The Hrusish or Southeast Kamengic languages[1] possibly constitute a Sino-Tibetan branch in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. They are Hruso (Aka) and Mijiic.[1] In Glottolog, Hammarström, et al.[2] does not accept Hrusish, and considers similarities between Hruso and Miji to be due to loanwords.
| Hrusish | |
|---|---|
| Southeast Kamengic Hruso-Miji | |
| Geographic distribution | Arunachal Pradesh |
| Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan? |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| – | |
| Glottolog | hrus1242 (Hruso)miji1239 (Miji) |
Names
editGeorge van Driem (2014) and Bodt & Lieberherr (2015)[3] use the name Hrusish, while Anderson (2014)[1] prefers Southeast Kamengic.
Classification
editAnderson (2014)[1] considers Hrusish to be a branch of Tibeto-Burman. However, Blench and Post (2011) suggest that the Hruso languages likely constitute an independent language family.[4]
Bodt's & Lieberherr's (2015:69)[3] internal classification of the Hrusish languages is as follows.
Comparative vocabulary
editThe following comparative vocabulary table of Hrusish vocabulary items (Bangru, Miji, and Hruso) is from Anderson (2014), with additional Bangru data from Li (2003).[5] Anderson's (2014) Hruso data is from Anderson's own field notes and from Simon (1970).[6] Anderson's (2014) Miji data is from his own field notes as well as Simon (1979)[7] and Weedall (2014).[8] Bangru data is from Ramya (2011, 2012).[9][10]
| Gloss | Bangru (Li 2003)[5] | Bangru (Anderson 2014)[1] | Miji (Anderson 2014)[1] | Hruso (Anderson 2014)[1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sun | dʑu˥wai˥˧ | dʒu | dʒo ~ zuʔ; zo ~ ʒʲoʔ | dʒu ~ dʑu; dʲu |
| snow | də˧˩ɣai˥ | tene | dɨlen; təlɛn | tʰiɲɲo |
| ashes | laʔ˥bu˥˧ | lag-bow | maj-bu | xukʰes-pu |
| mother's brother | - | kiː-ni | a-kʰiw; akju | a-kʰi |
| son | mə˧˩dʑu˥ | mu-dʒu-ɲiːib | zu | sou ~ sa ~ seu |
| I | ȵoŋ˥ | ɲo(ʔ) | ɲaŋ | nɔ |
| we | ga˧˩ni˥ | k-aɲi | aɲi | ɲi |
| bear | si˥tsuaŋ˥ | sutʃow | ʃutsaŋ | sitso ~ sutso |
| insect(s) | bə˧˩loŋ˥ | beloŋ-siɲi | biluʔŋ; bəɫuʔŋ; biluŋʰ | bəlu |
| nose | mə˧˩ȵi˧guaŋ˥˧ | mi-niː-ko | ɲi | un-su ~ nu-su |
| hand | mə˧˩gai˥ | me-gej | (mə)gi | əgzə |
| thumb ('hand' + 'mother') | - | me-gej-nea | gi-nuiʔ; gi-batʃo | əgzə-i-aɲ |
| saliva, spit | - | je | ʒeʔ | ze-mdʑiu; əʒʲəxu ~ əɣʲəxu |
| sleep | dʑe˥ | zeu | dʒi | dʒum |
| dream | dai˥mu˧˩mu˥ | tjameiː | tajme | tʰimjeu |
| four | bu˧˩rai˥ | poraji | bli; b(ə)le | pʰiri; pʰiji |
| five | buŋ˥ | puŋ | bungu, buŋu | pʰum ~ pʰóm |
| six | rai˥˧ | reh | reʔ; reʔ ~ réʔ | rijɛ; ʑje |
| seven | muai˥˧ | moji | myaʔ, mjaʔ | mrjo; mrɔ |
| eight | sə˧˩cai˥˧ | sagaik | sɨgiʔ, sɨgeʔ; səguj | səgzə ~ sɨgdʒɨ ~ sɨɣdʒɨ |
| nine | sə˧˩təŋ˥ | sataŋ | sɨtʰɨn; stʰɨn; stən | stʰə; stʰɨ ~ stʰə |
| ten | rəŋ˥ | raŋ | lin; lən | ʁə; ʁɨ ~ ʁə |
| bow | - | karaik | gɨriʔ; gəri | kʰiri |
| dry | mə˧˩ci˥ | miː-kji | mɨ-kʰyang; məkjaŋ | kʰrou |
| mother | a˧˩nai˥˧ | aːneja | aɲʲi | aɲi; aɲ |
| red | ja˧˩dʑu˥˧ | ja-tʃuk | mu-tsu | tsu |
| stream | - | wu-dʒu | vu-zuʔ 'creek' | xu-sa |
| shoulder | mə˧˩pu˥zi˥ | m-podʒ | pas-t(ʰ)uŋ; pastoŋ | ə-pos-tu |
| finger | mə˧˩gai˥tsuo˥˧ | me-gej-tʃowa | gi-tsoʔ; məgitso | əgzi-tsə |
| pig | ʑəu˥˧ | dʒu | ʒo; ʒoʔ | vo |
| bird ('bird' + 'son/child') | pu˥dʑu˧˩ | pu-dʒu | buzu(ʔ); bɨ-zɨ ~ b-zɨ ~ bə-zu ~ bə-zə; bə-zuʔ | mu-su |
| seed | - | mete | tʰei-zʰo; (me)tẽ | isi; dʒʲe; ʃe-die |
Reconstruction
editProto-Hrusish has been reconstructed in by Bodt & Lieberherr (2015). Bodt & Lieberherr (2015:101) note that Proto-Hrusish displays a sound change from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s- to t-, which they note had also occurred in Bodo-Garo, Kuki-Chin, Tangkhulic, Central Naga, and Karbi languages. The Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-l and -r have also been lost in Proto-Hrusish.
Reconstructed Proto-Hrusish forms from Bodt & Lieberherr (2015) are given below.
- *nə-paŋ 'aconite'
- *si-ni 'ant'
- *pri 'awake'
- *bə-ru(d͡ziŋ) 'axe'
- *mə-niŋ 'bad'
- *bra 'bamboo (big)'
- *(g)o-prja 'bark (tree)'
- *sə-t͡saŋ 'bear'
- *majk 'bee'
- *mə-doʔ 'big (thick, wide)'
- *bə-dow 'bird'
- *taʔ 'bite'
- *kam 'bitter'
- *jaC 'blood'
- *mə-muC 'body'
- *lu 'boil (water)'
- *mə-ri-jaŋ 'bone'
- *gə-raj 'bow'
- *mə-nuŋ 'breast; milk'
- *(nam)sjaj 'broom'
- *su 'cane; rope'
- *dowC 'chicken'
- *mə-ga-daʔ 'chin'
- *gi-le 'cloth'
- *majməwŋ 'cloud'
- *ku 'cook'
- *su 'cow'
- *kraC 'cry'
- *taj 'cut'
- *ga 'day'
- *mə-ruk 'deep'
- *θəj 'die'
- *taC 'dig'
- *ni-t͡ɕi 'dirty'
- *ru 'do'
- *piŋ 'door'
- *tai-mə 'dream'
- *tuŋ 'drink'
- *t͡ɕa 'eat'
- *do-riŋ 'egg'
- *sə-giC 'eight'
- *(a/mə)ko 'elder brother'
- *mə-hi-laŋ 'empty'
- *t͡səj 'excrete, defecate'
- *mə-jaʔ 'eye'
- *mə-rəŋ 'far'
- *mə-baC 'fat (n)'
- *ri 'fear'
- *mejʔ 'few'
- *rəj 'fight'
- *mə-guC-t͡ɕoʔ 'finger'
- *maj 'fire'
- *laC 'fireplace'
- *trV 'fish'
- *bə-ŋu 'five'
- *mə-boC 'flower'
- *mə-d͡ʑoC 'friend'
- *d͡ʑuC 'frog'
- *θai 'fruit'
- *bə-ləj 'four'
- *liŋ 'full'
- *kikmuŋ 'garlic, onion'
- *bəj 'give'
- *se-preN 'goat'
- *rajC 'grind, crush'
- *mə-luŋ 'guts'
- *go-pu 'hair'
- *mə-gaŋ-lo 'hard'
- *mə-guC 'hand, arm'
- *du 'have, exist'
- *mə-go-kuŋ 'head'
- *mə-luŋ-wəwC 'heart'
- *mə-ləj 'heavy'
- *mə-su 'horn'
- *nam 'house'
- *kə-na 'how many'
- *niC 'human'
- *bə-luŋ 'hundred'
- *noC 'ill'
- *bəw-luŋ 'insect'
- *suN 'iron'
- *gə-d͡ʑuk 'itch'
- *dəgraŋ 'kick'
- *gajC 'kill'
- *vaj-t͡suŋ 'knife'
- *ni 'know'
- *toC 'laugh'
- *mə-rajC 'leaf'
- *lə-wajC 'leech'
- *laj 'leg'
- *laŋ 'lift'
- *mə-lə-taŋ 'light'
- *t͡ɕi 'liquor'
- *rej 'listen, hear'
- *siŋ 'live, grow up'
- *mə-θin 'liver'
- *mə-pjaŋ 'long'
- *gaŋ 'look, see'
- *saC 'louse'
- *daj 'make; do'
- *niC 'man (male)'
- *su 'meat'
- *lu 'month'
- *lu 'moon'
- *mə-nuŋ 'mouth; language'
- *lu-lV 'mortar'
- *me-naj 'mother'
- *mə-mjiŋ 'name'
- *mə-nej 'near'
- *ta- 'negative imperative'
- *mə-gə-nu 'new'
- *nə-gaC 'night'
- *sə-tiŋ 'nine'
- *mə-ɕoʔ 'old'
- *a-ken 'one'
- *an 'paddy rice'
- *bə-laC 'pestle'
- *jowʔ 'pig'
- *go-kuN 'pillow'
- *nə-dəj; *pro 'rain'
- *t͡ɕaʔ 'red'
- *gə-leC 'ring'
- *lam-baŋ 'road'
- *mə-kriŋ 'root'
- *mə-də-rəw 'round'
- *lu 'salt'
- *sə-gə-raj 'sand'
- *mə-θai 'seed'
- *laC 'sell'
- *mə-ljak 'seven'
- *k(r)iC 'sew'
- *mə-nuŋ 'short'
- *mə-ma 'sister (elder)'
- *d͡ʑuC 'sit, stay'
- *reC 'six'
- *mə-prja 'skin'
- *nə-də-laŋ 'sky'
- *d͡ʑV 'sleep'
- *maj-kən 'smoke (n)'
- *bəw 'snake'
- *dəren 'snow'
- *mə-lə-prjuC 'soft, smooth'
- *naʔ 'soil'
- *təwC 'speak'
- *d͡ʑuŋ 'spear'
- *məsu 'spicy'
- *jeʔ 'spittle'
- *gu 'stand'
- *lə-t͡ɕuŋ 'star'
- *kə 'steal'
- *t͡ɕuŋ 'storehouse, granary'
- *mə-gə-raŋ 'straight'
- *bə-nuŋ 'suck'
- *d͡ʑuʔ 'sun'
- *bə-ljaC 'swallow'
- *mə-jaŋ 'sweet'
- *liŋ 'swell'
- *wa '(swidden) field'
- *d͡ʑaC 'swim'
- *mə-lə-mrjaj 'tail'
- *ləw 'take'
- *t͡ɕaC 'tell'
- *rəŋ 'ten'
- *paj-t͡ɕi 'that'
- *pu-t͡ɕi 'that (lower)'
- *mə-lu 'thigh'
- *huŋ 'this'
- *gə-θəm 'three'
- *gə-d͡ʑuC 'thorn'
- *bə-laj 'tongue'
- *mə-taC 'tooth'
- *(g)o-naj 'tree'
- *gə-niC 'two'
- *an-lə-giN 'uncooked rice'
- *pen 'vegetable'
- *mu 'vomit'
- *daj 'walk'
- *t͡ɕaC 'hot, warm'
- *wi 'water'
- *kua-suʔ 'waterfall'
- *traj 'weave'
- *tiŋ 'what'
- *kəʔ 'where'
- *mə-gə-raN 'white'
- *θu 'who'
- *low 'wind'
- *gə/mə-t͡ɕəwC 'wing'
- *d͡ʑVru 'with'
- *(g)o 'wood'
- *nəməraj 'woman'
- *də-niŋ 'year'
- *də-gaC 'yesterday'
- *mə-nuŋ 'younger sibling'
- *na(-jaŋ) '1SG'
- *ni '2SG'
- *ʔi '3SG'
- *ka-ni '1PL'
- *d͡ʑV '2PL'
- *na '3PL'
See also
edit- Hrusish comparative vocabulary lists (Wiktionary)
Further reading
edit- Abraham, Binny, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang. 2018. Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018-009.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
- ^ "Glottolog 4.4 - Hruso".
- ^ a b Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 38 (1): 66–123. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod.
- ^ Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26
- ^ a b Li Daqin [李大勤]. 2003. "A sketch of Bengru" [崩如语概况]. Minzu Yuwen 2003(5), 64-80.
- ^ Simon, I. M. 1970. Aka language guide. Shillong: NEFA. 1993 Reprint Itanagar.
- ^ Simon, I. M. 1979/1974. Miji Language Guide. Shillong. (Govt. Arunachal).
- ^ Weedall, Christopher. 2014. Sajolang-English lexicon. m.s.
- ^ Ramya, Tame. 2011. An Ethnographic Study Bangrus of in Kurung Kumey District, Arunachal Pradesh. M Phil. Thesis. Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar.
- ^ Ramya, Tame. 2012. Sociolinguistic profile of the Bangru languages of Arunachal Pradesh. Presented at ICOLSI, Shillong. m.s.
- Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
- Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 38 (1): 66–123. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod.
- George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.