Ferdinand Kittel (7 April 1832 – 18 December 1903) was a Lutheran priest and indologist with the Basel Mission in south India and worked in Mangalore, Madikeri and Dharwad in Karnataka. He is most famous for his studies of the Kannada language and for producing a Kannada-English dictionary of about 70,000 words in 1894.[1] He also composed numerous Kannada poems.[2]
Ferdinand Kittel | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Ferdinand Kittel (1854) | |
| Born | 7 April 1832 Resterhafe, East Frisia, Germany |
| Died | 18 December 1903 (aged 71) Tübingen |
| Occupation | Christian Priest, Kannada research writer. |
| Subject | Kannada literature |
Early life edit
Kittel was born 7 April 1832 in Resterhafe, East Frisia, off the northwestern coast of Germany. His father, Gottfried Christian Kittel, was a priest. His mother was Helen Hubert. Kittel was the eldest of five children. His education was praised by the headmaster as "Never Less Than Good." He joined the Basel Mission at the wish of his father.
In India edit
Kittel learned Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French and English. He arrived in India in 1853. As a missionary, he endeavoured to follow Paul's first Epistle to the Corinthians and "become as an Indian unto the Indians".[3]
Having a strong desire to learn Kannada, he undertook exhaustive studies learning the Kannada language, customs and local music. This earned rebuke from the Basel Mission, where he was already an outsider on account of his North German origin and academic education (the other missionaries were chiefly from southwest Germany and the lower/middle classes, though Gottfried Weigle had studied at Tübingen). This marginalised him by pushing him to a remote station in the Nilgiris and later confining him to the mission's press in Mangalore. He returned to Germany, but visited India again in his fifties to complete his dictionary, which by then had become for him an end in itself, and not merely an instrument secondary to missionary work.[4]
Contribution to Kannada edit
Kittel worked in Mangalore, Madikeri and Dharwad in Karnataka, inspired by and attracted to Kannada Literature.
He is most famous for his studies of the Kannada language and for producing a Kannada-English dictionary of about 70,000 words in 1894.[1][5] (Many Kannada-language dictionaries had existed at least since poet Ranna's 'Ranna Khanda' in the tenth century.) Kittel also composed numerous Kannada poems.[2]
In 1862, Kittel, published his Kannada poem `Kathamale' which presented the life of Jesus Christ in the form of Indian musical metre style. Kittel also wrote a book on Kannada grammar called A Grammar of the Kannada Language: Comprising the Three Dialects of the language.[6] He translated Nagavarma's work on Kannada prosody.[7]
Contemporary recognition edit
Kittel is today almost forgotten in Germany, but is still widely recognised in Karnataka.[4] Many educational institutions have been named after him.[citation needed] A statue at the end of Mahatma Gandhi road in the city of Bangalore commemorates him. Austin Town in Bangalore was renamed "Kittel Nagar".[5]
Legacy edit
The book An Indian to the Indians? On the Initial Failure and the Posthumous Success of the Missionary Ferdinand Kittel (1832–1903), edited by Reinhard Wendt, describes various aspects of his work.[4]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Manjulakshi, L.; Shripad Bhat (9 September 2005). "Kannada Dialect Dictionaries and Dictionaries in Subregional Languages of Karnataka". Language in India. 5. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
- ^ a b Journal of the Karnatak University: Humanities: Volume 19 Karnatak University - 1975 "He was also involved in the work of the revision of the Kannada Bible. But his magnum opus was the school dictionary English- Kannada Shala Nighantu, which saw the light of the day in 1876. Though William Reeve (missionary) compiled and published ..."
- ^ 1 Corinthians 9:20–9:23
- ^ a b c Wendt, Reinhard, ed. (2005). An Indian to the Indians? On the Initial Failure and the Posthumous Success of the Missionary Ferdinand Kittel (1832–1903). Studien zur außereuropäischen Christentumsgeschichte (Studies on non-European history of Christianity). Wiesdbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05161-2. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. [1] Reviews: Robert Eric Frykenberg, Martin Krieger, Nile Green, [2]
- ^ a b Rizvi, Aliyeh (9 August 2015). "Resident Rendezvoyeur: Against all odds". No. Bangalore. Bangalore Mirror. Bangalore Mirror Bureau. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ Kittel, F. (1903). A grammar of the Kannada language in English. Mangalore: Basel Mission. ISBN 81-206-0056-8.
- ^ Nāgavarma; Ferdinand Kittel (1988). Nāgavarmana Kannaḍa chandassu (reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0367-7. Originally published by Basel Mission Book & Tract Depository, 1875.
External links edit
- Ferdinand Kittel and the Cultural Dialogue with India, International Seminar, Germany 2003
- Portrait of Kittel at Kamat's Potpourri