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History of Baghdad (1831–1917)

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In the history of Baghdad, the period from 1831 to 1917 began with the fall of the Mamluk state of Iraq in 1831 after the Ottoman Empire occupied the city.[1] It ended with the Fall of Baghdad on 11 March 1917 after the British Empire occupied the city during the First World War. Ali Rıza Pasha was a first Ottoman Governor of Baghdad, and Khalil Pasha was the last.[2]

Souk in Baghdad, 1876 CE.
Governor Al-Shakir Effendi's family in Baghdad, 1901

Timeline edit

  1. 1832 – The uprising of Abdul Ghani Al-Jameel against Ottoman Governor Ali Reza Pasha failed.[3]
  2. 1845 – A plague was spreading in Baghdad .[4]
  3. 1853 – Baháʼu'lláh and his family arrived in Baghdad coming from Iran on 8 April, where he stayed for 10 years.[5]
  4. 1854 – The Islamic scholar Mahmud al-Alusi dies.[6]
  5. 1864 – An earthquake happened in Baghdad on 7 December.[4]
  6. 1869 – Midhat Pasha is now in power .[7]
  7. 1870
    • Municipal council established.[7]
    • City walls demolished.
  8. 1871 – Population: 65,000.[8]
  9. 1879 – Many Kurds come to Baghdad after a major famine had spread in the Kurdistan region, and this year people from Baghdad knew it would be Bersima year for the city.[a]
  10. 1895
    • Population: 100,000 (estimate) .[9]
    • Two Earthquakes happened in Baghdad on 25 November .[10]
  11. 1897 – The Governor of Baghdad Atteallah Pasha Kawakeby opened the Al-Khar Bridge (Al-Hamidiyah)[10]
  12. 1908 – Population: 140,000 (estimate).[11]
  13. 1909 – Cinema built.[12]
  14. 1911 – Ottoman XIII Corps headquartered in Baghdad.
  15. 1912 – Population: 200,000 (estimate).[13]
  16. 1914 – October: Samarra-Baghdad railway begins operating.[7]
  17. 1915
  18. 1917

Ottoman walis (1831–1917) edit

 
Midhat Pasha
 
Djemal Pasha with Anazzah tribal leaders, celebrating the completion of the al-Hindya dam on the Euphrates river near al-Hilla, south of Baghdad.
 
Süleyman Nazif
Person[16] Time as governor
Ali Reza Pasha 1831–1842
Najeb Pasha 1842–1849
Abdul-Karim Pasha 1849–1850
Mohamed Wajeh Pasha 1850–1851
Mehmed Namık Pasha[17] 1851–1852
Rashid Pasha 1852–1857
Omar Pasha 1858–1859
Mustafa Nuri Pasha 1859–1861
Ahmed Tawfiq Pasha 1861
Mehmed Namık Pasha 1862–1867
Taqialden Pasha 1867–1869
Midhat Pasha[18] 1869–1872
Mehmed Rauf Pasha bin Abdi Pasha 1872–1873
Radif Pasha 1873–1875
Abdel Rahman Pasha 1875–1877
Akif Pasha 1877–1878
Qadri Pasha 1878
AbdelRahman Pasha 1879–1880
Taqialden Pasha 1880–1887
Mustafa Asim Pasha 1887–1889
Sırrı Pasha 1890–1891
Hassan Pasha 1891–1896
Atteallah Pasha Kawakeby 1896–1899
Namık Pasha 1899–1902
Ahmed Fayzi Pasha 1902–1904
Abdulwahab Pasha 1904–1905
Abdulmajeed Pasha 1905–1906
Abu Bakir Hazem Pasha 1907–1908
Nadim I Pasha 1908
Najemaldeen Beg 1908–1909
Mohamed Fadil Pasha 1909
Shawket Pasha 1909–1910
Hussain Nadim Pasha 1910–1911
Youssef Agah Pasha 1911
Djemal Pasha 1911–1912
Ali Redha Pasha 1912
Mohamed Zaki Pasha 1912–1913
Mohamed Fadil Pasha 1913–1914
Süleyman Nazif Pasha 1914–1915
Nurialdeen Pasha 1915
Khalil Pasha 1916–1917

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Bersima is the Kurdish word for famine.

References edit

  1. ^ Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley (1925). Four Centuries of Modern Iraq. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–273.
  2. ^ "الوالي العثماني الأخير.. خليل باشا". Almada. May 22, 2016.
  3. ^ "إندلاع ثورة عبدالغني أل جميل ضد الوالي العثماني علي رضا باشا". Saida Gate. December 23, 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Abbas Al-Azawi - History of Iraq between Two occupations - part 7". Masaha. December 5, 2020.
  5. ^ "The history of the Bahá'í faith proper begins with the 19th-century nobleman Bahá'u'lláh". BBC TV. September 28, 2009.
  6. ^ "الإمام الألوسي". Islam Story. May 1, 2006.
  7. ^ a b c d e Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Baghdad", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
  8. ^ Edward Balfour, ed. (1871). "Baghdad". Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia (2nd ed.). Madras.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ (Firm), John Murray (1895). "Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Baghdad", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO". J. Murray. ISBN 9780524062142. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Abbas Al-Azawi - History of Iraq between Two occupations - part 8". Masaha. December 5, 2020.
  11. ^ Lorimer (1908). "City of Baghdad". Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Calcutta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Oliver Leaman, ed. (2001), Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film, Routledge, ISBN 9780415187039
  13. ^ "Baghdad", Palestine and Syria (5th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1912
  14. ^ "Iraq Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  15. ^ Stephen Pope; Elizabeth-Anne Wheal (1995). "Select Chronology". Dictionary of the First World War. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-85052-979-1.
  16. ^ "ولاة بغداد من قبل العثمانيين (مرة رابعة)". Hukam. December 11, 2020.
  17. ^ Owem, Roger (31 December 1993). The Middle East in the world economy, 1800–1914. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781850436584.
  18. ^ Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce A. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase. ISBN 9781438110257.
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