George of Pisidia (Greek: Γεώργιος Πισίδης, Geōrgios Pisidēs; Latinized as Pisida; fl. 7th century AD) was a Byzantine poet, born in Pisidia. As an important early poet of Byzantine literature, his work "contributed a great deal to the formation of many of the main features of Byzantine poetry".[1]
Life and career
editHis poems suggest that he was a Pisidian by birth, and a friend of Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople and the Emperor Heraclius. He was a deacon, guardian of the sacred vessels, referendary, and chartophylax (keeper of the records) of the church of St. Sophia.[2] His works have been published in the original Greek with a Latin version. About five thousand verses of his poetry, most in trimetric iambics, have survived.
His earliest work, in three cantos, is De expeditione Heraclii imperatoris contra Persas, libri tres on Heraclius' campaign against the Persians in 622 (a campaign in which a relic purporting to be the True Cross, which the Persians had captured some years before at Jerusalem, was recovered), seems to be the work of an eyewitness. This was followed by the Avarica (or Bellum Avaricum), an account of a futile attack on Constantinople by the Avars (626), during the absence of the emperor and his army, said to have been repulsed by the aid of the Virgin Mary; and by the Heraclias (or De extremo Chosroae Persarum regis excidio), a general survey of the exploits of Heraclius both at home and abroad down to the final overthrow of Chosroes in 627.[2] In his paper The Official History of Heraclius' Persian Campaigns,[3] James Howard-Johnston makes a strong case for George of Pisida also having composed a now lost account of Heraclius' Persian campaigns in a combination of prose and poetry. This account was apparently based on Heraclius' own dispatches from Persia to the citizens of Constantinople and was available for Theophanes the Confessor as a basis for his Chronographia.
Next he wrote In sanctam Jesu Christi, Dei nostri resurrectionem, in which the poet exhorts Flavius Constantinus to follow in the footsteps of his father, Heraclius. There was also a didactic poem, Hexameron or Cosmologia (also called Opus sex dierum seu Mundi opificium), upon the creation of the world, dedicated to Sergius; De vanitate vitae, a treatise on the vanity of life, after the manner of Ecclesiastes; Contra impium Severum Antiochiae, a controversial composition against Patriarch Severus of Antioch and his Monophysitism; two short poems, including In templum Deiparae Constantinopoli, in Blachernissitum upon the resurrection of Christ and on the recovery of the True Cross.[2] He wrote one piece in prose, Encomium in S. Anastasium martyrem. References in Theophanus, Suidas, and Isaac Tzetzes, mention other lost works.
Michael Psellus later compared him with, and even prefers him to, Euripides. George of Pisidia has been suggested as a possible author of the Akathist Hymn to the Theotokos.
References
editCitations
editThis article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2023) |
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "George Pisida". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 748.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: A. A. MacErlean (1913). "George Pisides". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Zagklas 2019, p. 2.
- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Howard-Johnson, James. "The Official History of Heraclius' Persian Campaigns". In Dabrowa, E. (ed.). The Roman and Byzantine Army in the East, Proceedings of a colloquium held at the Jagiellonian University, Krakow in September 1992. Krakow: Jagiellonian University, Institute of History. ISBN 8323307504.
Sources
edit- Zagklas, Nikolaos (2019). "Byzantine Poetry: An Introduction". In Hörandner, Wolfram; Rhoby, Andreas; Zagklas, Nikos (eds.). A Companion to Byzantine Poetry. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-39288-5.
Further reading
edit- Howard-Johnston, James (2010). Witnesses To A World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199694990.
- Giorgio di Pisidia (1998). Tartaglia, Luigi (ed.). Carmi [Poems]. Turin: UTET.. Latest edition of the Greek text of the complete works of George of Pisidia, with facing page Italian translation.
- F. Lauritzen, Plato’s Parmenides in Seventh-Century Constantinople, George of Pisidia’s Hexameron, 1639-93, F. Lauritzen S. Wear, Byzantine Platonists 284-1453, Steubenville 2021, 143-155.
- F. Lauritzen, Late antique philosophy and the poetry of George of Pisidia in N. Kröll, Myth, Religion, Tradition, and Narrative in Late Antique Greek Poetry, Wiener Studien Beiheft 41 (2020) 59-68.