Ḥusām ad-Dīn ʿIwaz bin Ḥusayn Khaljī (Bengali: হুসামউদ্দীন ইওজ বিন হোসেন খলজী, Persian: حسام الدین عوض بن حسین خلجی), later known by his regnal title as Ghiyāth ad-Dīn ʿIwaz Shāh (Bengali: গিয়াসউদ্দীন ইওজ শাহ, Persian: غیاث الدین عوض شاه), was a two-time governor of Bengal under the Delhi Sultanate, and a member of the Khalji dynasty of Bengal. During his second term, lasting from 1212 to 1227, Khalji declared himself as an independent ruler of Bengal.
Malik Husamuddin/Ghiyathuddin Iwaz Khalji | |
|---|---|
 Coin of Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad. Governor of Bengal, AH 614–616 AD (1217–1220). Struck in the name of Shams al-Din Iltutmish, Sultan of Delhi. | |
| Governor of Bengal (Lakhnauti) | |
| In office 1208 – 1210 | |
| Preceded by | Muhammad Shiran Khalji |
| Succeeded by | Ali Mardan Khalji |
| Ruler of Bengal | |
| In office 1212 – 1227 | |
| Preceded by | Ali Mardan Khalji |
| Succeeded by | Nasiruddin Mahmud |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1150 |
| Died | c. 1227 Bengal |
| Children | Ali Sher Khalji |
His regime has been described as "constructive" as Khalji made major developments to Bengal by innovating flood defence systems and interlinking major cities by means of constructing South Asia's earliest-recorded embankments and extending the Grand Trunk Road.[1][2] Khalji was also responsible for establishing Bengal's first naval force, the complete fortification of Lakhnauti (Gaur) and the founding of the fort-town of Basankot.[3]
Early life and background edit
He was member of the Ghilji tribe,[4][5][6][7] a tribe of Turko-Afghan origin that settled in Afghanistan.[8][9][10] He was born into a Muslim family in Garmsir, and his father's name was Husayn Khalji. During his early life, Iwaz Khalji transported goods with his donkey. On one occasion, he provided food and drink to a group of dervishes who later prayed for him and instructed him to enter South Asia.
First term edit
Iwaz Khalji became a deputy during Bakhtiyar Khalji's advances towards Bihar and Bengal, and in recognition of his contribution, was made the Jagirdar of Kangori in North Bengal.[11]
During the infighting of Bengal's Khaljis, the Delhi sultan Qutb al-Din Aibak sent an army led by Qaimaz Rumi, the Governor of Awadh, to dethrone Muhammad Shiran Khalji, the governor of Bengal. The army passed through Kangori where they were welcomed by Iwaz. Upon the army's victory, Rumi appointed Iwaz as the next Governor of Bengal in 1208. Iwaz governed Bengal for two years until Ali Mardan Khalji returned to Bengal in 1210, in which he freely gave up his governorship of Bengal to the latter.[12][13]
Second term edit
Ali Mardan proved to be an unpopular governor among the population, however. In response, the nobles of Bengal led a conspiracy against Ali Mardan and executed him, thus reinstating Iwaz as the Governor of Bengal in 1212. During this second term, Iwaz made major developments to Bengal and later established himself as independent of the Delhi Sultanate. He undid Ali Mardan's exiles of nobles by inviting them back to Bengal. He transferred the capital from Devkot to Lakhnauti (Gaur), which he newly rebuilt and completely fortified in all four directions (with three lofty ramparts and making use of the river to the west of the city).[14] Opposite of his new capital, Iwaz established a fort-town named Basankot. Not disregarding the former major cities like Devkot, he constructed embankments interlinking these areas together. He also became the first to develop a powerful navy and flotilla for Bengal and built several dykes with arched bridges after analysing the vastness of the Bengal delta and its vulnerability to floods.[11]
Policies and independence edit
To strengthen his independent authority in Bengal, Khalji showed his connection with the former Ghurid dynasty as opposed Delhi's sultan Iltutmish who belonged to the Mamluk dynasty. He had the Friday khutbahs read in his own name and also invoked the name of the Commander of the Faithful (Abbasid caliph Al-Nasir of Baghdad) in his coins, to enhance his position in the eyes of the locals and equate his status with that of the Delhi's sultan.
Khalji had appointed his son and heir, Ali Sher Khalji, as the governor of Birbhum and northwestern Bengal.[15] In 1221, a khanqah was constructed by Ibn Muhammad of Maragheh for the Muslim preacher Makhdum Shah in Birbhum, during the governorship of Ali Sher.[16][17] This contains the earliest known stone inscription mentioning a Muslim ruler in Bengal.[18] Thus, Khalji became an early patron of Islamic education in Bengal by establishing mosques and giving pension to the ulama (Islamic scholars and teachers). He arranged for the arrival of Muslim preachers from Central Asia, such as Jalaluddin bin Jamaluddin Ghaznavi, to come to Bengal and give lectures in his court.[19][4]
Military campaigns edit
After establishing peace in Bengal and developing the region, Iwaz Khalji turned his attention towards the expansion of his kingdom towards the south and the east. 13th-century Persian historian Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani has asserted that Iwaz conquered Lakhnur, a conquest which enabled Iwaz to gain treasures and capture many elephants. After taking control of the region, he appointed his own amirs to govern there.
Khalji carried out invasions into Vanga, Tirhut and Utkala; making them his tributary states. Jajnagar, Kamarupa, Tirhut and Vanga all sent tributes to him.[20]
Defeat edit
Khalji's conquest of Bihar was perceived as a threat to Iltutmish, which finally initiated a war against the former. A large force from Delhi advanced towards Bihar and Bengal. Delhi easily regained Bihar in 1225 with no opposition before confronting Khalji's army in Teliagarhi who attempted to prevent Delhi soldiers from crossing the Ganges. Eventually, a treaty was made between Delhi and Bengal in which Khalji was to give 8 million takas and 38 war elephants to Iltutmish and denounce his independence (by striking coins and having khutbahs read with the name of Iltutmish).[20]
The Delhi forces then left Bengal and entrusted Alauddin Jani with the governorship of Bihar. Following the treaty however, Khalji declared independence for a second time and expelled Jani from Bihar. With an uprising of Hindus in Awadh preoccupying the Delhi forces, Khalji left his capital to conduct an invasion of eastern Bengal in 1227. Prince Nasiruddin Mahmud, who was leading the Delhi forces, made way for Bengal after swiftly suppressing the rebellion in Awadh. Khalji hurried back to Lakhnauti where the two forces came into conflict where he was killed and succeeded by Nasiruddin Mahmud.[21]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Aminul Islam, Muhammad & Fazlul Bari, Muhammad (2012). "Embankment". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Abdul Karim (2012). "Turks, The". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ Khan, Saleh Uddin & Waheduzzaman, Syed (2012). "Military". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Minhāju-s Sirāj (1881). Tabaḳāt-i-nāsiri: a general history of the Muhammadan dynastics of Asia, including Hindustān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the irruption of the infidel Mughals into Islām. Bibliotheca Indica #78. Vol. 1. Translated by Henry George Raverty. Calcutta, India: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (printed by Gilbert & Rivington). p. 548.
- ^ the Khiljī tribe had long been settled in what is now Afghanistan ... Khalji Dynasty. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 August 2010.
- ^ Satish Chandra (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One. Har-Anand. p. 41. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe from southwest Ghur. However, Bakhtiyar was ungainly in appearance...
- ^ Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) [First published 1948]. The History of Bengal. Vol. II: Muslim Period, 1200–1757. Patna: Academica Asiatica. pp. 3, 8. OCLC 924890.
- ^ Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1966). The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. (Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 98. OCLC 575452554:"His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Abraham Eraly (2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin Books. p. 126. ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic. p. 28. ISBN 81-269-0123-3:"The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Iwaz Khalji". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ Khilji Malik
- ^ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Ali Mardan Khalji". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ Akhtaruzzaman, Muhammad (2012). "Lakhnauti". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ Siddiq, Mohammad Yusuf (2011). "Sufism, Sheikhs and Khanqahs of Bengal". In Alam, Ishrat; Hussain, Syed Ijaz (eds.). The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray. pp. 147–148.
- ^ Abdul Karim (2012). "Iranians, The". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ Siddiq, Mohammad Yusuf (2015). Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal (1205-1494). Taylor & Francis. pp. 64, 92. ISBN 9781317587460.
- ^ Shanawaz, AKM (2012). "Inscriptions". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ Abdul Karim (2012). "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ a b KingListsFarEast Bengal
- ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1943). History Of Bengal Vol. 2. p. 27.