Grigory Ivanovich Petrovsky (Russian: Григо́рий Ива́нович Петро́вский, Ukrainian: Григо́рій Іва́нович Петро́вський, romanized: Hryhorii Ivanovych Petrovskyi; 4 February 1878 – 10 January 1958) was a Ukrainian Soviet politician[2] and Old Bolshevik. He participated in signing the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Petrovsky was Communist Party leader in Ukraine until 1938, and one of the officials responsible for implementing Stalin's policy of collectivization.[3][4]
Grigory Petrovsky | |
|---|---|
Григорій Петровський | |
 Petrovsky in 1937 | |
| Chairman of Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union (shared) | |
| In office 1922–1938 | |
| Chairman of VUTsVK | |
| In office 10 March 1919 – 25 July 1938 | |
| Prime Minister | Christian Rakovsky Vlas Chubar Panas Lyubchenko Mykhailo Bondarenko Mykola Marchak Demyan Korotchenko |
| Preceded by | (post revived, previously Volodymyr Zatonsky) |
| Succeeded by | Leonid Korniyets (as the chairman of Presidium) Mykhailo Burmystenko (as the chairman of Verkhovna Rada) |
| People's Commissar of the Interior of the RSFSR | |
| In office 17 November 1917 – 30 March 1919 | |
| Prime Minister | Vladimir Lenin |
| Preceded by | Alexey Rykov |
| Succeeded by | Felix Dzerzhinsky |
| Candidate member of the 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th Politburo | |
| In office 1 January 1926 – 22 March 1939 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 4 February 1878 Pechenihy,[1] Kharkov Governorate, Russian Empire |
| Died | 9 January 1958 (aged 79) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Moscow |
| Nationality | Soviet |
| Political party | RSDLP (1898–1903) RSDLP (Bolsheviks) (1903–1918) Russian Communist Party (1918–1939) |
| Alma mater | Elementary |
| Awards | Order of Lenin (2) Order of the Red Banner Order of the Red Banner of Labour (3) |
| Signature |  |
Biography
editEarly years
editPetrovsky was born in the village of Pechenihy in Kharkov Governorate on 4 February (O. S. 23 January) 1878, in the family of a craftsman (some sources claim - son of tailor and laundrywoman). Grigory's father died when he was three. Petrovsky had two siblings.
After finishing two classes of school at the Kharkiv Theological Seminary in 1889, Petrovsky was dismissed for not being able to pay for his tuition. Being 11 years old he left education for a job in the city working for a locomotive depot. In 1893, aged 15, he arrived in Yekaterinoslav, where he found a job at the Bryansk Metallurgical Factory (today Petrovsky Factory).
In 1895 Petrovsky joined the revolutionary movement and in 1898 enrolled in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDRP) and joined the "Union in the fight for the liberation of the worker's class" as well as the Yekaterinslav committee of RSDRP. At this period of time he actively participated in the political agitation for the Bolsheviks from Mykolaiv to Mariupol, from Donets Basin to Kharkiv, for which he was arrested in 1900 and 1903.
During the Russian Revolution of 1905, Petrovsky became one of the organizers and leaders of the Yekaterinoslav City Council of Worker's Deputies and the local Battle Strike Committee. However, he soon was forced to flee and for a brief period of time emigrated to Germany. In 1907 he returned to Mariupol, where he worked as a turning specialist and continued his revolutionary activity at the factory "Russian Providence" (today - part of Illich Steel and Iron Works).
Duma Deputy
edit
In 1912, Petrovsky was elected a deputy to the Russian 4th State Duma as a representative of workers of the Yekaterinoslav Governorate for Bolshevik faction. During this time he also was a chief editor of Pravda. In January 1913 Petrovsky was included into the Central Committee of RSDRP. It is known that in the Duma he spoke on 32 occasions, while the text of his 21st speech was prepared personally by Vladimir Lenin. In his speeches Petrovsky was addressing the issues related to improving working conditions and life of miners and workers of Donets Basin.
With the start of World War I in November 1914 he was arrested along with the other six Bolshevik members of the parliament and in February 1915 was sentenced to a lifetime exile in Turukhansky Krai (today - the northern part of Krasnoyarsk Krai).
People's Commissar, Ukrainian Party boss
editAfter the Bolshevik seizure of power, Petrovsky was appointed People's Commissar for the Interior Affairs between 30 November 1917 and 1 March 1919.[5] In this post he oversaw the activities of the Cheka and was one of the advocates of the Red Terror, he wrote in his order "A huge number of hostages has to be taken to the bourgeoisie, in cases of resistance these hostages have to be shot in masses(....) No hesitation in the application of the terror"[6] He was a member of the Russian delegation during signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1917.
From 1919 he chaired the All-Ukrainian [from 1922, the Ukrainian SSR] Central Executive Committee, and co-chaired the USSR Central Executive Committee of the Communist Party. In January 1938 he was retired from these leading Party executive positions. Petrovsky had belonged to the party majority that opposed the Ukrainian national-communist orientation represented by Yurii Lapchynskyi and Oleksander Shumsky, but in the 1920s had nonetheless supported Ukrainization and Ukrainian economic, cultural, and political autonomy.[7][2]
Chairman of Ukrainian SSR during collectivization
editSome Ukrainian historians believe that Petrovsky and Lazar Kaganovich were the main executors of Stalin's 1930s policies in Ukraine, part of which was the 1932–33 man-made famine, now known as the Holodomor.[2] According to the American Communist Fred Beal when, with Isadore Erenburg his superior in cultural-propaganda work at the prestigious Kharkov Tractor Plant, he asked Petrovsky what they were to tell their workers who were saying that "millions of peasants are dying all over Russia", Petrovsky replied:
Tell them nothing! What they say is true. We know that million are dying. That is unfortunate, but the glorious future of the Soviet Union will justify that. Tell them nothing![8]
Other historians, like Vasyl Marochko, a member of an official commission that investigated the Holodomor, say that when Petrovsky fully understood what was being perpetrated and realized the extent of the famine, he pleaded with Stalin to provide Ukrainians with food but this request went unheeded.[2]
Survivor of the Great Terror
editHe was not purged during the Great Terror, but was shocked and saddened by the executions of close friends such as Stanisław Kosior, Vlas Chubar and Sukhomlin.[9][better source needed] Soon after the USSR celebrated its sixteenth birthday, he was interrogated by Joseph Stalin, who told him, "We shoot people like you but you will be spared"[9][better source needed] and then was excluded from the Communist Party and deprived of his dachas and apartments.[9][better source needed] After a year without a job, in 1940 he was made the director of the Revolution Museum of the USSR in Moscow. During the Second World War, after the death of his son Leonid,[10] Petrovsky pleaded Stalin in a letter to release his imprisoned son Pyotr, but his son, who edited the Leningrad Pravda, was shot.[9]
According to Anton Antonov-Ovseenko in his book The Time of Stalin, Grigory Petrovsky settled in the attic of his Museum to a life of relative obscurity.[11] However, after Stalin's death in 1953, he was sufficiently rehabilitated so that, when he died in 1958 at the age of 79, his body was cremated and his ashes placed in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.[2]
Legacy
editThe city Yekaterinoslav was renamed Dnipropetrovsk after Petrovsky from 1926 until 2016.[2][12] Petrovsky himself was present at the provisional District Congress of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies that recommended this renaming and he did "accept this honor with great gratitude."[13] The resolution of the congress was approved by a resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet dated 20 July 1926.[13] On 20 May 2016 the city was renamed "Dnipro".[14] Some Ukrainians believed that the city should have been renamed after Ukraine gained independence in 1991.[2] The city was eventually renamed to comply with 2015 decommunization laws.[15] Ukraine's Dnipropetrovsk Oblast was not renamed because as such it is mentioned in the Constitution of Ukraine, and the Oblast can only be renamed by a constitutional amendment.[16]
A statue of Petrovsky in Kyiv (the capital of Ukraine) was demolished in late November 2009, just days before the annual Ukrainian commemorating of the victims of the Holodomor. President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko had issued a decree ordering the removal of monuments to Soviet leaders, "in memory of the victims of the Holodomor".[2] Petrovsky's statue in then still named Dnipropetrovsk was demolished on 29 January 2016.[17] In April 2014 the local statue of Vladimir Lenin had already been demolished.[18]
Notes
edit- ^ Петровський Григорій Іванович (1878-1958) [Petrovskyi Hryhoriy Ivanovych (1878-1958)] (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Publishing Portal. 2005. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rostyslav Khotin (27 November 2009). "Ukraine tears down controversial statue". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ Rostyslav Khotin (27 November 2009). "Ukraine tears down controversial statue". UNIAN News. BBC. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
- ^ Ignacio Villarreal (31 January 2016). "Statue of controversial Bolshevik leader Grigory Petrovsky toppled in Ukraine". Artdaily.com. AFP. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
- ^ "Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1917-1923: Lenin". elisanet.fi/daglarsson. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
- ^ Jacques Baynac, La terreur sous Lénine, 1975
- ^ "Petrovsky, Hryhorii". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
- ^ Beal, Fred Erwin (1937). Proletarian journey: New England, Gastonia, Moscow. New York: Hillman-Curl. p. 310.
- ^ a b c d Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev (1971). Let history judge: the origins and consequences of Stalinism. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-44645-5.
- ^ Steen Ammentorp. "Biography of Lieutenant-General Leonid Grigorevich Petrovskii - Soviet Union". generals.dk. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
- ^ Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton (1983). The Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tyranny. Harper & Row. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-06-039027-3.
- ^ Gary Kern (2007). The Kravchenko Case: One Man's War on Stalin. Enigma Books. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-929631-73-5. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ a b L.M. Markova (21 September 2022). "About the renaming of streets in the city of Katerynoslava - Dnipropetrovsk in the 1920s and 1930s". gorod.dp.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "UNIAN News. Latest news of Ukraine and world".
- ^ Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization. Ukrayinska Pravda. 15 May 2015
Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes, Interfax-Ukraine. 15 May 20
Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols, BBC News (14 April 2015) - ^ Ukraine, The World Factbook
- ^ (in Ukrainian) "Year of de-communization": figures and results, Radio Free Europe (30 December 2016)
- ^ Gedmin, Jeffrey (10 March 2014). "Ukraine: the Day After". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Rudenko, Olga (14 March 2014). "In East Ukraine, fear of Putin, anger at Kiev". USA Today. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Пам'ятник Леніну у Дніпропетровську остаточно перетворили в купу каміння [Monument to Lenin in Dnipro finally turned into a pile of stones]. TSN.ua (in Ukrainian). 19 August 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
External links
edit
Media related to Grigoriy Petrovskiy at Wikimedia Commons
- (in Russian) Biography