Wikipedia

Foreign relations of Tajikistan

Foreign relations of Tajikistan are based on a desire to secure foreign investment and promote regional security while ensuring Tajikistan's independence. Sirodjidin Aslov is the current Foreign’s Minister of Tajikistan.[1]

Disputes edit

Outstanding boundary negotiations include talks begun with Uzbekistan to demine and delimit borders; however, disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with Kyrgyzstan.[2]

Diplomatic relations edit

List of countries which Tajikistan maintains diplomatic relations with:

 
# Country Date[3]
1   Australia 26 December 1991
2   China 4 January 1992
3   Iran 9 January 1992
4   Mexico 12 January 1992
5   United Kingdom 15 January 1992
6   Denmark 21 January 1992
7   Turkey 29 January 1992
8   Japan 2 February 1992
9   North Korea 5 February 1992
10   Poland 11 February 1992
11   United States 14 February 1992
12   Saudi Arabia 22 February 1992
13   Finland 26 February 1992
14   Cyprus 27 February 1992
15   Germany 28 February 1992
16   Bangladesh 1 March 1992
17   France 1 March 1992
—   State of Palestine 6 March 1992
18   Malaysia 11 March 1992
19   Austria 25 March 1992
20   Cuba 25 March 1992
21   Philippines 25 March 1992
22   Israel 26 March 1992
23   Canada 28 March 1992
24   Syria 29 March 1992
25   Russia 8 April 1992
26   Mongolia 24 April 1992
27   Ukraine 24 April 1992
28   South Korea 27 April 1992
29   Belgium 29 April 1992
30   South Africa 5 May 1992
31   Italy 15 May 1992
32   Luxembourg 22 May 1992
33   Azerbaijan 29 May 1992
34   Czech Republic 5 June 1992
35   Pakistan 6 June 1992
36   Norway 29 June 1992
37   Hungary 2 July 1992
38   Vietnam 14 July 1992
39   Afghanistan 15 July 1992
40   Romania 20 July 1992
41   Netherlands 27 July 1992
42   Portugal 4 August 1992
43   Spain 4 August 1992
44   Thailand 5 August 1992
45   Lithuania 13 August 1992
46   India 28 August 1992
47   Greece 30 September 1992
48   Armenia 12 October 1992
49   Uzbekistan 22 October 1992
50   Sweden 9 December 1992
51    Switzerland 9 December 1992
52   Kazakhstan 7 January 1993
53   Kyrgyzstan 14 January 1993
54   Moldova 26 January 1993
55   Turkmenistan 27 January 1993
56   Slovakia 4 February 1993
57   Chad 27 February 1993
58   Egypt 1 April 1993
59   Madagascar 12 June 1993
60   Bulgaria 14 June 1993
61   Maldives 6 October 1993
62   Mali 15 October 1993
63   Ghana 2 November 1993
64   Albania 22 December 1993
65   Guinea 27 December 1993
66   Latvia 5 April 1994
67   Georgia 4 August 1994
68   Indonesia 27 August 1994
69   Qatar 13 December 1994
70   Morocco 15 December 1994
71   Kuwait 31 March 1995
72   Bahrain 20 May 1995
73   Zambia 31 October 1995
74   Serbia 8 November 1995
75   Cambodia 29 November 1995
76   Iraq 30 November 1995
77   Singapore 8 December 1995
78   United Arab Emirates 18 December 1995
79   North Macedonia 4 January 1996
80   Brazil 29 March 1996
—   Holy See 15 June 1996
81   Lebanon 21 June 1996
82   Bolivia 9 August 1996
83   Belarus 5 September 1996
84   Bosnia and Herzegovina 12 January 1997
85   Yemen 25 February 1997
86   Algeria 10 June 1997
87   Laos 1 October 1997
88   Libya 27 April 1998
89   Uruguay 1 October 1998
90   Croatia 1 April 1999
91   El Salvador 7 April 1999
92   Myanmar 29 September 1999
93   Peru 21 January 2000
94   Ireland 18 July 2000
95   Costa Rica 28 February 2001
96   Sri Lanka 26 April 2001
—   Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1 June 2001
97   Argentina 14 September 2001
98   Slovenia 4 April 2002
99   Brunei 2 June 2004
100   Somalia 28 July 2004
101   Chile 15 December 2004
102   Uganda 8 September 2005
103     Nepal 13 September 2005
104   Sudan 17 September 2005
105   Eritrea 19 September 2005
106   East Timor 4 October 2005
107   Venezuela 5 October 2005
108   Saint Lucia 5 October 2005
109   Iceland 14 February 2006
110   Estonia 23 February 2006
111   Cameroon 3 March 2006
112   Tunisia 19 June 2006
113   Montenegro 3 August 2006
114   Guatemala 22 August 2006
115   Paraguay 30 August 2006
116   Malta 25 September 2007
117   Andorra 9 November 2007
118   Oman 15 November 2007
119   Liechtenstein 28 January 2008
120   Marshall Islands 18 February 2010
121   Dominican Republic 25 May 2010
122   Fiji 20 July 2010
123   Antigua and Barbuda 12 April 2011
124   Dominica 13 April 2011
125   Benin 8 July 2011
126   Tuvalu 1 September 2011
127   Burkina Faso 12 January 2012
128   Jordan 13 January 2012[4]
129   Solomon Islands 21 February 2012
130   Ethiopia 3 July 2012
131   Colombia 5 October 2012
132   New Zealand 5 April 2013
133   Bhutan 24 January 2013[5]
134   Mozambique 5 September 2013
135   Ivory Coast 2 March 2016
136   Togo 2 March 2016
137   Haiti 9 March 2016
138   Nicaragua 30 March 2016
139   Ecuador 12 July 2016
140   Monaco 13 January 2017
141   Djibouti 17 March 2017
142   Mauritius 10 May 2017
143   Republic of the Congo 13 June 2017
144   Niger 26 August 2017
145   Grenada 13 October 2017
146   Bahamas 5 December 2017
147   Jamaica 11 December 2017
148   Gambia 18 December 2017
149   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 18 December 2017
150   Nauru 20 December 2017
151   Belize 21 December 2017
152   Samoa 22 December 2017
153   Seychelles 28 December 2017
154   Zimbabwe 28 December 2017
155   Federated States of Micronesia 29 January 2018
156   Palau 30 January 2018
157   Central African Republic 15 February 2018
158   Panama 29 March 2018
159   Equatorial Guinea 21 May 2018
160   Cape Verde 7 June 2018
161   Saint Kitts and Nevis 7 June 2018
162   Rwanda 30 July 2018
163   San Marino 3 August 2018
164   Vanuatu 16 August 2018
165   Comoros 17 August 2018
166   São Tomé and Príncipe 24 August 2018
167   Senegal 24 August 2018
168   Suriname 2 October 2018
169   Burundi 18 October 2018
170   Eswatini 12 November 2018
171   Kiribati 5 April 2019
172   Kenya 6 August 2019
173   Barbados 8 November 2019
174   Sierra Leone 2 October 2020
175   Angola 5 October 2020
176   Trinidad and Tobago 26 February 2021
177   Mauritania 21 September 2021
178   Guyana 19 September 2022
179   Liberia 21 September 2022
180   Tonga 10 February 2023
181   Botswana 6 December 2023

Bilateral relations edit

Country Formal relations began Notes
  Afghanistan
Main article: Afghanistan–Tajikistan relations

Relations with neighboring Afghanistan began in 1992 and are generally satisfactory. The areas which form the two countries were once connected, especially during the Samanid, Ghaznavid, and Timurid periods. After a friendship treaty in 1750 between Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan and Mohammad Murad Beg of Bukhara, the Amu Darya (Oxus River) became the official border of Afghanistan. The Persian language is widely used in both countries, and there are slightly more Tajiks in Afghanistan than Tajikistan.[6]

In January 2007, with funding from the United States, Afghanistan and Tajikistan opened a bridge over the Pyanj River linking the two countries. Although the goal is to improve trade, the president of Tajikistan expressed concern that it could also increase drug traffic.[7] In March 2008, Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan issued a joint communique for expanding economic and cultural relations, including improving security.[8] In January 2009, the Afghan government agreed that Tajikistan owned 3,000 hectares of disputed land along the Pyanj River. The issue arose when the river shifted course, leaving several Tajik cotton fields on the Afghan side of the river.[9]

  Andorra 9 November 2007
  Armenia 21 October 1992
Main article: Armenia–Tajikistan relations
  Australia

Australia is represented in Tajikistan by its embassy in Moscow.[15]

  Azerbaijan

Although both member of CIS, the economic relations between Azerbaijan and Tajikistan stays at a marginal level. However, in July 2012, Tajik Aluminium Company (TALCO) and Azerbaijani company Azeraluminium signed a cooperation agreement during the official visit of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon to the Republic of Azerbaijan for the construction of an oil refinery in the south of Tajikistan.[16]

  Bangladesh 1 March 1992
Main article: Bangladesh–Tajikistan relations
  Belize 21 December 2017

Both countries established diplomatic relations on December 21, 2017.[17]

  Bhutan 4 January 2013

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 2013.[18]

  Brazil 29 March 1996
  • Brazil is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Tajikistan does not have an embassy accredited to Brazil.
  Cambodia 29 November 1995
  • Cambodia embassy in Ankara, Turkey is presented for Tajikistan.
  • Tajikistan does not have an embassy accredited to Cambodia.
  Canada 1992
  China
Main article: China–Tajikistan relations

At the time of independence, portions of the Tajik boundary with the People's Republic of China were not defined. This boundary dispute was settled in agreements signed in 2002 that would cede 1,000 km2 of the Pamir mountain range to China in return for China relinquishing claims to 28,000 km2 of Tajik lands.

In 2016 the official press agency of the People's Republic of China announced that the state will set up an anti-terrorism alliance with Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.[20]

  Croatia 1 April 1999
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1999.[21][22]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  Cyprus
  • Both countries have a bilateral agreements on Cooperation in the Fields of Public Health and Medical Science.[23]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  Egypt 1 April 1993
  • Tajikistan has an embassy in Cairo.
  Estonia 2006
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Minsk, Belarus.[24]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  Finland 26 February 1992
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Minsk, Belarus.
  Georgia
  • Georgia is represented in Tajikistan by its embassy in Tashkent.[25]
  • Tajikistan is represented in Georgia by its embassy in Baku.[26]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  Germany 1992
Main article: Germany–Tajikistan relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Dushanbe.
  • Tajikistan has an embassy in Berlin.
  Greece 1992 See Greece–Tajikistan relations
  • Greece is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[27]
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
  Indonesia
  • Indonesia embassy in Astana (Kazakhstan) is presented for Tajikistan.
  • Tajikistan is represented in Indonesia via its embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  India
Main article: India-Tajikistan relations

Diplomatic relations between India and Tajikistan were established soon after Tajikistan gained independence following the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union. Tajikistan occupies a strategically important position in Central Asia, bordering Afghanistan and the People's Republic of China and separated by a small strip of Afghan territory from Pakistan. India's role in fighting the Taliban and al-Qaeda and its strategic rivalry with both China and Pakistan have made its ties with Tajikistan important to its strategic and security policies. India's military presence and activities have been significant, beginning with India's extensive support to the anti-Taliban Afghan Northern Alliance (ANA).

In 2002, India undertook a US$10 million project to upgrade an old Soviet military base in Ayni, Tajikistan which would support the Northern Alliance forces.[28] The base also had a hospital to treat injured anti-Taliban forces.[29] India provided extensive counter-insurgency military training to Tajikistan and also supplied them with new aircraft.[30] In 2003, the two countries also held a military exercise, the first such war-game by Indian troops in Central Asia.[31] Following the downfall of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, the two countries signed a military agreement to increase military cooperation. Under this agreement, India has deployed 17 Mil Mi-17 helicopters and 150 Indian Army personnel at the Farkhor Air Base with a plan to deploy at least 12 IAF MiG-29s.[32][33]

Despite their common efforts, bilateral trade has been comparatively low, valued at US$12.09 million in 2005; India's exports to Tajikistan were valued at US$6.2 million and its imports at US$5.89 million.[34] A Tajik proposal to transmit electric power to India is currently under review.[35] India gave US$2 million worth emergency aid to Tajikistan during the 2008 Central Asia energy crisis.[36]

  Iran 1991
Main article: Iran–Tajikistan relations

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan has enjoyed a close relationship with Iran, helped along via a shared Persian identity. Iran was the first nation to establish an embassy in Dushanbe. It was also one of the first countries to extend diplomatic recognition of the newly independent Tajikistan in 1991. Iran provided diplomatic assistance and built new mosques within Tajikistan. Due to the resurgence of Iranian culture within Tajikistan, Iran helped encourage cultural exchange through conferences, media, and film festivals. Iranian television programs, magazines, and books became increasingly common in Tajikistan.

However, despite the many things the nations have in common, there are also vast differences. Tajikistan's post communist government is secular while Iran's is Islamic. Furthermore, Iran is a predominantly Shia nation while Tajikistan is Sunni. The leading figures of the Islamic revival movement in Tajikistan have stated that Iran would not be a model for whatever Islamic government they advocate for Tajikistan.

As of 2011 Iran is the second largest investor in Tajikistan after China.

  Israel April 1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations in April 1992.[37]

  Kazakhstan 7 January 1993
Main article: Kazakhstan-Tajikistan relations
  Kyrgyzstan 14 January 1993
Main article: Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan relations
  Japan 2 February 1992

Diplomatic relations between Japan and Tajikistan were established on 2 February 1992. Japan opened an embassy at Dushanbe in January 2002, and Tajikistan opened an embassy in Tokyo in November 2007.[38]

  Laos
  • Laos embassy in Moscow (Russia) is presented for Tajikistan.
  • Tajikistan does not have an embassy accredited to Laos.
  Latvia 11 May 1994
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Latvia from its embassy in Minsk, Belarus.[39]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  Lithuania 13 April 1992
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Lithuania from its embassy in Minsk, Belarus.[40]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  Malaysia 11 March 1992
Main article: Malaysia–Tajikistan relations

Tajikistan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[41]

  Malta 25 September 2007
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 2007.[42]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  Mexico 14 January 1992
  Mongolia 24 April 1992
  • Mongolia is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.[44]
  Montenegro 23 August 2006.
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 2006.[45]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
    Nepal 13 September 2005

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 2005.[46]

  Pakistan
Main article: Pakistan–Tajikistan relations

Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Tajikistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR. Trade and cooperation has steadily grown between the two nations, with several summits being held on how to improve trade between the two nations.[47][48] Although relations between the two countries had been strained by the situation in Afghanistan which shares a border with both countries.[49]

In March 2008 Said Saidbaig, the Tajik Ambassador, announced that his country would be able to export cheap electricity to Pakistan and Iran.[50]

There are hundreds of thousands Tajiks living in Pakistan, although nearly all are from Afghanistan, not Tajikistan.

  Poland 11 February 1992
Main article: Poland–Tajikistan relations
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  Romania 20 July 1992
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 1992.[51]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  Russia
Main article: Russia–Tajikistan relations
 
Embassy of Tajikistan in Moscow

Until 2005, Russia had 11,000 border guards manning the Tajik frontier with Afghanistan. In September 2012, and after months of negotiating, Russia and Tajikistan have reached an agreement on what Russia will pay for its bases in Tajikistan and extended the lease to 20 or 29 years. The bases are used for 9,000 Russian troops of the 201st Motor Rifle Division. The new deal with Tajikistan makes it worthwhile for Russia to upgrade the four army camps and one air base they occupy. To get the long lease, Russia agreed to sell Tajikistan weapons and military equipment at a sharp discount and train Tajik officers in Russian schools, for free, for the duration of the deal. Tajikistan also promises to help keep the heroin out of Russia.[52]

  Serbia 9 September 1995
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1995, Tajikistan strongly supports Serbia in Kosovo issue.[53]
  • In 2011, the total trade value amounted EUR 5,64 million.[53]
  South Africa 5 May 1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1992.[54]

  South Korea

From 1992 to 1993 South Korea has provided Tajikistan with $50,000 worth of aid and with $500,000 worth of equipment during the Afghanistan crisis.[55]

  Spain 4 August 1992
  • Spain is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Geneva, Switzerland.
   Switzerland 9 December 1992
  Turkey Jan. 29, 1992[57]
Main article: Tajikistan–Turkey relations
  Ukraine 24 April 1993
Main article: Tajikistan–Ukraine relations
  United Kingdom 15 January 1992

Tajikistan established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 15 January 1992.[citation needed]

  • Tajikistan maintains an embassy in London.[59]
  • The UK maintains an embassy in Dushanbe.[60]

Both countries share common membership of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

  United States
Main article: Tajikistan–United States relations
 
Embassy of Tajikistan in Washington, D.C.

U.S.-Tajik relations have developed considerably since the September 11 attacks. The two countries now have a broad-based relationship, cooperating in such areas as counter-narcotics, counter-terrorism, non-proliferation, and regional growth and stability. In light of the Russian border forces' withdrawal from the Tajik-Afghan border, the U.S. Government leads an international donor effort to enhance Tajikistan's territorial integrity, prevent the transit of narcotics and material or technology related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and support a stable, peaceful Tajikistan in order to prevent the spread of influence and activities of radical groups and terrorists.

  Uzbekistan 22 October 1992
Main article: Tajikistan–Uzbekistan relations
  Vietnam 14 July 1992
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Vietnam through its embassy in Beijing, China.[63][64]
  • Vietnam is accredited to Tajikistan through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.

Inter-governmental organisation membership edit

Tajikistan is a member of the following international organisations:

See also edit

References edit

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  62. ^ "Embassy of the United States in Tajikistan". Archived from the original on 2017-09-27. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
  63. ^ "- Home Page". Archived from the original on 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  64. ^ "- Home Page". Archived from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2017-08-24.

External links edit

  This article incorporates public domain material from "Tajikistan". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.. State.gov (2010-09-22). Retrieved on 2010-10-21.

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