Nyishi (Kamle) or Sarak is a Tani language of India. It is spoken in Arunachal Pradesh by an estimated 9,000 people of the Nyishi tribe.[2] It appears to be a dialect of the Nishi language.[3]
Nyishi (Kamle) | |
---|---|
Sarak | |
Region | Arunachal Pradesh |
Ethnicity | Nyishi (Kamle) people |
Native speakers | 10,000 (2008)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis )Individual code: mrg – (included under Plains Miri) |
Glottolog | None |
ELP | Hill Miri |
Though Hili Miri is listed under Mising [mrg] in Ethnologue, Burling and Sun–experts on the Aranuchal Pradesh and Tani languages–treat Hill Miri and Mising as separate and distinct languages belonging to different branches of the Tani subgroup.[1]
Description edit
Nyishi (muri-mugli) is a member of the Tani branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages and is considered a dialect of the Nishi language. It is spoken by 9,000 people in the northern regions of India by the Nyishi people of Kamle.[1] It is threatened because the younger generation is slowly breaking away from their people's traditions and language.[4][5] Many audio books of gospel narratives in the Nyishi language of Kamle have been collected.
History of scholarship edit
George Abraham Grierson, in his survey of India regarding its linguistics, researched the Nyishi language and published a record over a century ago.[citation needed]
Phonology edit
Consonants edit
The following table includes an inventory of Nyishi (Kamle) consonants.[6]
Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ[7] | ŋ | ||
Stop | voiceless | p | t | c[8] | k | |
voiced | b | d | ɟ[9] | ɡ | ||
Fricative | s | ʃ | h | |||
Approximant | w | l | j | |||
Trill? | r |
Vowels are front /i, e/, central /ɨ, ʉ, ə, a/,[10] and back /u, o/. Vowels occur long and short.
Grammar edit
The basic Nyishi (Kamle) grammar and basic word order are like those of related Sino-Tibetan languages, similar to that of Nishi.
Numerals edit
Nyishi (Kamle) | |
---|---|
1 | aken |
2 | eñi |
3 | oum |
4 | epi |
5 | ango/angngo |
6 | ake |
7 | kenne |
8 | pine |
9 | kora |
10 | íri |
Pronouns edit
Personal edit
Singular | Plural | |
1st person | ngo | ngu-lu |
2nd person | no | nu-lu |
3rd person | bu, bú | bu-lu, bú-lu |
References edit
- ^ a b c "Did you know Hill Miri is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2022-12-25.
- ^ Moseley, Christopher (2007). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. Routledge. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ Post, Mark W. (2013). Defoliating the Tani Stammbaum: An exercise in areal linguistics. Paper presented at the 13th Himalayan Languages Symposium. Canberra, Australian National University, Aug 9.
- ^ Audio
- ^ Nabam Tadar Rikam, "Emerging religious Identities of Arunachal Pradesh", Mittal Publications, 2005
- ^ Ju Namkung, "Phonological inventories of Tibeto-burman languages", Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of California, 1996
- ^ Value unclear, perhaps [nʲ]?
- ^ Value unclear, perhaps [t͡ʃ]?
- ^ Value unclear, perhaps [d͡ʒ]?
- ^ Transcribed ⟨ɯ, y, ɤ, a⟩ in Namkung
Further reading edit
- Ivan Martin Simon, "Hill Miri language guide", Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh, 1976
- Matthew S. Dryer, "Word order in Tibeto-burman languages" Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 2008
- Shri Aduk Tayeng, "Nishi Phrase book"[permanent dead link], Arunachal Pradesh, 1990
- P. T. Abraham, "A Grammar of Nyishi Language", 2005
- S. N. Goswami, "Nishing ( Bangni) Language Guide", 1995