The Finno-Permic or Finno-Permian languages, sometimes just Finnic or Fennic languages, are a proposed subdivision of the Uralic languages which comprise the Balto-Finnic languages, Sámi languages, Mordvinic languages, Mari language, Permic languages and likely a number of extinct languages. In the traditional taxonomy of the Uralic languages, Finno-Permic is estimated to have split from Finno-Ugric around 3000–2500 BC, and branched into Permic languages and Finno-Volgaic languages around 2000 BC.[1] Nowadays the validity of the group as a taxonomical entity is being questioned, and the interrelationships of its five branches are debated with little consensus.[2][3]
| Finno-Permic | |
|---|---|
| Finnic | |
| (proposed) | |
| Geographic distribution | Northern Fennoscandia, Baltic states, Southwestern, Southeastern, and Ural region of Russia |
| Ethnicity | Finnic peoples |
| Linguistic classification | Uralic
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | None |
 The Finno-Permic languages | |
The term Finnic languages has often been used to designate all the Finno-Permic languages, with the term Balto-Finnic used to disambiguate the Finnic languages proper.[4][1] However, in many works, Finnic refers to the Baltic-Finnic languages alone.[5][6]
Subclassification
editThe subclassification of the Finno-Permic languages varies among scholars. During the 20th century, most classifications treated Permic vs Finno-Volgaic as the primary division. In the 21st century, Salminen rejected Finno-Permic and Finno-Volgaic entirely.[7] Other classifications treat the five branches of Finno-Permic as follows.
| Janhunen (2009)[8] | Häkkinen (2007)[9] | Lehtinen (2007)[10] | Michalove (2002)[11] | Kulonen (2002)[12] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Taagepera, Rein (1999). The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. Psychology Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-415-91977-0.
- ^ Salminen, Tapani (2002). "Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies".
- ^ Aikio, Ante (2019). "Proto-Uralic". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–4.
- ^ "Finno-Ugric languages". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013.
- ^ Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena K., eds. (2022). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
- ^ Salminen, Tapani (2023). "Demography, endangerment and revitalization". In Abondolo, Daniel Mario; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (eds.). The Uralic languages. Routledge Language Family (2nd ed.). London New York: Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-138-65084-8.
- ^ Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Christopher Moseley (ed.). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. London: Routlegde. pp. 211–280.
- ^ Janhunen, Juha (2009). "Proto-Uralic—what, where and when?" (PDF). In Jussi Ylikoski (ed.). The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 258. Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne. ISBN 978-952-5667-11-0. ISSN 0355-0230.
- ^ Jaakko, Häkkinen (2007). Kantauralin murteutuminen vokaalivastaavuuksien valossa (Master's thesis) (in Finnish). Helsingfors universitet. hdl:10138/19684. urn:nbn:fi-fe20071746.
- ^ Lehtinen, Tapani (2007). Kielen vuosituhannet. Tietolipas. Vol. 215. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ISBN 978-951-746-896-1.
- ^ Michalove, Peter A. (2002) The Classification of the Uralic Languages: Lexical Evidence from Finno-Ugric. In: Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen, vol. 57
- ^ Kulonen, Ulla-Maija (2002). "Kielitiede ja suomen väestön juuret". In Grünthal, Riho (ed.). Ennen, muinoin. Miten menneisyyttämme tutkitaan. Tietolipas. Vol. 180. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. pp. 104–108. ISBN 978-951-746-332-4.
Further reading
edit- Abondolo, Daniel, ed. (1998). The Uralic Languages. London and New York. ISBN 0-415-08198-X.
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