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Pongamia oil is derived from the seeds of the Millettia pinnata tree, which is native to tropical and temperate Asia. Millettia pinnata, also known as Pongamia pinnata or Pongamia glabra, is common throughout Asia and thus has many different names in different languages, many of which have come to be used in English to describe the seed oil derived from M. pinnata; Pongamia is often used as the generic name for the tree and is derived from the genus the tree was originally placed in.[1] Other names for this oil include honge oil, kanuga oil, karanja oil, and pungai oil.
Cultivation
edit
Millettia pinnata is native to South and Southeast Asia. Known in various languages as Indian beech, pongam, karanja, honge, kanuga, pongu and naktamala, it is now grown all over the world. Typically the plant starts yielding pods from the fifth year on with the yields increasing each year until it stabilizes around the tenth year. Seeds are usually harvested in the spring, each seed weighing from about 1.1 grams (0.039 oz) to 1.8 grams (0.063 oz). The yield per tree can range from about 10 kilograms (22 lb) to more than 50 kilograms (110 lb) depending on conditions, with an average of 1500-1700 seeds per kilogram. Historically the pods are removed from the trees by beating the branches with sticks and decorticated using mallets or stones. Research is ongoing into mechanical harvesting methods.
The basic nutritional components of Millettia pinnata seeds may change depending on the season and maturity of the tree but in general are as follows:[2]
| Component | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Oil | 27% - 39% |
| Protein | 17% - 37% |
| Starch | 6% - 7% |
| Crude fiber | 5% - 7% |
| Moisture | 15% - 20% |
| Ash | 2% - 3% |
Description
editPongamia oil is extracted from the seeds by expeller pressing, cold pressing, or solvent extraction. The oil is yellowish-orange to brown in color. It has a high content of triglycerides, and its disagreeable taste and odor are due to bitter flavonoid constituents including karanjin, pongamol, tannin and karanjachromene.[2]
Millettia pinnata has a number of different varieties but little research has been published on the differences between them.[3] This combined with variances in soil and weather can change the specific composition of Pongamia oil. Typically Pongamia oil is composed of the following fatty acids:[2][4]
| Fatty acid | Nomenclature | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Palmitic | C16:0 | 3.7% – 7.9% |
| Stearic | C18:0 | 2.4% – 8.9% |
| Oleic | C18:1 | 44.5% – 71.3% |
| Linoleic | C18:2 | 10.8% – 18.3% |
| Linolenic | C18:3 | 2.6% |
| Arachidic | C20:0 | 2.2% – 4.7% |
| Eicosenoic | C20:1 | 9.5% – 12.4% |
| Behenic | C22:0 | 4.2% – 5.3% |
| Lignoceric | C24:0 | 1.1% – 3.5% |
The physical properties of crude pongamia oil are as follows:[4]
| Property | Unit | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Acid value | mg KOH/g | 4.0 - 12 |
| Calorific value | kcal/kg | 8742 |
| Cetane number | 42 | |
| Density | g/cm3 | 0.924 |
| Iodine value | g/100 g | 86.5 - 87 |
| Saponification value | mg KOH/g | 184 - 187 |
| Specific gravity | 0.925 | |
| Unsaponifiable matter | % w/w | 2.6 - 2.9 |
| Viscosity | mm2/sec | 40.2 |
| Boiling point | °C | 316 |
| Cloud point | °C | 3.5 |
| Fire Point | °C | 230 |
| Flash point | °C | 225 |
| Pour point | °C | -3.0 |
Uses
editTraditional
editIt has been used as lamp oil, in leather tanning, in soap making, and as a lubricant for thousands of years. Its toxicity, as well as its color, bitter taste, and disagreeable odour, keep it from being used in cooking, but it does have uses in traditional medicine for treating skin disease and liver disease.[1]
It is used as a fish poison, as the metabolites karanjin and pongamol are both toxic to fish.[5]
Biodiesel
editMany studies have been done to convert pongamia oil into biodiesel.[4][6][7][8][9] The following table shows the physical properties of the methyl esters of pongamia oil versus the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards:
| Property | Unit | Methyl esters | ASTM D6751 | EN 14214 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acid value | mg KOH/g | 0.46 - 0.5 | <0.8 | <0.5 |
| Caloric value | kcal/kg | 3700 | ||
| Cetane Number | 41.7 - 56 | >45 | >51 | |
| Density at 15 °C | g/cm3 | 0.86 - 0.88 | 0.87 - 0.89 | 0.86 - 0.90 |
| Viscosity at 40 °C | mm2/s | 4.77 | 1.9 - 6.0 | 3.5 - 5.0 |
| Iodine value | g/100 g | 86.5 - 91 | <120 | |
| Oxidation Stability at 110 °C | h | 2.24 | >6 | |
| Saponification value | mg KOH/g | 184 - 187 | ||
| Unsaponifiable matter | % w/w | 2.6 - 2.9 | ||
| Boiling point | °C | 316 | ||
| Cloud point | °C | 19 | 0/-15 † | |
| Fire Point | °C | 230 | ||
| Flash point | °C | 174 | >130 | >101 |
| Pour point | °C | 15 | ||
| † This is not a property of the EN 14214 standard; it is country specific standard for summer/winter seasons. | ||||
The comparison of the methyl esters of pongamia oil to the ASTM D6751 standard for biodiesel fuels shows that processed pongamia oil is within the standards. Research has shown that jatropha or pongamia oil can be mixed with palm oil to achieve an improved low-temperature viscosity than pure palm oil and a higher oxidation stability than pure jatropha or pongamia oil. In addition, the methyl esters of pongamia oil have a cloud point of 19 °C, which is outside some country specific standards, and a pour point of 15 °C both of which would be problematic in lower temperature climates.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Pongamia Factsheet" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-10-02.
- ^ a b c Factsheet from New crops at Purdue University
- ^ "Weed Risk Assessment : Pongamia" (PDF). Daff.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ^ a b c Ashok Pandey (2008). Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels. CRC. pp. 255–266. ISBN 978-1-56022-175-3.
- ^ S., Mahli, S.; P., Basu, S.; P., Sinha, K.; C., Banerjee, N. "Pharmacological effects of karanjin and pongamol [from seed oil of Pongamia pinnata]". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Meher, L C; Naik, S N; Das, L M (November 2004). "Methanolysis of Pongamia pinnata (karanja) oil for production of biodiesel" (PDF). Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. 63: 913–918.
- ^ Karmee, Sanjib Kumar; Chadha, Anju (September 2005). "Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata". Bioresour. Technol. 96 (13): 1425–9. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011. PMID 15939268.
- ^ Moser, Bryan R. (2009). "Biodiesel production, properties, and feedstocks" (PDF). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. 46 (3): 229–266. doi:10.1007/s11627-009-9204-z. S2CID 8730735.
- ^ Mathiyazhagan, M.; Ganapathi, A.; Jaganath, B.; Renganayaki, N.; Sasireka, N. (April 2011). "Production of Biodiesel from Non-edible plant oils having high FFA content". International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 2 (2): 119–122.