This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2024) |
Gastrophryne olivacea, the Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad or western narrow-mouthed toad, is a species of microhylid frog found throughout much of the south-central United States from Nebraska south through Texas, and into northern Mexico. Though not a true toad, evidenced by the smooth, moist skin, its common name obtains due to its terrestrial habit.
| Gastrophryne olivacea | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | Gastrophryne |
| Species: | G. olivacea
|
| Binomial name | |
| Gastrophryne olivacea Hallowell, 1856
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Engystoma olivaceum | |
Description
edit
Great Plains narrow-mouthed toads are a small (1.5 in), flat-bodied species, with a sharply pointed snout. They are typically olive green to grey-brown in color, sometimes with black blotching. Their undersides are lighter colored. Their skin secretions can cause severe, burning pain if they get into eyes.
Behavior and habitat
editThis toad is found in a wide range of habitats, but most frequently on moist ground or in leaf litter, and under rocks or fallen logs. They breed throughout the spring and summer in pools of water left by rainfall. Their primary diet is ants.
Western narrow-mouthed toads have a mutualistic relationship with tarantulas. They will live together, and in exchange will eat ants that attempt to invade the tarantula's burrow. Chemicals in their skin make the toads unpalatable to the spiders. [2] Similar mutualistic behavior has been observed in other microhylid frogs.[3]
Taxonomy
editGastrophryne olivacea was once considered a subspecies of the eastern narrowmouth toad, G. carolinensis.
There are no valid subspecies of this taxon at this time. This taxon was originally divided into two subspecies but in 2012 the western subspecies was elevated to full species status ("Gastrophryne mazatlanensis" = the Sinaloan Narrow-mouthed Toad).[4]
References
edit- ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Gastrophryne olivacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T50930132A50929945. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T50930132A50929945.en. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ "Western Narrow-mouthed Toad | Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation".
- ^ "Tiny Frogs and Giant Spiders: Best of Friends". 7 August 2022.
- ^ Streicher, J. W., C. L. Cox, J. A. Campbell, E. N. Smith, and R. O. de Sá. 2012. Rapid range expansion in the Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad (Gastrophryne olivacea) and a revised taxonomy for North American microhylids. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 64: 645–653.