Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference

(Redirected from GLIAC)

The Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level.

Great Lakes Intercollegiate
Athletic Conference
AssociationNCAA
Founded1972
CommissionerKris Dunbar (since 2018)
Sports fielded
  • 21
    • men's: 10
    • women's: 11
DivisionDivision II
No. of teams11
HeadquartersBay City, Michigan
RegionGreat Lakes
Official websitewww.gliac.org
Locations
Location of teams in {{{title}}}
Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
200km
125miles
Roosevelt
Parkside
Wayne State
Saginaw Valley State
Purdue Northwest
Northern Michigan
Michigan Tech
Lake Superior State
Grand Valley State
Ferris State
.
Davenport
Location of GLIAC members: full.

The GLIAC was founded in June 1972. Its eleven member institutions are located in the Midwestern United States in the states of Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. There are three affiliate members who compete in the GLIAC for sports not sponsored by their home conference.

Sponsorship of football was dropped by the GLIAC after the 1989 season. Conference schools sponsoring football joined with members of the Heartland Football Conference to form the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference (MIFC), which began play in 1990. The MIFC merged with the GLIAC in July 1999, and the GLIAC resumed sponsorship of football that fall.

History

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Chronological timeline

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  • 1972: The GLIAC began competition in the 1972-73 academic year.[1] The charter members were Ferris State University, Grand Valley State University, Lake Superior State University, Northwood Institute (now Northwood University) and Saginaw Valley State University. Initially the GLIAC competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA).
  • 1974:
    • Women's programs became part of the GLIAC, effective in the 1974–1975 academic year.
    • Oakland University joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1974–1975 academic year.
  • 1975: Hillsdale College, Northern Michigan University and Wayne State University joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1975–1976 academic year. Northern Michigan continued to play football as an NCAA Division II independent.
  • 1977: Northern Michigan left the GLIAC, effective after the 1976–1977 academic year.
  • 1980: Michigan Technological University (Michigan Tech) joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1980–1981 academic year.
  • 1986: Michigan Tech left GLIAC football effective in the 1986-1987 academic year, but remained in the conference in other sports.
  • 1987:
    • Northwood left the GLIAC, effective after the 1986–1987 academic year.
    • Northern Michigan re-joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1987–1988 academic year.
  • 1989–1990: The GLIAC dropped football as a sponsored sport, effective after the 1989–1990 academic year.
  • 1992: Northwood re-joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1992–1993 academic year.
  • 1994: On December 14, 1994, Ashland University, Gannon University and Mercyhurst College (now Mercyhurst University) joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1995–1996 academic year.
  • 1997:
  • 1999: The GLIAC reinstated football as a sponsored sport by merging with the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference (MIFC). The only non-GLIAC member of the MIFC, the University of Indianapolis (UIndy) became a football-only affiliate of the GLIAC, effective in the 1999 fall season (1999–2000 academic year).
  • 2001: Indianapolis added men's and women's swimming & diving to its GLIAC affiliate membership, effective in the 2001–2002 academic year.
  • 2004: Lewis University joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for men's and women's swimming and diving, effective in the 2004–2005 academic year.
  • 2007: On June 20, 2007, Tiffin University joined the GLIAC, effective in the 2008–2009 academic year.
  • 2008: Gannon and Mercyhurst left the GLIAC to join the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC), effective after the 2007–2008 academic year.
  • 2010: Lake Erie College and Ohio Dominican University joined the GLIAC, effective in the 2010–2011 academic year.
  • 2012:
  • 2013:
    • Notre Dame (OH) left the GLIAC as an affiliate member to move its sports into its new primary conference home in the Mountain East Conference, effective after the 2012–2013 academic year.
    • UIndy and Lewis left the GLIAC as affiliate members for men's and women's swimming & diving, effective after the 2012–2013 academic year.
    • Ursuline College joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for women's lacrosse and women's swimming & diving, effective in the 2012–2013 academic year.
  • 2014:
    • Urbana and Wheeling Jesuit left the GLIAC as affiliate members for women's lacrosse, effective after the 2014 spring season (2013–2014 academic year).
    • McKendree University joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for women's lacrosse, effective in the 2015 spring season (2014–2015 academic year).
  • 2015:
    • Alderson Broaddus and Ursuline left the GLIAC as affiliate members for women's lacrosse, effective after the 2015 spring season (2014–2015 academic year).
    • UIndy added women's lacrosse to its GLIAC affiliate membership, effective in the 2016 spring season (2015–2016 academic year).
  • 2016:
    • Malone left the GLIAC to join the Great Midwest Athletic Conference (G-MAC), effective after the 2015–2016 academic year.
    • Ursuline left the GLIAC as an affiliate member for women's swimming & diving, effective after the 2015–2016 academic year.
  • 2017:
    • Findlay, Hillsdale, Lake Erie, Ohio Dominican and Walsh left the GLIAC to join the G-MAC, effective after the 2016–2017 academic year.
    • Davenport University and Purdue University–Northwest joined the GLIAC, effective in the 2017–2018 academic year.
    • Concordia University, St. Paul joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for men's lacrosse, effective in the 2018 spring season (2017–2018 academic year).
  • 2018:
    • Tiffin left the GLIAC to join the G-MAC, effective after the 2017–2018 academic year.
    • The University of Wisconsin–Parkside joined the GLIAC, effective in the 2018–2019 academic year. It also adopted the new athletic brand name of Parkside.
    • Three institutions joined the GLIAC as affiliate members: Lewis and Maryville University for women's lacrosse, and St. Cloud State University for men's swimming and men's swimming & diving, effective in the 2018–2019 academic year.
  • 2019:
    • UIndy, Lewis, Maryville and McKendree left the GLIAC as affiliate members for women's lacrosse, effective after the 2019 spring season (2018–2019 academic year).
    • Upper Iowa University joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for men's soccer and women's lacrosse, effective in the 2019–2020 academic year.
  • 2021:
    • Ashland left the GLIAC to join the G-MAC, effective after the 2020–2021 academic year.
    • Augustana University joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for men's swimming & diving, effective in the 2021–2022 academic year.
  • 2022:
    • Northwood left the GLIAC for a second time to join the G-MAC, effective after the 2021–2022 academic year.
    • Roosevelt University announced it would join the GLIAC, effective in the 2023–2024 academic year. Although Roosevelt will join the conference as a provisional member, it will continue to compete in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and the Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC) in 2023–2024 before beginning competition as a full GLIAC member in July 2024.
    • Upper Iowa announces its intent to move to the Great Lakes Valley Conference in all sports after the 2022–2023 academic year, including its GLIAC affiliated sports of women's lacrosse and men's soccer.

Member schools

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Current members

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The GLIAC currently has 11 full members; all but two are public schools. Reclassifying members in yellow.

Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined[a] Colors
Davenport University Grand Rapids, Michigan 1866 Nonsectarian 5,384 Panthers 2017    
Ferris State University Big Rapids, Michigan 1884 Public 10,072 Bulldogs 1972    
Grand Valley State University Allendale, Michigan 1960 Public 22,406 Lakers 1972      
Lake Superior State University Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 1946 Public 1,655 Lakers 1972    
Michigan Technological University Houghton, Michigan 1885 Public 7,074 Huskies 1980    
Northern Michigan University Marquette, Michigan 1899 Public 6,970 Wildcats 1975;
1987[b]
   
Purdue University Northwest Hammond and
Westville, Indiana
1946[c] Public 6,861 Pride 2017    
Roosevelt University Chicago, Illinois 1945 Nonsectarian 3,725 Lakers 2023[d]    
Saginaw Valley State University University Center, Michigan 1963 Public 7,523 Cardinals 1972      
Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan 1868 Public 23,788 Warriors 1975    
University of Wisconsin–Parkside Somers, Wisconsin 1968 Public 3,966 Rangers 2018      
Notes
  1. ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
  2. ^ Northern Michigan left the GLIAC after the 1976–77 school year; which would later re-join back in the 1987–88 school year.
  3. ^ Purdue Northwest was originally founded as two separate institutions: Purdue University–Calumet in Hammond and Purdue University–North Central in Westville, which both began offering degrees in 1946. The two institutions were merged to become Purdue Northwest in 2016.
  4. ^ Roosevelt joined the GLIAC as a provisional member in July 2023 while still competing in the NAIA's Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC); it began competition as a full GLIAC member since fall 2024.


Affiliate members

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The GLIAC currently has three affiliate members, all but one are private schools:

Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined[a] Colors GLIAC
sport
Primary
conference
Augustana University Sioux Falls, South Dakota 1860 Lutheran ELCA 2,113 Vikings 2021     men's swimming & diving Northern Sun (NSIC)
Concordia University–St. Paul Saint Paul, Minnesota 1893 Lutheran LCMS 5,139 Golden Bears 2017     women's lacrosse
St. Cloud State University St. Cloud, Minnesota 1869 Public 12,608 Huskies 2018m.sw.;
2018m.soc.
    men's swimming & diving;
men's soccer
Notes
  1. ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.

Former members

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The GLIAC had 13 former full members; all but one are private schools:

Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined[a] Left[b] Current
conference
Ashland University Ashland, Ohio 1878 Brethren 6,626 Eagles 1995 2021 Great Midwest (G-MAC)
University of Findlay Findlay, Ohio 1882 Churches of God 4,870 Oilers 1997 2017 Great Midwest (G-MAC)
Gannon University Erie, Pennsylvania 1925 Catholic 4,238 Golden Knights 1995 2008 Pennsylvania (PSAC)
Hillsdale College Hillsdale, Michigan 1844 Nonsectarian 1,521 Chargers 1975 2017 Great Midwest (G-MAC)
Lake Erie College Painesville, Ohio 1856 Nonsectarian 1,177 Storm 2010 2017 Great Midwest (G-MAC)
Malone University Canton, Ohio 1892 Evangelical 1,684 Pioneers 2012 2016 Great Midwest (G-MAC)
Mercyhurst University Erie, Pennsylvania 1926 Catholic 3,217 Lakers 1995 2008 Northeast (NEC)[c]
Northwood University Midland, Michigan 1959 Nonsectarian 2,541 Timberwolves 1972;
1992
1987;
2022
Great Midwest (G-MAC)
Oakland University Rochester, Michigan[d] 1957 Public 20,519 Golden Grizzlies 1974 1997 Horizon[c]
Ohio Dominican University Columbus, Ohio 1911 Catholic 1,716 Panthers 2010 2017 Great Midwest (G-MAC)
Tiffin University Tiffin, Ohio 1888 Nonsectarian 3,096 Dragons 2008 2018 Great Midwest (G-MAC)
Walsh University North Canton, Ohio 1960 Catholic 2,779 Cavaliers 2012 2017 Great Midwest (G-MAC)
Westminster College New Wilmington, Pennsylvania 1852 Presbyterian 1,482 Titans 1997 2000 Presidents' (PAC)[e]
Notes
  1. ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
  2. ^ Represents the calendar year when spring sports competition ends.
  3. ^ a b Currently an NCAA Division I athletic conference.
  4. ^ The Oakland campus has a Rochester mailing address, but lies within the separate cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills.
  5. ^ Currently an NCAA Division III athletic conference.

Former affiliate members

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The GLIAC had nine former affiliate members, all were private schools. School names and nicknames reflect those in use in the final season each school was an affiliate:

Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined[a] Left[b] GLIAC
sport
Primary
conference
Alderson Broaddus University Philippi, West Virginia 1871 Baptist 2,306 Battlers 2012 2015 women's lacrosse N/A[c]
University of Indianapolis Indianapolis, Indiana 1902 United Methodist 4,168 Greyhounds 1999fb.;
2015w.lax.;
2000m.sw.;
2000w.sw.
2012fb.;
2019w.lax.;
2013m.sw.;
2013w.sw.
football;
women's lacrosse;
men's swimming & diving;
women's swimming & diving
Great Lakes Valley (GLVC)
Lewis University Romeoville, Illinois 1932 Catholic 4,306 Flyers 2018w.lax.
2004m.sw.
2004w.sw.
2019w.lax.
2013m.sw.
2013w.sw.
women's lacrosse;
men's swimming & diving;
women's swimming & diving
Great Lakes Valley (GLVC)
Maryville University Town and Country, Missouri[d] 1872 Catholic 5,504 Saints 2018 2019 women's lacrosse Great Lakes Valley (GLVC)
McKendree University Lebanon, Illinois 1828 United Methodist 1,702 Bearcats 2014 2019 women's lacrosse Great Lakes Valley (GLVC)
Notre Dame College South Euclid, Ohio 1922 Catholic 2,200 Falcons 2012fb.;
2012w.lax.;
2012m.soc.;
2012w.soc.;
2012wr.
2013fb.;
2013w.lax.;
2013m.soc.;
2013w.soc.;
2013wr.
football;
women's lacrosse;
men's soccer;
women's soccer;
wrestling
N/A[e]
Upper Iowa University Fayette, Iowa 1857 Nonsectarian N/A Peacocks 2019w.lax.;
2019m.soc.
2022w.lax.;
2023m.soc.
women's lacrosse;
men's soccer
Great Lakes Valley (GLVC)
Urbana University Urbana, Ohio 1850 Nonsectarian N/A Blue Knights 2012 2014 women's lacrosse N/A[f]
Ursuline College Pepper Pike, Ohio 1850 Catholic 1,073 Arrows 2013w.lax.;
2013w.sw.
2015w.lax.;
2016w.sw.
women's lacrosse;
women's swimming & diving
Great Midwest (G-MAC)
Wheeling Jesuit University[g] Wheeling, West Virginia 1954 Catholic 1,600 Cardinals 2012 2014 women's lacrosse Mountain East (MEC)
Notes
  1. ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
  2. ^ Represents the calendar year when spring sports competition ends.
  3. ^ Alderson Broaddus closed after the 2022–23 school year.
  4. ^ The main campus is located in Town and Country but has a St. Louis mailing address.
  5. ^ Notre Dame (Oh.) closed after the 2023–24 school year.
  6. ^ Urbana closed after the 2019–20 school year.
  7. ^ Currently known as Wheeling University since 2019.

Membership timeline

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The GLIAC dropped football after the 1989 fall season (1989–1990 school year) and resumed it since the 1999 fall season (1999–2000 school year).

Roosevelt UniversityAugustana UniversityUpper Iowa UniversityMaryville UniversitySt. Cloud State UniversityUniversity of Wisconsin–ParksideConcordia University, St. PaulPurdue University NorthwestDavenport UniversityMcKendree UniversityUrsuline CollegeWheeling UniversityUrbana UniversityAlderson Broaddus UniversityNotre Dame CollegeWalsh UniversityMalone UniversityOhio Dominican UniversityLake Erie CollegeTiffin UniversityLewis UniversityUniversity of IndianapolisWestminster College (Pennsylvania)University of FindlayMercyhurst UniversityGannon UniversityAshland UniversityMichigan Technological UniversityWayne State UniversityNorthern Michigan UniversityHillsdale CollegeOakland UniversitySaginaw Valley State UniversityNorthwood UniversityLake Superior State UniversityGrand Valley State UniversityFerris State University

 Full member (all sports)   Full member (non-football)   Associate member (football-only)   Associate member (sport) 

Sports

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The GLIAC sponsors the following 21 sports:[2]

Conference sports
Sport Men's Women's
Baseball  Y
Basketball  Y  Y
Cross Country  Y  Y
Football  Y
Golf  Y  Y
Lacrosse  Y
Soccer  Y  Y
Softball  Y
Swimming & Diving  Y  Y
Tennis  Y  Y
Track & Field Indoor  Y  Y
Track & Field Outdoor  Y  Y
Volleyball  Y

Men's sponsored sports by school

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School Baseball Basket­ball Cross
Country
Football Golf Soccer Swimming
& Diving
Tennis Track
& Field
Indoor
Track
& Field
Outdoor
Total
GLIAC
Sports
Davenport  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 9
Ferris State  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 7
Grand Valley State  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 9
Lake Superior State  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 6
Michigan Tech  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 5
Northern Michigan  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 5
Parkside  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 7
Purdue Northwest  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 8
Roosevelt  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 9
Saginaw Valley State  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 9
Wayne State  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 7
Totals 7 11 10 8 10 6 4 8 8 9 81
Affiliate Members
Augustana  Y 1
St. Cloud State  Y  Y 2

Women's sponsored sports by school

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School Basketball Cross Country Golf Lacrosse Soccer Softball Swimming & Diving Tennis Track & field
Indoor
Track & field
Outdoor
Volleyball Total GLIAC Sports
Davenport  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 11
Ferris State  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 9
Grand Valley State  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 11
Lake Superior State  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 7
Michigan Tech  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 6
Northern Michigan  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 9
Parkside  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 7
Purdue Northwest  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 9
Roosevelt  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 8
Saginaw Valley State  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 10
Wayne State  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 9
Totals 12 12 8 3 9 8 5 9 10 11 11 104
Affiliate Member
Concordia–St. Paul  Y 1

Other sponsored sports by school

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School Men Women Co-ed
Ice Hockey[a] Lacrosse Volleyball Wrestling Bowling Stunt[b] Wrestling[b] Fencing[a] Skiing[a]
Davenport G-MAC G-MAC G-MAC IND
Ferris State CCHA
Grand Valley State IND IND
Lake Superior State CCHA
Michigan Tech CCHA CCSA
Northern Michigan CCHA [c] IND CCSA[d]
Parkside NSIC[3]
Roosevelt IND[e] TBD
Wayne State MFC
  1. ^ a b c De facto Division I sport. In men's ice hockey, the NCAA Division I championship is open to Division II members. In fencing and skiing, the NCAA sponsors single championship events open to members of all three divisions.
  2. ^ a b Part of the NCAA Emerging Sports for Women program.
  3. ^ Northern Michigan houses an official U.S. Olympic training center for the non-NCAA discipline of Greco-Roman wrestling. All trainees are enrolled at NMU, and are recognized as NMU varsity athletes.
  4. ^ Northern Michigan only competes in NCAA-sponsored events in Nordic skiing. Its Alpine skiing squad is recognized as a varsity team, but does not compete in NCAA events.
  5. ^ Joining the GLVC in 2025.

In addition to the above:

  • Davenport has varsity teams in esports (coeducational) as well as men's and women's ultimate.
  • Michigan Tech and Purdue Northwest have coeducational varsity esports teams.
  • Northern Michigan recognizes esports (fully coeducational) as a varsity sport. Also, the university hosts an official U.S. Olympic training center for men's and women's weightlifting; all participants in this program are enrolled at NMU, and are recognized as varsity athletes.
  • Roosevelt recognizes ACHA (club) D1 and D2 men's hockey as well as ACHA women's hockey within its athletic department.

Championships

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National Championships

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GLIAC schools have won 49 NCAA National Championships:

Year Sport School
1975 Football Northern Michigan
1980 Men's swimming & diving Oakland
1990 Women's swimming & diving Oakland
1991 Women's swimming & diving Oakland
1992 Women's swimming & diving Oakland
1993 Women's swimming & diving Oakland
1993 Women's volleyball Northern Michigan
1994 Men's swimming & diving Oakland
1994 Women's swimming & diving Oakland
1994 Women's volleyball Northern Michigan
1995 Men's swimming & diving Oakland
1996 Men's swimming & diving Oakland
1997 Men's swimming & diving Oakland
2002 Football Grand Valley State
2003 Football Grand Valley State
2005 Football Grand Valley State
2005 Women's volleyball Grand Valley State
2006 Women's basketball Grand Valley State
2006 Football Grand Valley State
2009 Men's basketball Findlay
2009 Women's soccer Grand Valley State
2010 Women's cross country Grand Valley State
2010 Women's soccer Grand Valley State
2011 Women's track & field (I) Grand Valley State
2011 Women's track & field (O) Grand Valley State
2012 Women's cross country Grand Valley State
2012 Women's swimming & diving Wayne State (MI)
2012 Women's track & field (I) Grand Valley State
2012 Women's track & field (O) Grand Valley State
2013 Women's basketball Ashland
2013 Women's cross country Grand Valley State
2013 Women's soccer Grand Valley State
2014 Women's cross country Grand Valley State
2014 Women's soccer Grand Valley State
2015 Women's soccer Grand Valley State
2016 Women's cross country Grand Valley State
2016 Men's track & field (I) Tiffin
2017 Women's basketball Ashland
2017 Men's track & field (I) Tiffin
2018 Men's basketball Ferris State
2018 Men's cross country Grand Valley State
2018 Women's cross country Grand Valley State
2019 Men's track & field (I) Ashland
2019 Men's track & field (O) Ashland
2019 Women's soccer Grand Valley State
2021 Women's track & field (O) Grand Valley State
2021 Men's Cross Country Grand Valley State
2021 Women's Soccer Grand Valley State
2021 Football Ferris State
2022 Men's Track & Field (I) Grand Valley State
2022 Football Ferris State

Conference facilities

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School Football Basketball
Stadium Capacity[4] Arena Capacity
Davenport Meyering Field 2,300 Davenport Student Center 1,500
Ferris State Top Taggart Field 6,200 Jim Wink Arena 2,400
Grand Valley State Lubbers Stadium 10,444 GVSU Fieldhouse 4,200
Lake Superior State non-football school Ronald "Bud" Cooper Gymnasium 2,500
Michigan Tech Sherman Field 3,000 SDC Gymnasium 3,200
Northern Michigan Superior Dome 8,000 Vandament Arena 3,000
Parkside non-football school DeSimone Gymnasium 2,120
Purdue Northwest non-football school John Friend Court
H.D. Kesling Gymnasium

1,500
Roosevelt Morris Field Goodman Center 500
Saginaw Valley State Wickes Memorial Stadium 6,300 James E. O'Neill Jr. Arena 3,500
Wayne State Adams Field 6,000 Wayne State Fieldhouse 3,000

References

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  1. ^ "GLIAC Membership History". Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
  2. ^ "Official GLIAC Athletic Site". Archived from the original on August 18, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
  3. ^ "NSIC to add UW-Parkside as associated member in wrestling starting in 2021-22" (Press release). Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference. June 4, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  4. ^ "GLIAC Stadiums". D2Football.com. Archived from the original on December 20, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
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