The gyroradius (also known as radius of gyration, Larmor radius or cyclotron radius) is the radius of the circular motion of a charged particle in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. In SI units, the non-relativistic gyroradius is given by where is the mass of the particle, is the component of the velocity perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field, is the electric charge of the particle, and is the magnetic field flux density.[1]

The angular frequency of this circular motion is known as the gyrofrequency, or cyclotron frequency, and can be expressed as in units of radians/second.[1]

Variants

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It is often useful to give the gyrofrequency a sign with the definition   or express it in units of hertz with   For electrons, this frequency can be reduced to  

In cgs-units the gyroradius   and the corresponding gyrofrequency   include a factor  , that is the velocity of light, because the magnetic field is expressed in units  .

Relativistic case

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For relativistic particles the classical equation needs to be interpreted in terms of particle momentum  :   where   is the Lorentz factor. This equation is correct also in the non-relativistic case.

For calculations in accelerator and astroparticle physics, the formula for the gyroradius can be rearranged to give   where m denotes metres, c is the speed of light, GeV is the unit of Giga-electronVolts,   is the elementary charge, and T is the unit of tesla.

Derivation

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If the charged particle is moving, then it will experience a Lorentz force given by   where   is the velocity vector and   is the magnetic field vector.

Notice that the direction of the force is given by the cross product of the velocity and magnetic field. Thus, the Lorentz force will always act perpendicular to the direction of motion, causing the particle to gyrate, or move in a circle. The radius of this circle,  , can be determined by equating the magnitude of the Lorentz force to the centripetal force as   Rearranging, the gyroradius can be expressed as   Thus, the gyroradius is directly proportional to the particle mass and perpendicular velocity, while it is inversely proportional to the particle electric charge and the magnetic field strength. The time it takes the particle to complete one revolution, called the period, can be calculated to be   Since the period is the reciprocal of the frequency we have found   and therefore  

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Chen, Francis F. (1983). Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 1: Plasma Physics, 2nd ed. New York, NY USA: Plenum Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-306-41332-2.