one point, IS took over Qaraqosh, Iraq's largest Christian city.[67] Christians who fled the city reported summary executions and mass beheadings.[71] Some were kidnapped and held for ransom.[71] Others were publicly whipped for refusing to convert to Islam.[71] Many Christians were displaced, fleeing their villages to escape IS.[67] The group also systematically destroyed Christian churches and shrines.[72] IS fighters destroyed and vandalized many Christian monuments, and they have taken down crosses from the tops of churches, replacing them with IS flags.[73] They marked Christian homes with an Arabic "N" which stands for "Nasrane", a word used by Muslims to describe followers of the Christian faith.[71]

Yazidis

edit
See also: Yazidi genocide
 
Images from top, left and right: Yazidi refugees receiving support from the International Rescue Committee. A member of the U.S. Mt. Sinjar Assessment Team being greeted by locals near Sinjar, Iraq. Bundles of water inside a C-17 Globemaster III before a humanitarian airdrop by the United States Air Force

The persecution of Yazidis has been labelled a genocide. This religious sect was subjected to massacres, forced conversion, forced exile, rape,[74] torture, slavery, sexual slavery,[27] and forced conscription. There were numerous massacres in attacks on Yazidi villages. In many of the massacres, militants separated the men from the women.[75] Afterward, the men were lined up at checkpoints along the side of the road, shot, and bulldozed into mass graves.[75] Sometimes, men were also given the option of converting to Islam or being executed, so there were many instances of both forced conversions and killings for refusal to convert to IS's version of Islam.[75] Other Yazidi men were forced into Yazidi temples and blown up inside or taken into captivity.[75]

Yazidi women and children captives were often raped by multiple men, typically friends of their captors. They believed that if a woman is raped by ten IS fighters, she would become Muslim.[76] Many were also sold as sex slaves to IS fighters.[77] There are also reports that women forced into sex slavery were subjected to forced abortions.[76] Many of these captives tried to take their own lives.[78]

Sinjar Massacre
edit

The Sinjar massacre was the killing and abduction of thousands[79][80][81] of Yazidi men in Sinjar (Kurdish: شنگال Şingal) city and Sinjar District in Iraq's Nineveh Governorate by IS in August 2014. This event started with IS militants attacking and capturing Sinjar and neighboring towns on 3 August, during IS's offensive in early August 2014.

The New York Times reported on 7 August 2014 that IS had executed dozens of Yazidi men in Sinjar city and had taken their wives for unmarried jihadi fighters.[82] It was also reported that IS fighters executed over ten caretakers of Shia Sayeda Zeinab shrine in Sinjar before blowing it up.[83]

While the siege of Mount Sinjar was continuing, IS killed hundreds of Yazidis in at least six of the nearby villages. 250–300 men were killed in the village of Hardan, 200 between Adnaniya and Jazeera, 70–90 in Qiniyeh, and on the road out of al-Shimal witnesses reported seeing dozens of bodies.[84] Hundreds of others had also been killed for refusing to convert to Islam.[80]

On 15 August 2014, in the Yazidi village of Khocho, south of Sinjar, after the whole population had received the jihadist ultimatum to convert or be killed, over 80 men were killed.[85][86] A witness recounted that the villagers were first converted under duress,[87] but when the village elder refused to convert, all of the men were taken in trucks under the pretext of being led to Sinjar, and gunned down along the way. According to reports from survivors interviewed by OHCHR, on 15 August, the entire male population of the Yazidi village of Khocho, up to 400 men, were rounded up and shot by IS, and up to 1,000 women and children were abducted.[88][89]

On the same day, up to 200 Yazidi men were reportedly executed for refusing conversion in a Tal Afar prison.[84] The massacres took place at least until 25 August when IS executed 14 elderly Yazidi men in Sheikh Mand Shrine in Jidala, western Sinjar, and blew up the shrine there.[90]

40,000 or more Yazidis were trapped in the Sinjar Mountains and mostly surrounded by IS forces[91] who were firing on them.[92] They were largely without food, water or medical care, facing starvation and dehydration. Human Rights Watch organization reported in 2018 that IS captured approximately 6,300 Yazidis in Sinjar and forced Yazidi women into "a system of organized rape and sexual slavery".[4]

Death toll

edit

By 2014, a U.N. Human Rights commission estimated that 9,347[93] civilians had been murdered by IS in Iraq, then however; by 2016 a second report by the United Nations estimated 18,802[94] deaths. The Sinjar massacre in 2014 resulted in the killings of between 2,000[81][95] and 5,000[80] civilians.

Attacks on members of the press

edit

The Committee to Protect Journalists states: "Without a free press, few other human rights are attainable."[96] IS has tortured and murdered local journalists,[97][98] creating what Reporters Without Borders calls "news blackholes" in areas controlled by IS. IS fighters have reportedly been given written directions to kill or capture journalists.[99]

In December 2013, two suicide bombers stormed the headquarters of TV station Salaheddin and killed five journalists, after accusing the station of "distorting the image of Iraq's Sunni community". Reporters Without Borders reported that on 7 September 2014, IS seized and on 11 October publicly beheaded Raad al-Azzawi, a TV Salaheddin cameraman from the village of Samra, east of Tikrit.[100] As of October 2014, according to the Journalistic Freedoms Observatory, IS held nine journalists and has nine others under close observation in Mosul and Salahuddin province.[99]

During 2013 and part of 2014, an IS unit nicknamed the Beatles acquired and held 12 Western journalists hostage, along with aid workers and other foreign hostages, totalling 23 or 24 known hostages. A Polish journalist Marcin Suder was captured in July 2013 but escaped four months later.[101] The unit executed American journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff and released beheading videos. Eight of the other journalists were released for ransom: Danish journalist Daniel Rye Ottosen, French journalists Didier François, Edouard Elias, Nicolas Hénin, and Pierre Torres, and Spanish journalists Marc Marginedas, Javier Espinosa, and Ricardo García Vilanova. The unit continues to hold hostage British journalist John Cantlie and a female aid worker.[102]

Cyber-security group the Citizen Lab released a report finding a possible link between IS and a digital attack on the Syrian citizen media group Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently (RSS). Supporters of the media group received an emailed link to an image of supposed airstrikes, but clicking on the link introduced malware to the user's computer that sends details of the user's IP address and system each time it restarts. That information has been enough to allow IS to locate RSS supporters. "The group has been targeted for kidnappings, house raids, and at least one alleged targeted killing. At the time of that writing, IS was allegedly holding several citizen journalists in Raqqa", according to the Citizen Lab report.[103]

On 8 January 2015, IS members in Libya claimed to have executed Tunisian journalists Sofiene Chourabi and Nadhir Ktari who disappeared in September 2014.[104] Also in January 2015, Japanese journalist Kenji Goto was kidnapped and beheaded, after a demand for a $200 million ransom payment was not met.[105]

Beheadings and mass executions

edit
Main article: Islamic State beheading incidents
See also: Beheading video and Beheading in Islamism

An unknown number of Syrians and Iraqis, several Lebanese soldiers, male and female Kurdish fighters near Kobanî, two American journalists, one American and two British aid workers, 30 Ethiopian Christians[106] and 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in Libya[107] were beheaded by IS. The militant group uses beheadings to intimidate local populations and has released a series of propaganda videos aimed at Western countries.[108] IS was reported to have beheaded about 100 foreign fighters as deserters who tried to leave Raqqa.[109]

They also engage in public and mass executions of Syrian and Iraqi soldiers and civilians,[47] sometimes forcing prisoners to dig their own graves before shooting lines of prisoners and pushing them in.[110][111] Among the known mass executions of captured soldiers carried out by IS are those in Tikrit (IS executed up to 1,700 Shia Iraqi Air Force cadets from Camp Speicher near Tikrit on 12 June 2014),[112][113] Al-Thawrah (IS executed 250 Syrian soldiers captured at the Al-Tabqa air base between 27 and 28 August 2014),[114] Palmyra (up to 280 Syrian soldiers and government loyalists were shot in the head or beheaded in a public square on 22 May 2015),[115] and Deir ez-Zor (IS killed at least 300 Syrian soldiers, pro-government militiamen and their families on 16 January 2016).[116]

IS executed 600 Shia prisoners in Mosul in June 2014.[117] In November 2014, there were reports that IS fighters massacred more than 630 members of the Albu Nimr tribe in Iraq. Albu Nimr was one of the Sunni Arab tribes that fiercely opposed IS.[118] On 17 December 2014, it was reported by Turkish media, that IS had executed at least 150 women from the Albu Nimr tribe in Falluja for refusing to marry IS militants.[119]

Use of chemical weapons

edit
 
A destroyed IS chemical weapons factory in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria, 9 March 2017
Further information: Use of chemical weapons in the Iraqi civil war and Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war

In 2014, the Islamic State launched a program to manufacture chemical weapons with chlorine and a World War I-era toxin which is known as sulfur mustard.[120] Kurds in northern Iraq reported that IS attacked them with chemical weapons in August 2015,[121] which was later confirmed to be mustard gas.[122] At Kobanî, it is highly likely that IS used chlorine gas. These chemical weapons may have been from a chemical weapons storage site at Al-Muthanna, which contained 2,500 chemical rockets. Although the rockets' chemical contents were deteriorated, IS may have used them in a concentrated manner.[123]

Destruction of cultural and religious heritage

edit
Main article: Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State

UNESCO's Director-General Irina Bokova has warned that IS is destroying Iraq's cultural heritage, in what she has called "cultural cleansing". "We don't have time to lose because extremists are trying to erase the identity, because they know that if there is no identity, there is no memory, there is no history", she said. Referring to the ancient cultures of Christians, Yazidis and other minorities, she said, "This is a way to destroy identity. You deprive them of their culture, you deprive them of their history, their heritage, and that is why it goes hand in hand with genocide. Along with the physical persecution they want to eliminate – to delete – the memory of these different cultures ... we think this is appalling, and this is not acceptable."[124] Saad Eskander, head of Iraq's National Archives said, "For the first time you have cultural cleansing... For the Yazidis, religion is oral, nothing is written. By destroying their places of worship... you are killing cultural memory. It is the same with the Christians – it really is a threat beyond belief."[125]

 
Temple of Bel in Palmyra, which was destroyed by IS in August 2015

To finance its activities, IS stole artefacts from Syria[126] and Iraq, sending them to Europe to be sold. UNESCO has asked for United Nations Security Council controls on the sale of antiquities, similar to those imposed after the 2003 Iraq War. UNESCO is working with Interpol, national customs authorities, museums, and major auction houses in attempts to prevent looted items from being sold.[125] IS occupied Mosul Museum, the second most important museum in Iraq, as it was about to reopen after years of rebuilding following the Iraq War, saying that the statues were against Islam and threatening to destroy the museum's contents.[127][128]

IS considers worshipping at graves tantamount to idolatry, and seeks to purify the community of unbelievers. It has used bulldozers to crush buildings and archaeological sites.[128] Bernard Haykel has described al-Baghdadi's creed as "a kind of untamed Wahhabism", saying, "For Al Qaeda, violence is a means to an ends [sic]; for ISIS, it is an end in itself".[129] The destruction by IS in July 2014 of the tomb and shrine of the prophet Yunus – Jonah in Christianity – the 13th-century mosque of Imam Yahya Abu al-Qassimin, the 14th-century shrine of prophet Jerjis – St George to Christians – and the attempted destruction of the Hadba minaret at the 12th-century Great Mosque of Al-Nuri have been described as "an unchecked outburst of extreme Wahhabism".[citation needed] "There were explosions that destroyed buildings dating back to the Assyrian era", said National Museum of Iraq director Qais Rashid, referring to the destruction of the shrine of Yunus. He cited another case where "Daesh [IS] gathered over 1,500 manuscripts from convents and other holy places and burnt all of them in the middle of the city square".[130] In March 2015, IS reportedly bulldozed the 13th-century BC Assyrian city of Nimrud, believing its sculptures to be idolatrous. UNESCO head, Irina Bokova, deemed this to be a war crime.[131]

IS has burned or stolen collections of books and papers from the various locations including the Central Library of Mosul (which they rigged with explosives and burned down),[132] the library at the University of Mosul, a Sunni Muslim library, a 265-year-old Latin Church and Monastery of the Dominican Fathers, and the Mosul Museum Library. Some destroyed or stolen works date back to 5000 BCE and include "Iraq newspapers dating to the early 20th century, maps and books from the Ottoman Empire, and book collections contributed by about 100 of Mosul's establishment families." The stated goal is to destroy all non-Islamic books.

An investigation led by the Human Rights Watch disclosed that Al-Hota gorge that was once a beautiful natural site in northeastern Syria is used by IS as a disposal ground for the bodies of people killed by them. The HRW investigation involved analysis of evidence such as, IS videos, interviews with locals, along with satellite images and drone footages of the gorge.[133]

Treatment of civilians

edit
See also: Killing of captives by the Islamic State and Mass executions in Islamic State-occupied Mosul

During the Iraqi conflict in 2014, IS released dozens of videos showing its ill treatment of civilians, many of whom had apparently been targeted on the basis of their religion or ethnicity. Navi Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, warned of war crimes being committed in the Iraqi war zone, and disclosed a UN report of IS militants murdering Iraqi Army soldiers and 17 civilians in a single street in Mosul. The UN reported that in the 17 days from 5 to 22 June, IS killed more than 1,000 Iraqi civilians and injured more than 1,000.[134][135][136] After IS released photographs of its fighters shooting scores of young men, the UN declared that cold-blooded "executions" by militants in northern Iraq almost certainly amounted to war crimes.[137]

IS's advance in Iraq in mid-2014 was accompanied by continuing violence in Syria. On 29 May, IS raided a village in Syria and at least 15 civilians were killed, including, according to Human Rights Watch, at least six children.[138] A hospital in the area confirmed that it had received 15 bodies on the same day.[139] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that on 1 June, a 102-year-old man was killed along with his whole family in a village in Hama province.[140] According to Reuters, 1,878 people were killed in Syria by IS during the last six months of 2014, most of them civilians.[141]

During its occupation of Mosul, IS implemented a sharia school curriculum which banned the teaching of art, music, national history, literature and Christianity. Although Charles Darwin's theory of evolution has never been taught in Iraqi schools, that subject was also banned from the school curriculum. Patriotic songs were declared blasphemous, and orders were given to remove certain pictures from school textbooks.[142][143][144][145] Iraqi parents largely boycotted schools in which the new curriculum was introduced.[146]

After capturing cities in Iraq, IS issued guidelines on how to wear clothes and veils. IS warned women in the city of Mosul to wear full-face veils or face severe punishment.[147] A cleric told Reuters in Mosul that IS gunmen had ordered him to read out the warning in his mosque when worshippers gathered. IS ordered the faces of both male and female mannequins to be covered, in an order which also banned the use of naked mannequins.[148] In Raqqa the group used its two battalions of female fighters in the city to enforce compliance by women with its strict laws on individual conduct.[149]

IS released 16 notes labelled "Contract of the City", a set of rules aimed at civilians in Nineveh. One rule stipulated that women should stay at home and not go outside unless necessary. Another rule said that stealing would be punished by amputation.[150][151] In addition to banning the sale and use of alcohol, IS banned the sale and use of cigarettes and hookah pipes. It also banned "music and songs in cars, at parties, in shops and in public, as well as photographs of people in shop windows".[152]

According to The Economist, the group also adopted certain practices seen in Saudi Arabia, including the establishment of religious police to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at daily prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction of Christian churches and non-Sunni mosques or their conversion to other uses.[153]

IS carried out executions on both men and women who were accused of various acts and found guilty of crimes against Islam such as sodomy,[154] adultery, usage and possession of contraband, rape, blasphemy, witchcraft,[155] renouncing Islam and murder. Before the accused were executed, their charges were read to them and the spectators. Executions take various forms, including stoning to death, crucifixions, beheadings, burning people alive, and throwing people from tall buildings.[156][157][158][159] The Islamic State in Iraq frequently carried out mass executions in Mosul and Hawija.

The Islamic State militants were accused of using civilian residents of towns as human shields.[160] The Telegraph reported that "Extremist fighters are deliberately hiding among civilian buildings and residents to try to prevent strikes."[161][162] Civil rights activist told ARA News that "ISIS militants prevent the people of Manbij and Jarablus from leaving their hometowns despite the fierce airstrikes by Russian warplanes".[163] The use of human shields and executions of civilians who tried to flee continued in Iraq right through until the group lost is final major urban territory there after its defeat in the Battle for Mosul in July 2017.[164]

In August 2019, the terror group claimed responsibility of the suicide bomb attack in a crowded wedding hall in Kabul. It marked one of the most devastating attacks on civilians in years of conflict and terror, where nearly 63 people died and more than 180 were wounded.[165]

Child soldiers

edit
See also: Military use of children

According to a report by the magazine Foreign Policy, children as young as six are recruited or kidnapped and sent to military and religious training camps, where they practice beheading with dolls and are indoctrinated with the religious views of IS.[166] Children are used as human shields on front lines and to provide blood transfusions for Islamic State soldiers,[166] according to Shelly Whitman of the Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative. The second installment of a Vice News documentary about IS focused on how the group is specifically grooming children for the future. A spokesman told VICE News that those under the age of 15 go to sharia camp to learn about religion, while those older than 16 can go to military training camp.[166] Children are also used for propaganda. According to a UN report, "In mid-August, IS entered a cancer hospital in Mosul, forced at least two sick children to hold the IS flag and posted the pictures on the internet." Misty Buswell, a Save the Children representative working with refugees in Jordan, said, "It's not an exaggeration to say we could lose a whole generation of children to trauma."[167] A UN report indicated that at least 89 children, mostly from the ages of 12 to 16 had been killed fighting for the Islamic State in 2015, 39% of which died in suicide bombing attacks.[168] Der Spiegel estimated in 2016 that 1,500 boys were serving as child soldiers for IS.[166] It was reported that on 12 March 2017, IS used 6 child suicide bombers against the Syrian Army soldiers besieged in Deir ez-Zor.[169]

Sexual violence and slavery

edit
Further information: Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency and Slavery in 21st-century Islamism
See also: Islamic views on slavery, Ma malakat aymanukum, Raptio, and Wartime sexual violence

The sexual violence which was perpetrated by IS included its use of rape as a weapon of war;[170] instituting forced marriages to its fighters;[171] and trading women and girls as sex slaves.[172]

There are many reports of sexual abuse and enslavement in IS-controlled areas of women and girls, predominantly from the minority Christian and Yazidi communities.[173][174] Fighters were told that they were free to have sex with or rape non-Muslim captive women.[175] Haleh Esfandiari from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has highlighted the abuse of local women by IS militants after they have captured an area. "They usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them. The younger girls ... are raped or married off to fighters", she said, adding, "It's based on temporary marriages, and once these fighters have had sex with these young girls, they just pass them on to other fighters."[176] The three winners of a June 2015 Quran-memorization contest in Mosul were given sex slaves as prizes.[177]

The capture of Iraqi cities by the group in June 2014 was accompanied by an upsurge in crimes against women, including kidnap and rape.[178][179][180] According to Martin Williams in The Citizen, some hard-line Salafists apparently regard extramarital sex with multiple partners as a legitimate form of holy war and it is "difficult to reconcile this with a religion where some adherents insist that women must be covered from head to toe, with only a narrow slit for the eyes".[181]

As of August 2015, the trade in sex slaves appeared to remain restricted to Yazidi women and girls.[172] It has reportedly become a recruiting technique to attract men from conservative Muslim societies, where dating and casual sex are not allowed.[172] Nazand Begikhani said of the Yazidi victims, "These women have been treated like cattle ... They have been subjected to physical and sexual violence, including systematic rape and sex slavery. They've been exposed in markets in Mosul and in Raqqa, Syria, carrying price tags."[182] According to UN Reports, the price list for IS sex slaves ranged from 40 to 160 US dollars. The younger the slave the more expensive. Girls and boys between the age 1–9 were referred to as the most expensive, with the cheapest being women between 40 and 50 years old.[183] According to another source, the price of a slave equals the price of an AK-47.[184]

A United Nations report issued on 2 October 2014, based on 500 interviews with witnesses, said that IS took 450–500 women and girls to Iraq's Nineveh region in August, where "150 unmarried girls and women, predominantly from the Yazidi and Christian communities, were reportedly transported to Syria, either to be given to ISIL fighters as a reward or to be sold as sex slaves".[174] In mid-October, the UN confirmed that 5,000–7,000 Yazidi women and children had been abducted by IS and sold into slavery.[185] In November 2014 The New York Times reported on the accounts given by five who escaped IS of their captivity and abuse.[186] In December 2014, the Iraqi Ministry of Human Rights announced that IS had killed over 150 women and girls in Fallujah who refused to participate in sexual jihad.[187] Non-Muslim women have reportedly been married off to fighters against their will. IS claims the women provide the new converts and children necessary to spread IS's control.[188]

Shortly after the death of US hostage Kayla Mueller was confirmed on 10 February 2015,[189] several media outlets reported that the US intelligence community believed she may have been given as a wife to an IS fighter.[190][191][192] In August 2015 it was confirmed that she had been forced into marriage[193] to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who raped her repeatedly.[194][193][195] The Mueller family was informed by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that al-Baghdadi had sexually abused Ms. Mueller, and that Ms. Mueller had also been tortured.[195] Abu Sayyaf's widow, Umm Sayyaf, confirmed that it was her husband who had been Mueller's primary abuser.[196]

In its digital magazine Dabiq, IS explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women.[197][198][199] According to The Wall Street Journal, IS appeals to apocalyptic beliefs and claims "justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world".[200] IS appeals to the hadith and Quran when claiming the right to enslave and rape captive non-Muslim women.[197][201][202] According to Dabiq, "enslaving the families of the kuffar and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Sharia's that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Quran and the narration of the Prophet ... and thereby apostatizing from Islam." Captured Yazidi women and children are divided among the fighters who captured them, with one-fifth taken as a tax.[202][203] IS has received widespread criticism from Muslim scholars and others in the Muslim world for using part of the Quran to derive a ruling in isolation, rather than considering the entire Quran and hadith.[197][201][202] According to Mona Siddiqui, IS's "narrative may well be wrapped up in the familiar language of jihad and 'fighting in the cause of Allah', but it amounts to little more than destruction of anything and anyone who doesn't agree with them"; she describes IS as reflecting a "lethal mix of violence and sexual power" and a "deeply flawed view of manhood".[188] Dabiq describes "this large-scale enslavement" of non-Muslims as "probably the first since the abandonment of Shariah law".[202][203] In an article in a 2015 issue of the Islamic State magazine Dabiq, (quoted by author Graeme Wood) someone calling herself Umm Summayah al Muhajirah indignantly berated supporters of the Islamic State who had denied the use of slavery by Islamic State:

The [opponents of the Islamic State] dare to extend their tongues with false rumours and accusations so as to disfigure the great Shariah ruling and pure prophetic Sunnah titled "saby" [enslavement of girls]? After all this, saby becomes fornication and tasarri [concubinage] becomes rape? If only we'd heard these falsehoods from the kuffar [infidels] who are ignorant of our religion. Instead we hear it from those associated with our Ummah! So I say in astonishment: Are our people awake or asleep? But what really alarmed me was that some of the Islamic State supporters (may Allah forgive them) rushed to defend the Islamic State [by] denying the matter as if the soldiers of the Khilafah had committed a mistake or evil.[204]

 
YJÊ are women fighters trained by the Kurdish Workers Party guerillas to defend themselves against Islamist extremists.

In late 2014, IS released a pamphlet that focused on the treatment of female slaves.[205] It claims that the Quran allows fighters to have sex with captives, including adolescent girls, and to beat slaves as discipline. The pamphlet's guidelines also allow fighters to trade slaves, including for sex, as long as they have not been impregnated by their owners.[205][206] Charlie Winter, a researcher at the counter-extremist think tank Quilliam, described the pamphlet as "abhorrent".[206][207] In response to this document Abbas Barzegar, a religion professor at Georgia State University, said Muslims around the world find IS's "alien interpretation of Islam grotesque and abhorrent".[208] Muslim leaders and scholars from around the world have rejected the validity of IS's claims, claiming that the reintroduction of slavery is un-Islamic, that they are required to protect "People of the Scripture" including Christians, Jews, Muslims and Yazidis, and that IS's fatwas are invalid due to their lack of religious authority and the fatwas' inconsistency with Islam.[209][210]

The Independent reported in 2015 that the usage of Yazidi sex slaves had created ongoing friction among fighters within IS. Sajad Jiyad, a Research Fellow and Associate Member at the Iraqi Institute for Economic Reform, told the newspaper that many IS supporters and fighters had been in denial about the trafficking of kidnapped Yazidi women until a Dabiq article justifying the practice was published.[211][212] The New York Times said in August 2015 that "[t]he systematic rape of women and girls from the Yazidi religious minority has become deeply enmeshed in the organization and the radical theology of the Islamic State in the year since the group announced it was reviving slavery as an institution."[172] The article claims that IS is not merely exonerating but sacralising rape, and illustrated this with the testimony of escapees. One 15-year-old victim said that, while she was being assaulted, her rapist "kept telling me this is ibadah"; a 12-year-old victim related how her assailant claimed that, "by raping me, he is drawing closer to Allah";[172] and one adult prisoner told how, when she challenged her captor about repeatedly raping a 12 year old, she was met with the retort, "No, she's not a little girl, she's a slave and she knows exactly how to have sex and having sex with her pleases Allah."[172]

In July 2016 it was reported by an AP investigation that IS was using mobile apps like Telegram to sell their sex slaves and identify the slaves of other IS members at checkpoints.[213] In 2016, the Commission for International Justice and Accountability said they had identified 34 senior IS members who were instrumental in the systematic sex slave trade and planned to prosecute them after the end of hostilities.[214]

Slave trade

edit
See also: History of slavery § Islamic State slave trade, Yazidi genocide § Sexual slavery and reproductive violence, Sexual slavery § Middle East, Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency, Islamic views on slavery, and Slavery in 21st-century Islamism

The Islamic State announced the revival of slavery as an institution.[215] In 2015, the official prices for slaves which were set by IS were the following:[216][217]

  • Children aged 1 to 9 were sold for 200,000 dinars ($169).
  • Women and children 10 to 20 years old for 150,000 dinars ($127).
  • Women 20 to 30 years old for 100,000 dinar ($85).
  • Women 30 to 40 years old for 75,000 dinar ($63).
  • Women 40 to 50 years old for 50,000 dinar ($42).

However, some slaves were sold for as little as a pack of cigarettes.[218] Sex slaves were sold to Saudi Arabia, other Persian Gulf countries and Turkey.[219]

LGBT rights

edit
Main article: Persecution of gay and bisexual men by the Islamic State
Further information: LGBT in Islam

Allegations of organ trafficking

edit

The group released a fatwa in which it permitted the removal of organs from non-Muslim captives.[220] The document says that "The apostate's life and organs don't have to be respected and may be taken with impunity."[220] The document seems to define apostate as non-Muslim though Shia Muslim captives may also be endangered by the fatwa due to IS's extreme interpretation of Islam.[220] The document also claims IS authorizes the removal of organs from captives even when it may kill them.[220] Iraq has accused the group of harvesting human organs for profit.[220]

Exploitation of natural disaster events

edit

ISIS was reported for exploiting the brutal 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake event for its propaganda content that considered violating earthquake victim rights, inappropriate with contemporary sciences, verbal "frontier justice" action, "opportunity in adversity" — told it as "God's (Allah) rage against Turkey for renounced Sharia laws, replaced it with unbeliever (Kuffar) laws and enforced it, adopted unbeliever lifestyles, declared war against ISIS and allied with the army of unbelievers (NATO)" in its propaganda narrative.[221]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "ISIS Fast Facts". CNN. September 6, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  2. ^ "FN: IS har begått ohyggliga brott mot mänskligheten". Omni (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  3. ^ Puppincck, Gregor (October 2017). "ISIS Crimes: Justice Must Be Done!". European Centre for Law & Justice. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  4. ^ a b Wille, Belkis (August 3, 2018). "Four Years on, Evidence of ISIS Crimes Lost to Time". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  5. ^ Bell, Stewart (June 5, 2019). "RCMP Explores Crimes Against Humanity Charges for Canadian ISIS Members". Global News. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  6. ^ "UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria: ISIS is Committing Genocide Against the Yazidis". United Nations Human Rights Council. June 16, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  7. ^ ""They Came to Destroy": ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis". Peace Women. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  8. ^ Moore, Jack (August 15, 2017). "ISIS Torture Methods Revealed: Sitting With Severed Heads, Fuel Dousing and The 'Flying Carpet'". Newsweek. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  9. ^ Saidova, Maftuna (June 25, 2018). "Rebuilding Iraq Should Include Mental Health Care for Yazidi Survivors". Global Justice Center. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  10. ^ "Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the human rights situation in Iraq in the light of abuses committed by the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant and associated groups". Human Rights Council. March 13, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  11. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini; Rossback, Andrew (April 4, 2018). "Extreme Brutality and Detailed Record-Keeping". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  12. ^ "Rule of Terror: Living under ISIS in Syria" (PDF). United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  13. ^ Chulov, Martin (March 24, 2019). "The Rise and Fall of the Isis 'Caliphate'". The Guardian. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  14. ^ Houry, Nadim (February 5, 2019). "Bringing ISIS to Justice: Running Out of Time?". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  15. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (2014-10-02). "Islamic State committing 'staggering' crimes in Iraq: U.N. report". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  16. ^ "Iraq's Criminal Laws Preclude Justice for Women and Girls". Global Justice Center. March 26, 2018. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  17. ^ Speckhard, Anne (24 January 2019). "The Punishments of the Islamic State – ICSVE". Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  18. ^ "ISIS | Human Rights Watch". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  19. ^ a b "UN accuses Islamic State of 'gross rights abuses'". BBC News. 2014-10-02. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  20. ^ Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic: Rule of Terror: Living under ISIS in Syria, 14 November 2014. "Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arabic Republic". November 14, 2014. Archived from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  21. ^ Human Rights Council Resolution 30/10. The grave and deteriorating human rights and humanitarian situation in the Syrian Arab Republic, 1 October 2015.
  22. ^ "Libya: Extremists Terrorizing Derna Residents". Human Rights Watch. 27 November 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  23. ^ "Iraqi MP: ISIS killed hundreds and displaced thousands of Turkmens". Daily Sabah. 2015-07-28. Archived from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  24. ^ "ISIS genocide of Yezidis and Christians – Department of Information Technology, KRG". us.gov.krd. Archived from the original on 2023-01-25. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  25. ^ "Iraq crisis: Islamic State accused of ethnic cleansing". BBC News. 2 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  26. ^ a b "DOCUMENT – IRAQ: ETHNIC CLEANSING ON HISTORIC SCALE: THE ISLAMIC STATE'S SYSTEMATIC TARGETING OF MINORITIES IN NORTHERN IRAQ". Amnesty International. September 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  27. ^ a b Callimachi, Rukmini (2015-08-13). "ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  28. ^ "Remarks on Daesh and Genocide". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  29. ^ Amanda Holpuch (17 March 2016). "John Kerry: Isis is committing genocide in Syria and Iraq". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  30. ^ Moore, Jack (February 4, 2016). "European Parliament Recognizes ISIS Killing of Religious Minorities as Genocide". Newsweek. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  31. ^ Kaplan, Michael (February 4, 2016). "ISIS Genocide Against Christians, Yazidis? European Parliament Recognizes Islamic State Targeting Religious Minorities". International Business Times. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016. The European Parliament characterized the persecution as "genocide" Thursday.
  32. ^ JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION Archived 2017-10-12 at the Wayback Machine, European Parliament
  33. ^ MEPs call for urgent action to protect religious minorities against ISIS Archived 2017-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, European Parliament
  34. ^ Bruton, F. Brinley (March 17, 2016). "Kerry: ISIS Is Committing Genocide Against Yazidis, Christians and Shiite Muslims". NBC News. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  35. ^ House Unanimously Passes Fortenberry ISIS Genocide Resolution Archived 2018-12-23 at the Wayback Machine, Mar 15, 2016
  36. ^ "Isis is committing genocide against Yazidis and Christians, British MPs unanimously declare". Independent.co.uk. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  37. ^ Gonzalez, David (2016-11-30). "Documenting the Genocide of Iraq's Yazidis". Lens Blog. Archived from the original on 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  38. ^ "UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria: ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis". United Nations - Office of the High Commissioner. 16 June 2016.
  39. ^ Jackson, Jomana Karadsheh,Chris (2017-10-11). "Fighting to bring ISIS to justice for war crimes against Yazidis". CNN. Retrieved 2022-03-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ "Captive Islamic State militant says mass rapes were 'normal'". Reuters. 2017-02-17. Archived from the original on 2018-07-24. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  41. ^ "Isis burns 19 women alive for rejecting sex slavery". The Independent. 2016-06-06. Archived from the original on 2018-03-14. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  42. ^ "ISIL committed genocide against Yazidis: UN investigation". Al Jazeera. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021.
  43. ^ a b McCoy, Terrence (13 June 2013). "ISIL, beheadings and the success of horrifying violence". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  44. ^ a b Bulos, Nabih (20 June 2014). "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria aims to recruit Westerners with video". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  45. ^ a b Zarocostas, John (8 July 2014). "U.N.: Islamic State executed imam of mosque where Baghdadi preached". McClatchyDC. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  46. ^ Abi-Habib, Maria (26 June 2014). "Iraq's Christian Minority Feels Militant Threat". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  47. ^ a b "ISIS reportedly massacres dozens in Syrian village". CBS News. Associated Press. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  48. ^ "Turkey's Arab Alawites stand at a crossroads". The National. 6 December 2014. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  49. ^ Sherlock, Ruth (11 August 2013). "Syrian rebels accused of sectarian murders". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019. Hundreds of Alawite civilians have been killed, kidnapped or have disappeared during a rebel offensive on President Bashar al-Assad's heartland province of Latakia, local residents have reported.
  50. ^ "Syria: Executions, Hostage Taking by Rebels". Human Rights Watch. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  51. ^ "Iraq crisis: Islamic State accused of ethnic cleansing". BBC News. 2 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  52. ^ a b Report on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in Iraq: 6 July – 10 September 2014 (PDF) (Report). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  53. ^ Lucas, Ryan (4 November 2014). "ISIS Tortured Kurdish Children Captured in Kobani: Group". HuffPost. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  54. ^ "Islamic State group 'executes 700' in Syria". Al Jazeera. 17 August 2014. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  55. ^ Sly, Liz (20 October 2014). "Syria tribal revolt against Islamic State ignored, fueling resentment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  56. ^ van Tets, Fernande (7 August 2014). "Isis takes Iraq's largest Christian town as residents told – 'leave, convert or die'". Independent. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  57. ^ Jadallah, Ahmed (18 July 2014). "Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  58. ^ a b "Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians". Reuters. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019. It said that Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, which the group has now named Caliph Ibrahim, had set a Saturday deadline for Christians who did not want to stay and live under those terms to "leave the borders of the Islamic Caliphate". "After this date, there is nothing between us and them but the sword," it said.
  59. ^ Abedine, Saad; Mullen, Jethro (28 February 2014). "Islamists in Syrian city offer Christians safety – at a heavy price". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  60. ^ Hubbard, Ben (23 July 2014). "Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  61. ^ "ISIS Bans Armenians and All Christians from Leaving Raqqa". MassisPost. April 1, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  62. ^ "Armenians and other Christians in Syria's Raqqa Banned to Leave the City by Extremists". ArmenPres. April 1, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  63. ^ Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (23 February 2015). "Islamic State in Syria abducts at least 150 Christians". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017.
  64. ^ "Islamic State 'abducts dozens of Christians in Syria'". BBC. 23 February 2015. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  65. ^ Neurink, Judit (29 December 2014). "Kurdish official: ISIS Capture of Shingal 'was part of Arabization campaign'". Rudaw. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  66. ^ "Daesh attacks kill nine in Iraq over weekend". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g "Which groups are under threat by ISIS in Iraq?". CNN. 8 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-01-27. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  68. ^ a b c d Harding, Luke; Irbil, Fazel Hawramy in (25 August 2014). "Isis accused of ethnic cleansing as story of Shia prison massacre emerges". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  69. ^ "21+ WARNING: ISIS Burns Four Iraqi Shi'ite Fighters Alive (VERY GRAPHIC)". TLVFaces. 2015-08-31. Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  70. ^ "Iraqi MP: ISIS killed hundreds and displaced thousands of Turkmens". Daily Sabah. 2015-07-28. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  71. ^ a b c d Griswold, Eliza (2015-07-22). "Is This the End of Christianity in the Middle East?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  72. ^ "ISIL 'kidnaps scores of Christians' in Syria's Homs". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  73. ^ "Isis is trying to destroy all traces of Christianity in Mosul". The Independent. 17 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  74. ^ "Iraq: ISIS Escapees Describe Systematic Rape". Human Rights Watch. 2015-04-14. Archived from the original on 2019-06-12. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  75. ^ a b c d "Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms". Telegraph.co.uk. 14 October 2014. Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  76. ^ a b "ISIS 'forced pregnant Yazidi women to have abortions'". CNN. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-29. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  77. ^ "ISIS soldiers told to rape women 'to make them Muslim' - CNN.com". CNN. 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-21. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  78. ^ "'Hundreds' of Yazidis killing selves in ISIS slavery". CNN. 5 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  79. ^ Cetorelli, Valeria (9 May 2017). "Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey". PLOS Medicine. 14 (5): e1002297. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297. PMC 5423550. PMID 28486492.
  80. ^ a b c Spencer, Richard (14 October 2014). "Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  81. ^ a b Levs, Josh (7 August 2014). "Will anyone stop ISIS?". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  82. ^ ‘Jihadists Rout Kurds in North and Seize Strategic Iraqi Dam’ Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine. New York Times, 7 August 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  83. ^ "ISIS enters Sinjar, blow up Sayeda Zeinab shrine and execute 10 Shiite Kurds". Shafaq-news-en. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  84. ^ a b OHCHR & UNAMI 2014, p. 14.
  85. ^ Coren, Anna; Carter, Chelsea J. "Report: U.S. airstrikes carried out as part of Iraqi effort to retake Mosul Dam". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  86. ^ Zavadski, Katie. "ISIS Just Killed 80 More Yazidis in an Iraqi Village". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  87. ^ Blair, David (6 June 2015). "Isil's Yazidi 'mass conversion' video fails to hide brutal duress". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  88. ^ Malcolm, Candice (December 11, 2015). "Yazidis Face Genocide at Hands of Islamic State". Center for a Secure Free Society. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  89. ^ "Between the Millstones: The State of Iraq's Minorities Since the Fall of Mosul" (PDF). February 2015. p. 16. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  90. ^ OHCHR; UNAMI (2014). "Report on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in Iraq: 6 July – 10 September 2014" (PDF). p. 15. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  91. ^ "US carries out air drops to help Iraqis trapped on mountain by Isis". The Guardian. 8 August 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  92. ^ Neuman, Scott (August 10, 2014). "Iraq Claims Militants Executed Hundreds Of Minority Yazidis". NPR. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  93. ^ OBEIDALLAH, DEAN (7 October 2014). "ISIS's Gruesome Muslim Death Toll". Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2017-06-07. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
  94. ^ JAMIESON, ALASTAIR (19 January 2016). "ISIS Death Toll: 18,800 Killed in Iraq in 2 Years, U.N. Says". NBC NEWS. Archived from the original on 2017-06-04. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
  95. ^ George Packer, "A Friend Flees the Horror of ISIS" Archived 2017-10-13 at the Wayback Machine The New Yorker, 6 August 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015
  96. ^ "About CPJ". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
  97. ^ Al Fares, Zaid (5 September 2014). "The Forgotten Isis Beheadings: The World Mourns Steven Sotloff, but who Remembers Bassam al-Rayes?". International Business Times UK. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  98. ^ Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian (6 October 2014). "Syria journalists 'on the margins of history'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  99. ^ a b "Areas controlled by Islamic State are news 'black holes'". Reporters Without Borders. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  100. ^ "ISIL 'publicly executes Iraqi journalist'". Al Jazeera. 11 October 2014. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  101. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (25 October 2014). "ISIS Hostages Endured Torture and Dashed Hopes, Freed Cellmates Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  102. ^ Yourish, Karen (25 October 2014). "The Fates of 23 ISIS Hostages in Syria". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  103. ^ Johnston, Chris (9 December 2014). "Islamic State suspected of cyber-attack on Raqqa opponents". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  104. ^ "Libya's ISIS branch claims execution of two Tunisian journalists". Al Akhbar English. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  105. ^ McCurry, Justin (31 January 2015). "Isis video purports to show beheading of Japanese hostage Kenji Goto". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  106. ^ Eliott C. McLaughlin (20 April 2015). "ISIS executes more Christians in Libya, video shows". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  107. ^ "ISIL video shows Christian Egyptians beheaded in Libya". Al Jazeera. 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  108. ^ "A Short History Of ISIS Propaganda Videos". The World Post. 11 March 2015. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  109. ^ Solomon, Erika (19 December 2014). "Isis morale falls as momentum slows and casualties mount". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  110. ^ "Seeking Information: Help Identify Individuals Traveling Overseas for Combat". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 7 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 June 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  111. ^ "Syrian Soldiers Digging Their Own Graves Before Being Executed by ISIS". Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 – via YouTube.
  112. ^ Ellis, Ralph (6 April 2015). "New mass graves found in Tikrit". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  113. ^ "Two detained in Finland over ISIS executions in Tikrit". Yle. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  114. ^ Westall, Sylvia; Karouny, Mariam (28 August 2014). "Video shows Islamic State executes scores of Syrian soldiers". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  115. ^ "ISIS purges Syria's Palmyra of Assad loyalists". The Times of India. Associated Press. 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015.
  116. ^ "Isis massacre: At least 300 killed, several held hostages in east Syria". International Business Times. 17 January 2016. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  117. ^ "Isis kills hundreds of Iraqi Sunnis from Albu Nimr tribe in Anbar province Archived 2019-10-23 at the Wayback Machine". The Guardian. 30 October 2014.
  118. ^ "IS Massacres 70 More Tribesmen In Iraqi Revenge Attack Archived 2016-04-15 at the Wayback Machine". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty. 10 November 2014
  119. ^ Saul, Heather (17 December 2014). "Isis 'executes 150 women for refusing to marry militants' and buries them in mass graves". Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  120. ^ "Exclusive: Iraqi scientist says he helped ISIS make chemical weapons". The Washington Post. The Washington Post. 21 January 2019. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  121. ^ "Kurdish forces fighting Isis report being attacked with chemical weapons". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 13 August 2015. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  122. ^ Deutsch, Anthony (15 February 2016). "Samples confirm Islamic State used mustard gas in Iraq – diplomat". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  123. ^ "ISIS's Financial and Military Capabilities". Crethiplethi. Winter 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  124. ^ "Iraq's heritage needs protection from Islamic State – UNESCO". Reuters. 2 November 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  125. ^ a b Arraf, Jane (8 November 2014). "Islamic State seeking to 'delete' entire cultures, UNESCO chief warns in Iraq". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  126. ^ Lamb, Franklin (8 May 2014). "SYRIA: "Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently"". Intifada Palestine. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014. transcript of an interview conducted by the author at the National Museum of Syria with an employee of the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums (DGAM). The gentleman had been working in the governorate of Raqqa, in eastern Syria, when armed groups were looting museums and conducting illegal excavations of heritage sites.
  127. ^ Block, Melissa (9 July 2014). "The Plight of Mosul's Museum: Iraqi Antiquities At Risk Of Ruin". NPR. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  128. ^ a b Dickey, Christopher (7 July 2014). "ISIS Is About to Destroy Biblical History in Iraq". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  129. ^ Kirkpatrick, David (24 September 2014). "ISIS Harsh Brand of Islam Is Rooted in Austere Saudi Creed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  130. ^ "Islamic State: Jihadists destroying and looting Iraqi heritage sites for artefacts, UNESCO warns". ABC News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
  131. ^ "Nimrud: Outcry as IS bulldozers attack ancient Iraq site". BBC News. 6 March 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  132. ^ Varghese, Johnlee (24 February 2015). "Isis Burns Down Mosul Library, Destroys 8,000 Rare Books and Manuscripts". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  133. ^ "Syria: ISIS Dumped Bodies in Gorge". Human Rights Watch. 4 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  134. ^ "ISIL Militants Killed More Than 1000 Civilians in Recent Onslaught in recent Onslaught in Iraq: UN". RT News. 24 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  135. ^ "Iraq violence: UN confirms more than 2000 killed, injured since early June". UN News Centre. 24 June 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  136. ^ "UN warns of war crimes as ISIL allegedly executes 1,700". Today's Zaman. 15 June 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014.
  137. ^ Spencer, Richard (16 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: UN condemns 'war crimes' as another town falls to Isis". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  138. ^ "Syria: ISIS Summarily Killed Civilians". Human Rights Watch. 14 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  139. ^ "Syria conflict: Amnesty says ISIS killed seven children in north". BBC News. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  140. ^ "NGO: ISIS kills 102-year-old man, family in Syria". Al Arabiya English. Agence France-Presse. 1 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  141. ^ Holmes, Oliver (28 December 2014). "Islamic State executed nearly 2,000 people in six months: monitor". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  142. ^ Bacchi, Umberto. "ISIS Medieval School Curriculum: No Music, Art and Literature for Mosul Kids". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
  143. ^ Spencer, Richard (16 September 2014). "Islamic State issues new school curriculum in Iraq". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  144. ^ "ISIS eradicates art, history and music from curriculum in Iraq". CBS News. 15 September 2014. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  145. ^ Sabah, Zaid; Al-Ansary, Khalid (17 September 2014). "Mosul Schools Go Back in Time With Islamic State Curriculum". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  146. ^ Philp, Catherine (17 September 2014). "Parents boycott militants' curriculum". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  147. ^ "Islamic State says women in Mosul must wear full veil or be punished". The Irish Times. 26 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  148. ^ McElroy, Damien (23 July 2014). "Islamic State tells Mosul shopkeepers to cover up naked mannequins". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  149. ^ "ISIS Is Actively Recruiting Female Fighters To Brutalize Other Women". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2019-10-23. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
  150. ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (13 June 2014). "The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Has a Consumer Protection Office". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  151. ^ Taylor, Adam (12 June 2014). "The rules in ISIS' new state: Amputations for stealing and women to stay indoors". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  152. ^ "ISIS bans music, imposes veil in Raqqa". Al-Monitor. 20 January 2014. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014.
  153. ^ "Crime and punishment in Saudi Arabia: The other beheaders". The Economist. 20 September 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  154. ^ "Isis executes more than 4,000 people in less than two years". Independent. 30 April 2016. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  155. ^ "IS beheads two civilian women in Syria: monitor Archived 4 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine". Yahoo News. 30 June 2015.
  156. ^ Saul, Heather (22 January 2015). "Isis publishes penal code listing amputation, crucifixion and stoning as punishments – and vows to vigilantly enforce it". Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  157. ^ Withnall, Adam (18 January 2015). "Isis throws 'gay' men off tower, stones woman accused of adultery and crucifies 17 young men in 'retaliatory' wave of executions". Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  158. ^ Rush, James (3 February 2015). "Images emerge of 'gay' man 'thrown from building by Isis militants before he is stoned to death after surviving fall'". Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  159. ^ Daragahi, Borzou (25 February 2015). "Isis brutality in Iraq reawakens Sunni resistance". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  160. ^ "Islamic State digging in in Raqqa, hiding in civilian shadows, amassing human shields". Japan Times. Associated Press. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  161. ^ "Islamic State jihadists using human shields to avoid air strikes". The Daily Telegraph. 20 November 2015. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  162. ^ "ISIS using children human shields in Iraq and Syria as US and others increase airstrikes". CBS News. 4 December 2015. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  163. ^ Mamo, Hozan (24 January 2016). "ISIS extremists use Syrian civilians as human shields against Russian strikes". ARA News. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  164. ^ "At Any Cost: The Civilian Catastrophe in West Mosul". London: Amnesty International. 11 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  165. ^ "Isis claims suicide attack on Kabul wedding that killed 63". Morning Star. 18 August 2019. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  166. ^ a b c d Kuntz, Katrine (29 July 2016). "Islamic State's Child Soldiers: First Come the Sweets, Then the Beheadings". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  167. ^ Brannan, Kate. "Children of the Caliphate". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  168. ^ "IS increases use of child soldiers, says US report". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
  169. ^ Chris Tomson (14 March 2017). "In pictures: ISIS launches fresh attacks against the Syrian Army in Deir Ezzor". Al Masdar News. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  170. ^ Peritz, Aki; Maller, Tara (16 September 2014). "The Islamic State of Sexual Violence". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  171. ^ Saul, Heather (18 February 2015). "Isis Raqqa wives subjected to 'brutal' sexual assaults after marrying militants". Independent. London. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  172. ^ a b c d e f Callimachi, Rukmini (13 August 2015). "ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  173. ^ Wood, Paul (22 December 2014). "Islamic State: Yazidi women tell of sex-slavery trauma". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  174. ^ a b Nebehay, Stephanie (2 October 2014). "Islamic State committing 'staggering' crimes in Iraq: U.N. report". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  175. ^ Lagerwall, Katarina (23 September 2014). "Det jag har bevittnat i al-Raqqa kommer alltid förfölja mig" [What I have witnessed in al-Raqqa will always haunt me]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  176. ^ Brekke, Kira (8 September 2014). "ISIS Is Attacking Women, And Nobody Is Talking About It". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  177. ^ Report on the Protection of Civilians in the Armed Conflict in Iraq (Report). UNAMI/OHCHR. January 11, 2016. p. 18. cited in Wood, Graeme (2016). "The War of the End of Time". The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State. Random House. p. 192. ISBN 9780812988765.
  178. ^ "Surging Violence Against Women in Iraq". Inter Press Service. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  179. ^ Winterton, Clare (25 June 2014). "Why We Must Act When Women in Iraq Document Rape". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  180. ^ Giglio, Mike (27 June 2014). "Fear of Sexual Violence Simmers in Iraq As ISIL Advances". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  181. ^ Williams, Martin (25 September 2013). "Sexual jihad is a bit much". The Citizen. Gauteng, South Africa. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  182. ^ Watson, Ivan (30 October 2014). "'Treated like cattle': Yazidi women sold, raped, enslaved by ISIS". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  183. ^ Yoon, Sangwoon (4 August 2015). "Islamic State Circulates Sex Slave Price List". Bloomberg Business. Archived from the original on 7 August 2015.
  184. ^ Todenhöfer, Jürgen (2015). Inside IS- 10 Tage im <Islamischen Staat> [Inside IS: 10 days in 'Islamic State'] (in German). Munich, Germany: C. Bertelsmann Verlag. ISBN 978-3-570-10276-3.
  185. ^ Spencer, Richard (14 October 2014). "Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  186. ^ Semple, Kirk (14 November 2014). "Yazidi Girls Seized by ISIS Speak Out After Escape". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 January 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  187. ^ "ISIS Just Executed More Than 150 Women in Fallujah". Business Insider. NOW News. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  188. ^ a b Siddiqui, Mona (24 August 2014). "Isis: a contrived ideology justifying barbarism and sexual control". The Observer. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  189. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (10 February 2015). "Death of Kayla Mueller, ISIS Hostage, Confirmed by Family and White House". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  190. ^ "U.S. believes hostage was given to ISIS fighter as bride". CBS News. 11 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  191. ^ Meek, James Gordon; Schwartz, Rhonda (10 February 2015). "Officials: Kayla Mueller May Have Been Given to ISIS Commander". ABC News. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  192. ^ Wagner, Meg; Siemaszko, Corky (10 February 2015). "Kayla Jean Mueller, American aid worker held hostage, may have been forced to marry ISIS leader: report". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  193. ^ a b Dilanian, Ken (14 August 2015). "Islamic State Leader Raped American Hostage, US Finds". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015.
  194. ^ "Islamic State leader Baghdadi 'raped' Kayla Mueller". BBC News. 14 August 2015. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  195. ^ a b Goldman, Adam; Miller, Greg (14 August 2015). "Leader of Islamic State took American hostage as sexual slave". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  196. ^ Meek, James Gordon (14 August 2015). "ISIS Leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi Sexually Abused American Hostage Kayla Mueller, Officials Say". Washington DC: ABC News. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015. The information about al-Baghdadi's extraordinary direct role in the captivity and physical abuse of Kayla Mueller was drawn from, among many sources, the U.S. debriefings of at least least [sic] two Yezedi teenage girls, ages 16 and 18, held as sex slaves in the Sayyaf compound as well as from the interrogation of Abu Sayyaf's wife Umm Sayyaf, who was captured in the U.S. raid, the officials told ABC News.
  197. ^ a b c Abdelaziz, Salma (13 October 2014). "ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  198. ^ Spencer, Richard (13 October 2014). "Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  199. ^ "Slavery in Islam: To have and to hold". The Economist. 18 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  200. ^ Malas, Nour (18 November 2014). "Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  201. ^ a b Sypher, Ford (28 August 2014). "Rape and Sexual Slavery Inside an ISIS Prison". The Daily Beast. Horror. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  202. ^ a b c d Kumar, Anugrah (13 October 2014). "ISIS Claims Islam Justifies Making 'Infidel' Women Sex Slaves". The Christian Post. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  203. ^ a b "ISIL seeks to justify enslaving Yazidi women and girls in Iraq". Today's Zaman. abril. 14 October 2014. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  204. ^ Umm Summayah al Muhajirah (22 May 2015). "Slave Girls or Prostitutes?". Dabiq. No. 9. cited in Wood, Graeme (2016). "The War of the End of Time". The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State. Random House. pp. 192–3. ISBN 9780812988765.
  205. ^ a b Smith, Amelia (12 September 2014). "ISIS Publish Pamphlet On How to Treat Female Slaves". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  206. ^ a b Withnall, Adam (10 December 2014). "Isis releases 'abhorrent' sex slaves pamphlet with 27 tips for militants on taking, punishing and raping female captives". Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  207. ^ Lodge, Carey (15 December 2014). "Islamic State issues abhorrent sex slavery guidelines about how to treat women". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  208. ^ Botelho, Greg (13 December 2014). "ISIS: Enslaving, having sex with 'unbelieving' women, girls is OK". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  209. ^ "Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi". September 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  210. ^ Markoe, Lauren (24 September 2013). "Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter to Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology". HuffPost. Religious News Service. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  211. ^ Saul, Heather (10 April 2015). "Yazidi sex slaves 'gang-raped in public' by Isis fighters, harrowing accounts reveal". Independent. London. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  212. ^ Saul, Heather (21 February 2015). "Isis infighting: Tensions rise over use of Yazidi sex slaves, loss of Kobani and poor services in areas controlled by group". Independent. London. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  213. ^ Hinnant, Lori; Alleruzzo, Maya; Szlanko, Balint (5 July 2016). "Islamic State tightens grip on captives held as sex slaves". The Big Story. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  214. ^ Gardner, Ffrank (3 August 2016). "Iraq's Sinjar Yazidis: Bringing IS slavers to justice". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  215. ^ "Islamic State Cites the Koran to Reinstate Sex Slavery". Atheist Republic. 4 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  216. ^ "Islamic State Price List for Captured Christian Women". www.newenglishreview.org. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  217. ^ Buurma, Christine; Malik, Naureen; Collins, Ryan (May 12, 2017). "Trump's China Deal Boosts U.S. LNG Without Rule Change". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  218. ^ "Isis slave markets sell girls for 'as little as a pack of cigarettes', UN envoy says". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 2015-06-09. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  219. ^ "Saudi Arabian Buyers Are Shopping For Sex Slaves - At ISIS Auctions!". indiatimes.com. 2016-09-28. Archived from the original on 2019-05-21. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  220. ^ a b c d e "Exclusive: Islamic State sanctioned organ harvesting in document taken in U.S. raid". Reuters. 2015-12-25. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
  221. ^ Botobekov, Uran (27 February 2023). "How ISIS and al-Qaeda Exploit the Earthquake in Turkey to Mobilize Support". Homeland Security Today. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory&oldid=1254709807"