The Gopala Tapani Upanishad (Gopāla-tāpanī Upaniṣad) is a Sanskrit text, and one of the later Upanishads attached to the Atharvaveda.[2][3] The Gopāla-Tāpanī is one of the four Tāpinī Upanishads (Nṛsiṁha, Rāma, Tripurā, and Gopāla).[3]
| Gopala-Tapani | |
|---|---|
 Significant Upanishad on Radha Krishna | |
| Devanagari | गोपालतापिन्युपनिषत् |
| IAST | Gopāla-Tāpanī |
| Title means | Surrender to Krishna |
| Date | Uncertain, est. 8th BCE to 6th century BCE |
| Type | Vaishnava |
| Linked Veda | Atharvaveda |
| Chapters | 9[1] |
This Vaishnava Upanishad belongs to the Tandya school of the Atharvaveda.[1] Like the Gopala-Tapani Upanishad is an anthology of texts that must have pre-existed as separate texts, and were edited into a larger text by one or more ancient Indian scholars.[1] The precise chronology of Gopala-Tapani Upanishad is uncertain, and it is variously dated to have been composed by the 8th to 6th century BCE in India.[2][4][5]
It is one of the largest Upanishadic compilations, and has eight Prapathakas (literally lectures, chapters), each with many volumes, and each volume contains many verses.[6][4] The volumes are a motley collection of stories and themes. As part of the poetic and chants-focussed atharvaveda, the broad unifying theme of the Upanishad is the importance of speech, language, song and chants to man's quest for knowledge and salvation, to metaphysical premises and questions, as well as to rituals.[1][7]
The Gopala-Tapani Upanishad is notable for its lifting metric structure, its mention of ancient cultural elements such as musical instruments, and embedded philosophical premises that later served as foundation for Vedanta school of Hinduism.[8] It is one of the most cited texts in later Bhasyas (reviews and commentaries) by scholars from the diverse schools of Hinduism.
Etymology
editॐ
—Gopala-Tapani Upanishad, II.56[5]
The Sanskrit word tāpanīya in the context of these Upanishads is not clear. The word is found in four different forms: tapanīya, tāpanīya, tāpinī, tāpanī. Tāpanī is the most common form used in titles and references, but this appears to be an abbreviated form of the more correct tāpanīya, which appears in the texts themselves. According to Monier-Williams, tāpanīya ("gold") is described to be the name of a school of the Vājaseyani Saṁhitā that produced the four Upanishads bearing this name. This assumes that they come from a common source something disputed by others, who believe that the three other works were written on the model of the Nṛsiṁha-tāpanī as a result of the success enjoyed by that work in bringing legitimation a particular ancient tradition containing Nṛsiṁha mantra.[6] Deussen reads tapanīya,[6] which means "that which must be heated" or "gold". It also has the meaning of "self-mortification".
The process of self-purification is often compared to smelting gold, which is heated repeatedly in fire to remove any impurities. Deussen thus explains the term is as follows: "Tapanam (austerity) is burning pain-suffering or ascetic self-sacrifice; Nṛsiṁha-tapanam thus means ascetic self-surrender to Nṛsiṁha. Therefore Nṛsiṁha-tapanīya Upanishad is "the doctrine concerning the ascetic surrender to Nṛsiṁha."[6]
Dating
editFarquhar dates it to have been composed after Nṛsiṁha-tāpanī Upanishad, which he estimates to be complete by the 7th century.[2] He states that the first of the Tāpanīya Upanishads is believed to be the Nṛsiṁha, which served as the model for the others which took this name.[2] But it is not sure whether the text was of 7th century because it has no mention in Shankara's works. The Gopala-Tapani text was extensively commented by the 16th-century scholar Jiva Goswami placing the two limits on its composition century.[4] The 14th-century scholar Vidyaranya commented on Tapani series of Upanishad, so it is possible the text existed by then.[2]
Contents
editAccording to Swami Tripurari's commentary, he subject of the Gopala Tapani Upanishad is the deity Krishna, who is referred to as the knowledge identified by the Vedanta. The text purports to be the source of spiritual practices, which would lead to the realisation that Krishna is the highest truth, and the goal (prayojana) of the text is to foster devotion towards the deity, for the sake of devotion.[9] The text also contains an account of Radha, the principal consort of Krishna, and thus also reverenced by all Radha-worshipping sects.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Hattangadi 2000.
- ^ a b c d e Farquhar 1920, p. 266.
- ^ a b Tinoco 1997, p. 88.
- ^ a b c Tripurari 2004, pp. 3–4, 8-11 with footnotes.
- ^ a b Steven Rosen (2006), Essential Hinduism, Praeger, ISBN 978-0275990060, page 218
- ^ a b c d Deussen, P. (1980). Sixty Upanishads of The Veda, trans. VM Bedekar and GB Palsule. Delhi. ISBN 0-8426-1645-4.Vol II, pp. 809-888. He has translated the Rāma Pūrva and Uttara-tāpinī and the Nṛsiṁha Pūrva and Uttara-tāpinī Upanishads.
- ^ Tripurari, Prabodhānanda Sarasvatī: From Benares to Braj" in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Vol LV, Part 1, 1992, pages 52-75
- ^ Kṛṣṇadāsa Bābājī, Kusumasarovara, Radha Kund: Gaurahari Press, 1955
- ^ Tripurarari, Swami B.V. Gopala Tapani.
- ^ Bhattacharya, Sunil Kumar (1996). Krishna-cult in Indian Art. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-7533-001-6.
Bibliography
edit- B. V. Tripurari (2004). Gopala-Tapani Upanisad. Audarya Press. ISBN 1-932771-12-3.
- Deussen, Paul (1 January 2010). The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 978-1-61640-239-6.
- Deussen, Paul; Bedekar, V.M. (tr.); Palsule (tr.), G.B. (1 January 1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
- Farquhar, John Nicol (1920). An outline of the religious literature of India. H. Milford, Oxford university press. ISBN 81-208-2086-X.
- Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). "गोपालतापिन्युपनिषत् (Gopalatapani Upanishad)" (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- Tinoco, Carlos Alberto (1997). Upanishads. IBRASA. ISBN 978-85-348-0040-2.
- Tripurari, BV (Translator) (2004). Gopala-Tapani Upanisad (PDF). Mandala. ISBN 978-1932771121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-02-15. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
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Further reading
edit- B. V. Tripurari (2004). Gopala-Tapani Upanisad. Audarya Press.
- Narang, S. (1984). The Vaisnava Philosophy According to Baladeva Vidyabhusana. Nag Publishers.