Pilosella aurantiaca (fox-and-cubs,[4]: 758 orange hawkweed,[5]: 208 devil's paintbrush,[6]: 324 grim-the-collier) is a perennial flowering plant in the family Asteraceae that is native to alpine regions of central and southern Europe, where it is protected in several regions.[citation needed]
| Pilosella aurantiaca | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Pilosella |
| Species: | P. aurantiaca
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| Binomial name | |
| Pilosella aurantiaca | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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Description
editIt is a low-growing plant with shallow fibrous roots and a basal rosette of elliptical to lanceolate leaves 5–20 centimetres (2.0–7.9 in) long and 1–3 centimetres (0.39–1.18 in) broad.[7] All parts of the plant exude a milky juice. The flowering stem is usually leafless or with just one or two small leaves. The stem and leaves are covered with short stiff hairs (trichomes), usually blackish in color. The stems may reach a height of 60 centimetres (24 in) and have 2–25 capitula (flowerheads), each 1–2+1⁄2 cm diameter, bundled together at the end of short pedicels. The flowers are orange, almost red, which is virtually invisible to bees, yet they also reflect ultraviolet light, increasing their conspicuousness to pollinators.[8] The flowers are visited by various insects, including many species of bees, butterflies, pollinating flies.[8][9] The flowers themselves come in a range of colors from a deep rust-orange to a pure yellow and often show striking gradients of color. In the UK, it flowers in June and July.[9] After flowering, it produces seed heads of the "dandelion clock" type, each individual cypsela (achene-like fruit resembling a seed) being equipped with its own pappus ("parachute") of white or pale brown hairs evolved as a mechanism for wind-dispersal.[10]
The plant propagates through its wind-dispersed seeds, and also vegetatively via the stolons and shallow rhizomes in autumn or spring.[10]
Taxonomy
editThe Latin specific epithet aurantiaca means 'orange', referring to the usual colour of the blooms.[11][12] The common name of fox-and-cubs is due to the appearance of the open flowers (the fox) beside the flower buds (the cubs).[9]
Distribution
editPilosella aurantiaca is native to parts of Europe (central, eastern, northern, southeastern and southwestern). It is widely naturalized elsewhere, including other parts of Europe such as Great Britain and Ireland, Central Asia, Canada, many states in the United States, Japan and New South Wales.[3]
Use in horticulture
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P. aurantiaca is widely grown as an ornamental plant in gardens for its very decorative flowers. It is often used in wildflower gardens because its bright orange flowers are highly attractive to a wide array of pollinators.[13]
Use in folk medicine
editFox and cubs has a long history of use in the folk medicine of Europe, in which it has been used in preparations believed to benefit a variety of diseases, including respiratory infections, digestive problems, and skin conditions. The leaves have also been used to prepare a tisane believed to have tranquilising and sleep-inducing properties. Herbal teas prepared from the leaves and flowers are credited with having diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The plant itself is believed to have some value in the treatment of cancer any has also been employed as a natural remedy for the control of blood sugar levels and the treatment of high blood pressure.[14]
In myth and folklore
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Although not native to the British Isles, P. aurantiaca was introduced there at least as early as sixteenth century, as is evidenced by the English common name grim-the-collier, which is that of a folkloric figure of uncertain origin who features in a once-familiar proverb and subsequently in no fewer than three early modern English plays. In one of these he is actually named in the title: "Grim the Collier of Croydon; or, The Devil and his Dame: with the Devil and Saint Dunston". The name Grim was originally a by-name of the Germanic deity Odin/Woden, which came later to be associated, in mediaeval mystery plays with sooty devils blackened by the fires of hell. The term collier can designate not only a coal miner or coal merchant but also a charcoal-burner or charcoal merchant and the town of Croydon in Surrey was formerly noted for the number of its charcoal-burners. The reason for the application of the name of this folk villain to Pilosella aurantiaca is that it has a sooty appearance due the distinctive black hairs in which the flower heads are covered. The proverb linking colliers to the Devil and his fiery abode runs thus: 'like will to like, quoth the devil to the collier' i.e. the Devil and the collier are natural companions thanks to their shared black and sooty appearance. This hellish association between, on the one hand the flower with its black hairs and, on the other, the sooty Devil and his equally sooty friend the coal miner is reinforced by the fiery orange colouration of the flowers, reminiscent of both the flames of a coal fire and the unquenchable flames of hellfire – as further recognised in the plant's common names red devil and devil’s paintbrush. [15]
One website claims that the plant features in Celtic mythology, being believed to possess apotropaic powers employed in magical practices intended to bring good luck and ward off evil spirits.[16] It claims further that in certain (unspecified) cultures, it was planted deliberately around homes and gardens to keep them safe from harm.[16] Kew's definitive Plants of the World Online website states that the plant is not native to Ireland or the U.K.[17] an aspect of its distribution which rules out its featuring in ancient insular Celtic belief but not its playing a role in the mythology of Brittany (P. aurantiaca is native to much of continental Europe – including France[17]).
Invasive weed
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Orange hawkweed (Pilosella aurantiaca) is currently the only hawkweed considered regionally invasive in areas of British Columbia, Canada. It is considered invasive in the East Kootenay, Central Kootenay, Columbia-Shuswap, Thompson-Nicola, Bulkley Nechako, and Cariboo Regional Districts. Invasive hawkweed can replace native vegetation in open, undisturbed natural areas such as meadows, reducing forage and threatening biodiversity.[18] In Victoria and NSW, Australia, hawkweed species are declared as "State Prohibited Weeds" and are controlled under The Bio Security Act 2015. Orange hawkweed is also considered an invasive species in some states in the United States of America, such as Alaska, Wisconsin and Minnesota.[19][20] Currently there are several eradication programs operating (often employing volunteers) to locate, prevent the spread of and eradicate any Pilosella or Hieracium plants.
References
edit- ^ Bräutigam, S; Greuter, W (2007). "A new treatment of Pilosella for the Euro-Mediterranean flora". Willdenowia. 37 (1): 123–137. doi:10.3372/wi.37.37106.
- ^ Schultz, FW; Schultz-Bipontinus, CH (1862). "Pilosella als eigene Gattum aufgestellt" [Pilosella is set up as a separate genus]. Flora (Separatabdruck). 45: 417–441.
- ^ a b "Pilosella aurantiaca L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
- ^ Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.
- ^ Peterson, Roger Tory; McKenny, Margaret (1968). A Field Guide to Wildflowers of Northeastern and North-Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston. ISBN 0-395-18325-1.
- ^ Venning, Frank D. (1984). A Guide to Field Identification Wildflowers of North America. New York: Golden Press. OCLC 301214740.
- ^ Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing – via Project Gutenberg.
- ^ a b Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.
- ^ a b c "Pilosella aurantiaca". BBC Gardeners World Magazine. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ a b "Pilosella aurantiaca | fox and cubs Herbaceous Perennial/RHS Gardening". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
- ^ "aurantíacus, a, um". Acta plantarum – Etimologia dei nomi botanici e micologici. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- ^ "Meadow Mat Wildflower Species: Fox and Cubs". Meadow Mat Wildflower Matting. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- ^ http://www.wildflowerweb.co.uk/plant/191/fox-and-cubs#:~:text=It%20is%20also%20believed%20to,have%20not%20been%20scientifically%20established. Retrieved at 9.33 on Wednesday 26/6/24
- ^ Seymour, Laura "The Name of Grim: Tracing the Character of Grim the Collier in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century English Theatre" Early Theatre 24.2 (2021), 55–72 https://doi.org/10.12745/et.24.2.4534 Retrieved at 9.12 on Friday 28/6/24
- ^ a b http://www.wildflowerweb.co.uk/plant/191/fox-and-cubs#:~:text=It%20is%20also%20believed%20to,have%20not%20been%20scientifically%20established. Retrieved at 9.12 on Friday 28/6/24
- ^ a b https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:238000-1 Retrieved at 9.12 on Friday 28/6/24
- ^ "Invasive Species Council of BC". Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- ^ "Online Virtual Flora of Wisconsin – Hieracium aurantiacum". wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
- ^ "Orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum)". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
Media related to Pilosella aurantiaca at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pilosella aurantiaca at Wikispecies
