Félix François Faure (French pronunciation: [feliks fʁɑ̃swa fɔʁ] ; 30 January 1841 – 16 February 1899) was the president of France from 1895 until his death in 1899. A native of Paris, he worked as a tanner in his younger years. Faure became a member of the Chamber of Deputies for Seine-Inférieure in 1881. He rose to prominence in national politics up until unexpectedly assuming the presidency, during which time France's relations with Russia improved.
Félix Faure | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Photograph by Nadar, c. 1895-99 | |
| 7th President of France | |
| In office 17 January 1895 – 16 February 1899 | |
| Prime Minister | Charles Dupuy Alexandre Ribot Léon Bourgeois Jules Méline Henri Brisson |
| Preceded by | Jean Casimir-Perier |
| Succeeded by | Émile Loubet |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Félix François Faure 30 January 1841 10th arrondissement, Paris, Kingdom of France |
| Died | 16 February 1899 (aged 58) Élysée Palace, Paris, French Third Republic |
| Cause of death | Stroke |
| Resting place | Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris |
| Political party | Moderate Republicans |
| Signature |  |
According to David Bell, Felix Faure was born in Paris and moved to Le Havre where he became a successful shipowner. He moved up from local politics and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1881. He started as a junior minister and became minister for marine and colonies. He was elected seventh president of the Third Republic in 1895 and died in office in 1899. He did not excel in leadership but was successful in the symbolic role of president. His technique was to exploit his distinguished appearance and cordiality to enhance the dignity of the presidency at formal events. He tried to dampen the enormous controversy of the Dreyfus Affair by refusing to reopen the case despite evidence in favour of the disgraced officer. His presidency was wholly concerned with ceremony, not substance.[1]
Biography
editFélix François Faure was born in Paris, the son of a maker of small furniture pieces Jean-Marie Faure (1809–1889) and his first wife, Rose Cuissard (1819–1852).
Having started as a tanner and merchant at Le Havre, Faure acquired considerable wealth, was elected to the National Assembly on 21 August 1881, and took his seat as a member of the Left, interesting himself chiefly in matters concerning economics, railways and the navy. In November 1882, he became under-secretary for the colonies in Ferry's ministry, and retained that post till 1885. He held the same post in Tirard's ministry in 1888, and in 1893 was made vice-president of the chamber.[2]
In 1894, he obtained cabinet rank as minister of marine in the administration of Charles Dupuy. In the following January, he was unexpectedly elected President of the Republic upon the resignation of President Casimir-Perier. The principal cause of his elevation was the determination of the various sections of the moderate republican party to exclude Henri Brisson, who had had a plurality of votes on the first ballot, but had failed to obtain an absolute majority. To accomplish this end, it was necessary to unite the party, and such unity could be secured only by the nomination of someone who offended no one. Faure answered this description exactly.[2]
He granted amnesty to the anarchist movements in 1895, enabling the return from exile in England of several famous anarchists, such as Émile Pouget.
In 1898 (and for the first few years of the following century), the French automobile industry was the largest in the world. President Faure was not impressed. Invited to address industry leaders at what, in retrospect, is recorded as the first Paris Motor Show, Faure told his audience, "Your cars are very ugly and they smell very bad" ("Vos voitures sont bien laides et sentent bien mauvais !").[3]
His fine presence and his tact on ceremonial occasions rendered the state some service when he received the Tsar at Paris in 1896, and in 1897 returned his visit, after which meeting the Franco-Russian Alliance was publicly announced again. The latter days of Faure's presidency were consumed by the Dreyfus affair, which he was determined to regard as chose jugée (Latin: res judicata, "adjudicated with no further appeal").[2] This drew against him the criticism of pro-Dreyfus intellectuals and politicians, such as Émile Zola and Georges Clemenceau.
Freemasonry
editFélix Faure was initiated in Le Havre, at "L'aménité", a lodge of Grand Orient de France, on 25 October 1865.[4][5]
Death
edit.jpg)
Faure died suddenly at the age of 58 from a stroke in the Élysée Palace on 16 February 1899.
An American newspaper segment at the time read:
About 6 o'clock M. Faure, who was then in his study went to the door of the room of M. LeGall, his private secretary, which is contiguous to the study, and said:
"I do not feel well. Come to me."
M. LeGall immediately went to the President's aid, led him to a sofa and called General Bailloud. General Secretary of the President's household, M. Blondell, Under Private Secretary, and Dr. Humbert, who happened to be at the Elysee, attending a relative.
The President's condition did not appear dangerous: but Dr. Herbert, on perceiving that he was rapidly getting worse, telephoned for Dr. Lann-Longue and Dr. Cheurlet, who arrived with M. Dupoy and were joined later by Dr. Bergeroy.
Though M. Faure still retained consciousness, the doctors recognized that the case was hopeless, but it was not until nearly 8 o'clock that the family were informed of the real state of affairs. They then came to the sofa where the President lay upon a hastily improvised bed. after he began to lose consciousness and despite all efforts expired at ten, in the presence of the family and M. Dupuy[6].
Unconfirmed rumours at the time state he was engaged in sexual activities in his office on top of the presidential desk with the 29-year-old Marguerite Steinheil.[2]
It has been widely reported that those activities were oral sex, but their exact nature is in fact unknown and such reports may have stemmed from various jeux de mots (puns) made up afterward by his political opponents. According to the legend, Steinheil was performing oral sex on him when he suffered a fatal stroke, his convulsed hands tangled in her hair. This was not officially announced, but rumours started spreading immediately, although for several years it was believed that his partner at the time of his death was actress Cécile Sorel.[7]
According to Pierre Darmon, a historian of medicine born in 1939, the popular story of Faure's death is a legend: Félix Faure showed signs of tachycardia. A stormy meeting with the Prince Albert of Monaco (a Dreyfusard, who demanded that Germany act as guarantor for the innocent captain) would have aggravated the president's condition. He then spent a few minutes with his mistress before fainting and returning to his office. He would have died surrounded by his family and his doctor. But according to Germain Galérant, doctor and member of the International Society for the History of Medicine, Faure died of a stroke, the first signs of which appeared several hours earlier, and the historian puts the version of the deadly antics on the account of “Mrs. Steinheil’s mythomania”.[8]
In popular culture
editThe French barque Président Felix Faure, named for the President, was involved in a 1908 case of shipwreck at the Antipodes Islands, south of New Zealand, the survivors being stranded for sixty days before being rescued.[9]
Faure's liaison with Marguerite Steinheil was the subject of the film The President's Mistress (2009) broadcast on Eurochannel, with Cristiana Reali in Steinheil's role,[10] and was referenced in the opening episode of the television series, Paris Police 1900 (2021), with Évelyne Brochu as Steinheil.[11][12]
See also
edit
- Félix Faure (Paris Métro), a station on line 8 of the Paris Métro
- Si-Mustapha, a town in Algeria formerly named Félix-Faure
Notes
edit- ^ David Bell, et al. eds. Biographical dictionary of French political leaders since 1870 (1990) p. 145.
- ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Museum label at the French National Motor Museum for the 1901 Renault Phaeton Type D. (A year after making the pronouncement Faure was dead. "L'automobile" lives on.)
- ^ Dictionnaire de la Franc-Maçonnerie (Daniel Ligou, Presses Universitaires de France, 2006)
- ^ Encyclopédie de la Franc-Maçonnerie (ed. Livre de Poche, 2000)
- ^ "President Faure Dies Suddenly". SEMI WEEKLY GAZETTE AND BULLETIN, Williamsport, Pennsylvania. 17 February 1899. p. 1. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ Armand Lanoux wrote a book about her affair with Faure, Madame Steinheil ou la Connaissance du président (1983). This title is a pun on connaissance meaning both 'consciousness' and 'acquaintance'. The priest who came to give last rites to Félix Faure when he died allegedly asked a police officer whether the president still "had his consciousness/acquaintance", to which the police officer replied "no, she left through the back door".
- ^ Germain, Galérant (23 March 1985). "L'odieuse légende de la mort du Président Félix Faure (The odious legend of the death of President Félix Faure)" (PDF). Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "Castaways rescued". Evening Post. New Zealand. 16 May 1908. p. 6.
- ^ "Presentation of The President's Mistress on Eurochannel". Eurochannel.com. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ^ Reeb, Lucie (8 February 2021). "Paris Police 1900: que vaut la nouvelle série historique de Canal+ se déroulant à la Belle Epoque ?". AlloCiné (in French). Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ Harrison, Phil (9 October 2021). "TV tonight: a classy, raunchy new French thriller". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
References
edit- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Faure, François Félix". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 209.
Further reading
edit- David Bell, et al. eds. Biographical dictionary of French political leaders since 1870 (1990) p. 145. ISBN 0130846902
External links
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