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Qamar Javed Bajwa

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Qamar Javed Bajwa NI(M), HI(M) (Urdu: قمر جاوید باجوہ; born 11 November 1960) is a retired Pakistani army general who served as the tenth chief of the army staff of Pakistan from 29 November 2016 to 29 November 2022.[3][4] In 2018 he was ranked 68th in the Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People.[5]

General (R)
Qamar Javed Bajwa
NI(M), HI(M)
Official military portrait, 2016
10th Chief of Army Staff
In office
29 November 2016 – 29 November 2022
PresidentMamnoon Hussain
Arif Alvi
Prime MinisterNawaz Sharif
Shahid Khaqan Abbasi
Nasirul Mulk (caretaker)
Imran Khan
Shehbaz Sharif
Preceded byRaheel Sharif
Succeeded byAsim Munir
Personal details
Born (1960-11-11) 11 November 1960 (age 64)[1]
Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
ParentMuhammad Iqbal Bajwa
Alma mater
Military service
AllegiancePakistan
Branch/servicePakistan Army
Years of service1978-2022
RankGeneral
Unit16 Baloch Regiment
Commands
Chief of Army Staff (2016-2022)
Battles/wars
Awards

Originally from Gakhar Mandi, Gujranwala, Bajwa was born into a Punjabi Jat family of the Bajwa clan in Karachi.[6] Bajwa was educated at the F. G. Sir Syed College and Gordon College in Rawalpindi before joining the Pakistan Military Academy in 1978. Bajwa was commissioned in 1980 in the 16th Battalion of the Baloch Regiment. Before his appointment as the chief of army staff, he served at the General Headquarters as the inspector general of the training and evaluation from September 2015 to November 2016 and as field commander of the X Corps from August 2013 to September 2015 which is responsible for the area along the Line of Control in Kashmir. In addition, he served as a brigadier in the UN mission in Congo and as a brigade commander in 2007.

Towards the end of his career as army chief, tax details of Bajwa's family members, acknowledged as a "leak" by the Pakistani government,[7][8] were leaked to the press, alleging increases in the billions throughout his tenure.[9]

During his tenure, military interference in Pakistan's political apparatus reached a new high, despite Bajwa's claims of remaining apolitical.[10]

Early life and education

Born in Karachi, Sindh, on 11 November 1960, Bajwa was educated at the F. G. Sir Syed College and Gordon College in Rawalpindi before joining the Pakistan Military Academy in 1978. His family hails from Ghakhar Mandi, Punjab. His father Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa was an officer of Pakistan Army who died while in service in 1967 in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.[11] Bajwa was seven years old when his father died and he was the youngest of five siblings.[1] He and his siblings were raised by their mother, who died in September 2013.[12] Bajwa's father-in-law is retired major general Ijaz Amjad (brother of Iftikhar Khan Janjua).[13][14]

Bajwa completed his secondary and intermediate education at F. G. Sir Syed College[15] and Gordon College in Rawalpindi before joining the Pakistan Army in 1978,[1] which directed him to attend the military academy.[16] He was sent to attend the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul and passing out in 1980.[17]

Bajwa is a graduate of the Canadian Army Command and Staff College and the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, United States.[1] He also attended the National Defence University, Islamabad.[1][17][18][19]

Military career

After joining the Pakistan Army in 1978,[1] Bajwa was enrolled at the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) in Kakul, passed out with the class of 62nd PMA Long Course[16] and gained commission as a second lieutenant, on 24 October 1980 in the 16th Baloch Regiment at the Sialkot Cantonment. His father commanded the same unit.[20][17]

In 1988, Bajwa briefly served in the 5th Northern Light Infantry in Azad Kashmir.[21][22] In addition, he served in the X Corps in Rawalpindi as a staff officer.[21] Upon promotion as a one-star rank army general, Bajwa served as the chief of staff (COS) at the X Corps.[23][24]

In 2003, Bajwa commanded the Pakistan Armed Forces-Africa Command, attached to the UN peacekeeping mission MONUSCO, in D. R. Congo.[21][24][16][1] Bajwa served in the D. R. Congo as a brigade commander under the then-major general Bikram Singh, the former chief of the army staff of the Indian Army from 2012 to 2014.[25][26][27] Singh later termed Bajwa's performance there as "professional and outstanding."[28][25]

After being promoted to two star general rank in May 2009, Bajwa took over the command of the Force Command Northern Areas division as its general officer commanding (GOC), stationed in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.[29][30][31][32][27][23]

In August 2011, he was honored with the Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military),[33] and posted as an instructor at the School of Infantry and Tactics, Quetta,[34] and later taught the staff course at Command and Staff College in Quetta, and course on national security at the National Defence University, Islamabad.[17][18]

On 14 August 2013, Bajwa was promoted to three-star rank and posted as field commander of the X Corps, stationed in Rawalpindi.[35][36][37] He was appointed as a Grade-I officer during his tenure as X Corps field commander.[24] The appointment was commented on by news media that noted Bajwa had been posted three times to X Corps,[24] which is the army's most important and largest corps and has experience of keeping control over the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir.[27][38]

In 2014, Bajwa was appointed as colonel commandant of the Baloch Regiment.[39]

On 22 September 2015, Bajwa was posted to the General Headquarters when he was appointed as the Inspector-General of Training and Evaluation (IGT&E). There he was a principal staff officer to the then-chief of army staff Raheel Sharif.[40][41]

Chief of army staff

In 2016, Chief of Army Staff (COAS) Raheel Sharif dismissed rumours he was seeking an extension of his term.[42] Initially, the race for the appointment for the COAS was rumoured as between Zubair Hayat and Javed Ramday, who was close to the Sharif family.[43][44] However, prime minister Nawaz Sharif announced the appointment of Hayat, the-then senior most army general, as the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[45]

On 29 November 2016, Sharif announced the appointment of Bajwa - the fourth by seniority, as the COAS, superseding two generals who were senior to him.[46][47][48][49][50] His strong pro-democracy stance and views may have influenced his appointment as the army chief as noted by media pundits.[51] Reuters reported that Sharif picked Bajwa because of his low-key style.[52] Journalist Zahid Hussain, citing Khawaja Asif, said Bajwa was appointed as COAS due to advice from his father-in-law, Maj-Gen (retd) Ijaz Amjad to prime minister Sharif. At the time Sharif was facing the Panama Papers case and had "soured" ties with the Military Establishment.[53] Bajwa was also noted as being the fourth oldest COAS.[54]

In December 2016, he was awarded the Nishan-e-Imtiaz.[55]

Under the command of Bajwa, nationwide counter-terrorism operations 'Radd-ul-Fasaad' launched in February 2017, and 'Khyber-4' in July 2017.[56]

In 2018 he was ranked 68th in the Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People, compiled by Forbes magazine, which called him de facto the most powerful person in Pakistan who "established himself as a mediator and proponent of democracy".[4]

On 25 July 2018, general elections were held in Pakistan. They have been branded as the dirtiest elections in Pakistans' history[57] with the army under Bajwa being accused of manipulating the elections and engineering a victory for the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf party over the army's challenger, the Pakistan Muslim League (N).[58]

In October 2018, Bajwa was awarded Jordans' Order of Military Merit by King Abdullah II.[59]

On 19 August 2019, his tenure as army chief was extended for another three years, starting from November 2019 until November 2022, by prime minister Imran Khan.[60] However, on 26 November 2019, the Supreme Court of Pakistan suspended the three-year extension.[61] On 28 November 2019, the Supreme Court of Pakistan announced a short order allowing a 6-month extension in Bajwa's term as the Chief of Army Staff, during which the parliament was to legislate on the extension/reappointment of an army chief.[62] On 8 January 2020, the Senate of Pakistan passed the Pakistan Army (Amendment) Bill 2020, allowing for Bajwa's tenure extension up to three years until 29 November 2022.[63][64]

In April 2022, Bajwa publicly suggested at a security forum in Islamabad that Pakistan had been pushed into dependence on China.[65] After a terrorist attack on Chinese nationals in Karachi in April 2022, Chinese Army general Zhang Youxia asked Bajwa to stop attacks on Chinese nationals,[66] Bajwa vowed to enhance counter-terror cooperation with China.[67]

Controversies

Political Interventions

Ouster of Nawaz Sharif as Prime Minister

The former prime minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif alleged that Bajwa was behind his disqualification from the prime minister's office by putting pressure on the judiciary and the Supreme Court. He also alleged that Bajwa was also involved in rigging the general election.[68] Subsequently, Muhammad Safdar Awan, son-in-law of Nawaz Sharif was arrested allegedly through pressure in the aftermath of enforced disappearance of Sindh Police's provincial senior police officer Mushtaq Mahar.[69] According to Shehbaz Sharif, in 2018 General Bajwa, DG-ISI Naveed Mukhtar and DGCI Faiz Hameed offered him Prime-ministership in return for abandoning Nawaz Sharif.[70] Zahid Hussain in his Dawn opinion column of 21 August 2024, stated that in 2016 when a journalist in a press briefing held by Bajwa asked him what would happen if the Prime Minister was removed, Bajwa responded; "Nothing will happen," adding "Nothing happened even when we hanged Bhutto."[53]

Ouster of Imran Khan as Prime Minister

Main article: No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

Following Imran Khan's ouster as Prime Minister, supporters of Khan's party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf called for Bajwa's resignation as army chief on Twitter, and Twitter trends denouncing the general as a "traitor" reached over a million tweets.[71] The supporters claimed that Bajwa conspired to remove Khan from office along with the country's opposition parties.[72] Rana Sanaullah claimed that the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) was promised governments in federation and provinces as well as the removal of Imran Khan in exchange for vote for Bajwa’s extension.[73]

2018 Election Rigging Allegations

On 25 July 2018, general elections were held in Pakistan. They have been alleged by some as the ‘dirtiest’ elections in Pakistan history[74] with army under Bajwa being accused of manipulating the elections and engineering a victory for Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf over the army's Pakistan Muslim League (N).[75] The Election Commission of Pakistan denied the claim;[76] the Free and Fair Election Network (FAFEN), acknowledged that there had been significant improvements in the election process, but noted "It does not augur well for the ECP to reject the concerns of major political parties ... without conducting a probe into the matter, as otherwise the country may spiral into phase of political and public protest and outcry that inhibits political stability",[77] while the European Union Election Observation Mission acknowledged that that no election rigging had been observed during the election day in general, although the latter did find a "lack of equality" in the elections.[78] Despite the opposition's allegations, it voluntarily decided not to boycott parliament.[79][80] Recounts were conducted in a total of 94[81][82] constituencies by the Election Commission, after which Khan's PTI emerged as the largest party in the National Assembly, winning 115 seats.[83] According to Najam Sethi, "Thousands of bags will be opened and hundreds of thousands of ballots recounted and thumbprints matched. Thousands of Form 45 will be scrutinized. But none of this huffing and puffing will bring Imran Khan’s house down because he is protected and propped up by the Miltablishment."[84]

Assets beyond the Means

In the waning days of his tenure, details of Bajwa and his family's tax and assets documents were leaked to the press by journalist Ahmad Noorani on his blog FactFocus, alleging an increase of nearly Rs. 13 billion Pakistani rupees in the general's family's assets throughout his term as army chief. Assets included an international business, multiple foreign properties and capital, as well as commercial plazas and properties, farmhouses, and residential real estate throughout the major cities of Pakistan.[85] Bajwa's daughter-in-law became a Pakistani billionaire a few days before being wed to his son, largely through receiving property in the army-run Defense Housing Authority (DHA), while Bajwa's wife became a multi-billionaire through his tenure as army chief, and she was repeatedly warned by Pakistan's tax bureau the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) for concealing assets.[86] The report has also alleged that the father-in-law of Bajwa's son has similarly amassed wealth, both in Pakistan and abroad, throughout his tenure as army chief.[86]

Bajwa reacted to the report by denying involvement in the affairs of his family members, and by inviting the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) to interrogate them if any discrepancies are found in their asset documents.[87] Following the publication of the article, the media platform FactFocus faced government blackouts in Pakistan.[88] Reporters Without Borders condemned the move, calling it "unacceptable in a mature democracy that a perfectly sourced and careful investigative report about an issue of considerable public interest for Pakistanis should be brutally censored in this way".[89][90]

Although army spokesmen rejected the claims as "baseless" "propaganda",[91] the country's tax bureau began probing over a dozen government officers,[92][93] and suspended two high-ranking officers, both in connection to the tax claims,[94][95] The Pakistani government declared the tax leak by Noorani as illegal,[96] and announced that they had tracked down the persons responsible for what they termed as a leak[97][98]- contrary to the claims of army spokesmen. In December 2022, the federal tax bureau formally charged three government officers for unauthorized access to the tax records of Mahnoor Sabir, daughter-in-law of Bajwa, and illegally sharing that information.[99] Following the announcement of the government's investigations, Noorani claimed that the government of Pakistan, in particular the finance minister Ishaq Dar (who had labeled the data mentioned in the article an "illegal and unwarranted leakage"[7][8]) had essentially authenticated Noorani's tax leaks by acknowledging the data as a "leak".[100]

Alleged Human Rights Violations

Conservative Party of Canada parliamentarian, Tom Kmiec criticised Bajwa for his involvement in "toppling two governments in Pakistan" and claimed the Pakistan Army under him was "involved in human rights abuses and had links with terrorist groups."[101]

Court Martial of a Civilian

Syed Hassan Askari was tried and imprisoned under Court martial proceedings for writing a letter opposing the extension of Bajwas' term.[102] Hassan was picked up from his home in October 2020 and transferred to military custody. He was convicted and sentenced to five years of imprisonment following an FGCM trial, although neither he nor his family members have received a copy of the charges or verdict, despite repeated requests.[103]

Abduction and Torture of Azam Swati

Azam Swati, a legislator of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party claimed to have been stripped and tortured in state custody after his remarks on twitter on Bajwa's alleged assets beyond means.[104][105]

Death of Arshad Sharif

Following General Bajwa's retirement, the mother of slain journalist Arshad Sharif requested that the Chief Justice of Pakistan formally charge Bajwa, among other military officers, for the "targeted, premeditated, planned and calculated murder" of her son. She claime members of the military's Public Relations division began threatening Sharif after he emerged as a critic of Bajwa following the success of the vote-of-no-confidence against Imran Khan, particularly in a program calledWoh Kon Tha, aired on ARY News, in which Sharif insinuated Bajwa had a hand in overthrowing his democratically elected Prime Minister.[106][107]

Recognition of Israel

Hamid Mir in 2024 alleged that Bajwa invited journalists twice to meet with him to talk about promoting Israel.[108] According to the Hindustan Times, citing Israel Hayom, it was claimed in 2021 Zulfi Bukhari traveled to Ben Gurion airport and then Tel Aviv and "conveyed a message" from Imran Khan and Gen Bajwa "to then Israeli spy chief Yossi Cohen," the article claiming it to be the result of “heavy pressure from the UAE”. Bukhari denied the visit, stating "DID NOT go to Israel. Funny bit is Pakistani paper says I went to Israel based on 'Israeli news source' & Israeli paper says I went to Israel based on a 'Pakistani source'".[109]

Bajwa doctrine

 
U.S. secretary of defence Lloyd Austin meets with Pakistani chief of army staff in Washington, D.C., on October 4, 2022

The term "Bajwa Doctrine" was coined by the Royal United Services Institute after Bajwa's address to the 54th Munich Security Conference in 2018. This emphasised what he called "biting back hard" against threats from the Trump administration.[110] A second version of the doctrine was discussed with journalists in March 2018, stressing democracy, ensuring proper respect of the institutions of the state, eliminating terrorism, bringing terrorists into the mainstream, and viewing the devolution provisions of the eighteenth amendment with scepticism.[111][112] He has urged his fellow citizens, especially the youth, to fight extremism, saying it is a key driving force for terrorism.[113]

Journalist Suhail Warraich commented on the doctrine in detail writing for The News International.[114] According to him, under that doctrine, the eighteenth amendment to the constitution of Pakistan and the financial policies of Ishaq Dar (who was the minister of finance in Nawaz Sharif government which was sacked on 28 July 2016) are disliked while financial policies of Asif Ali Zardari are preferred.[115] ISPR rejected that The Bajwa Doctrine has anything to do with the politics and if any such doctrine exists, it is only related to the security of Pakistan.[116][117]

Some reports stated that The Bajwa Doctrine was at play behind the blackout of Geo TV which started on 1 April 2018. The blackout started after an off the record meeting with journalists in which Bajwa threatened Geo TV with consequences if it did not tow the line of military. The term The Bajwa Doctrine was coined by journalists in the result of that same off the record meeting.[118]

A "Bajwa Doctrine 2.0" was outlined in March 2021 during the Islamabad Security Dialogue. This centred on four themes: an enduring peace internal and external to Pakistan, non-interference in the internal affairs of neighbouring and regional countries, building intra-regional trade and connectivity, and bringing sustainable development via investment and economic hubs within the region. He also said that national security was not the preserve of the armed forces and that "unless our own house is in order, nothing good could be expected from outside," and that "It is time to bury the past and move forward. But for the resumption of the peace process or meaningful dialogue, our neighbour will have to create a conducive environment, particularly in Indian-Occupied Kashmir."[110]

Kashmir Policy

Hamid Mir alleged that Bajwa compromised on the Kashmir issue in favor of India's Modi government after the revocation of Kashmir's autonomy on 5 August 2019. Mir claimed that Bajwa arranged a visit by Prime Minister Modi to Pakistan and aimed to resolve or "freeze" the Kashmir dispute for twenty years to secure the Nobel Peace Prize, and a third term as Pakistan's Chief of the Army Staff. Journalist Nasim Zehra supported these claims, stating Bajwa sought Modi's visit after accepting the new status of Kashmir. [119]

Personal life

Bajwa is married to Ayesha Amjad. The couple have two sons, Saad and Ali.[1]

He is an avid reader and is interested in the history of Europe.[1][22] He enjoys cricket[1] and used to play cricket as a wicket-keeper.[15]

Awards and decorations

   
       
       
       
       
       
Nishan-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

(Order of Excellence)

(2016)

Hilal-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

(Crescent of Excellence)

(2011)

Tamgha-e-Diffa

(General Service Medal)

Siachen Glacier Clasp

Tamgha-e-Baqa

(Nuclear Test Medal)

1998

Tamgha-e-Istaqlal Pakistan

(Escalation with India Medal)

2002

Tamgha-e-Azm

(Medal of Conviction)

(2018)

10 Years Service Medal 20 Years Service Medal 30 Years Service Medal 35 Years Service Medal
40 Years Service Medal Hijri Tamgha

(Hijri Medal)

1979

Jamhuriat Tamgha

(Democracy Medal)

1988

Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha

(Resolution Day

Golden Jubilee Medal)

1990

Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan

(Independence Day

Golden Jubilee Medal)

1997

Command & Staff College Quetta

Instructor's Medal

United Nations

MONUC Medal

(2 Deployments;

2003 & 2007)

GUSP Medal For Merit[120][121]

(Russia)

(2018)

Turkish Legion of Merit[122][123]

(Turkey)

(2017)

The Order of Military Merit[124][125]

(Jordan)

(2018)

The Order of Bahrain

1st Class[126][127]

(Bahrain)

(2021)

Order of King Abdul Aziz

(1st Class)[128][129][130]

(Saudi Arabia)

Foreign decorations

Foreign Awards
  United Nations UN MONUC (Congo) Medal  
  Russia GUSP Medal For Merit[120][121]  
  Turkey Turkish Legion of Merit[122][123]  
  Jordan The Order of Military Merit[124][125]  
  Bahrain The Order of Bahrain, 1st Class[126][127]  
  Saudi Arabia Order of King Abdul Aziz (1st Class)[128][129][130]  
  United Arab Emirates Order of the Union Medal[131]

Effective dates of promotion

Insignia Rank Date
    General, COAS Nov 2016
   Lieutenant-General Jul 2013
    Major-General May 2009
   Brigadier Apr 2004
  Colonel Sep 2002
  Lieutenant Colonel Apr 1997
  Major Nov 1987
  Captain Apr 1983
  Lieutenant Oct 1981
  Second Lieutenant Oct 1980

See also

References

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