Wikipedia

Demographics of Honduras

(Redirected from Ethnicity in Honduras)

This article is about the ethnic groups and population of Honduras.

Demographics of Honduras
Population pyramid of Honduras in 2020
Population9,459,440 (2022 est.)
Growth rate1.19% (2022 est.)
Birth rate17.92 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate4.68 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy75.17 years
 • male71.63 years
 • female78.82 years
Fertility rate2.01 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate15.08 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-1.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years30.90%
15–64 years63.20%
65 and over5.90%
Sex ratio
Total0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.03 male(s)/female
Under 151.03 male(s)/female
65 and over0.71 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityHonduran
Major ethnicMestizo (80%)
Language
OfficialSpanish
SpokenSpanish, Amerindian dialects

Population

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Census population and average annual growth rate
YearPop.±%
1791 96,421—    
1801 128,453+33.2%
1881 307,289+139.2%
1887 331,917+8.0%
1895 398,877+20.2%
1901 543,741+36.3%
1905 500,136−8.0%
1910 553,446+10.7%
1916 605,997+9.5%
1926 700,811+15.6%
1930 854,184+21.9%
1935 962,000+12.6%
1940 1,107,859+15.2%
1945 1,200,542+8.4%
1950 1,368,605+14.0%
1961 1,884,765+37.7%
1974 2,656,948+41.0%
1988 4,614,377+73.7%
2001 6,535,344+41.6%
2013 8,303,771+27.1%
Source: INE[1]

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[2][3] the total population was 10,278,345 in 2021, compared to 1,487,000 in 1950 (a fivefold increase in 60 years). The proportion of the population aged below 15 in 2010 was 36.8%, 58.9% were aged between 15 and 65 years of age, and 4.3% were aged 65 years or older.[4]

As of 2014, 60% of Hondurans live below the poverty line.[5] More than 30% of the population is divided between the lower middle and upper middle class, less than 10% are wealthy or belong to the higher social class (most live in Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula).

Year Total population
( × 1000) 		Proportion percentage
aged 0–14 aged 15–64 aged 65+
1950 1 487
42.2%
53.8%
4.0%
1955 1 717
44.3%
52.3%
3.4%
1960 2 002
46.1%
50.8%
3.2%
1965 2 353
47.1%
49.8%
3.1%
1970 2 691
47.7%
49.2%
3.1%
1975 3 108
47.5%
49.3%
3.2%
1980 3 636
47.0%
49.8%
3.2%
1985 4 238
46.2%
50.6%
3.2%
1990 4 904
45.5%
51.1%
3.4%
1995 5 592
44.3%
52.1%
3.6%
2000 6 575
42.8%
53.5%
3.7%
2005 7 459
40.6%
55.6%
3.8%
2010 8 317
37.6%
58.4%
4.0%
2015 9 113
33.7%
61.9%
4.3%
2020 9 905
30.6%
64.4%
5.0%

Vital statistics

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Registration of vital events is in Honduras not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. [4]

Period Live births
per year 		Deaths
per year 		Natural change
per year 		CBR* CDR* NC* TFR* IMR* Life expectancy
total for males for females
1950–1955 84 000 40 000 44 000 52.1 24.7 27.4 7.50 169 41.8 40.5 43.1
1955–1960 95 000 40 000 55 000 51.1 21.5 29.6 7.50 154 44.6 43.0 46.3
1960–1965 108 000 40 000 68 000 49.5 18.3 31.2 7.42 136 48.0 46.3 49.8
1965–1970 122 000 40 000 82 000 48.4 16.0 32.4 7.42 119 51.0 49.2 53.0
1970–1975 133 000 40 000 93 000 45.9 13.7 32.2 7.05 104 54.1 52.1 56.2
1975–1980 150 000 38 000 112 000 44.5 11.4 33.1 6.60 81 57.7 55.6 59.9
1980–1985 166 000 36 000 130 000 42.3 9.2 33.1 6.00 65 61.6 59.4 63.8
1985–1990 180 000 33 000 147 000 39.5 7.3 32.2 5.37 53 65.4 63.2 67.7
1990–1995 195 000 33 000 162 000 37.1 6.3 30.8 4.92 43 67.7 65.4 70.1
1995–2000 198 000 33 000 165 000 33.4 5.5 27.9 4.30 35 69.8 67.5 72.3
2000–2005 197 000 35 000 163 000 31.4 5.0 26.4 3.87 31 71.0 68.6 73.4
2005–2010 201 000 37 000 164 000 27.1 4.7 22.4 3.24 28 72.1 69.7 74.5
2010–2015 23.4 4.5 18.9 2.73
2015–2020 21.8 4.4 17.4 2.49
2020–2025 20.3 4.5 15.8 2.32
2025–2030 18.6 4.6 14.0 2.19
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Births and deaths[6][7]

Year Population Live births Deaths Natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase TFR
2010 200,293 22,843 177,450
2011 201,494 25,012 176,482
2012 8,169,047 196,119 25,249 170,870 4.5 16 3.2
2013 8,303,771 214,442 25.8 4.6 21.2 2.7
2014 8,432,153 222,901 26.4 4.5 21.9 2.7
2015 8,576,532 204,594 23.9 4.5 19.4 2.6
2016 8,721,014 184,312 21.1 4.5 16.6 2.6
2017 8,859,980 182,280 20.6 4.4 16.2 2.5
2018 9,023,838 179,842 19.9 4.5 15.4 2.5
2019 9,151,940 169,548 18.5 4.5 14.0 2.5
2020 9,362,596 161,404 17.4 4.45 2.4

[8]

Structure of the population

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Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2007) (Data refer to projections based on the 2001 Population Census.):[6]
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 3 717 577 3 819 375 7 536 952 100
0–4 541 070 522 177 1 063 247 14.11
5–9 511 733 497 666 1 009 399 13.39
10–14 464 403 456 447 920 850 12.22
15–19 402 792 400 001 802 793 10.65
20–24 353 317 357 434 710 751 9.43
25–29 308 283 318 130 626 413 8.31
30–34 255 818 266 861 522 679 6.93
35–39 205 171 219 874 425 045 5.64
40–44 157 492 177 140 334 632 4.44
45–49 128 813 147 464 276 277 3.67
50–54 105 428 121 993 227 421 3.02
55–59 83 643 97 033 180 676 2.40
60–64 63 863 73 789 137 652 1.83
65–69 49 404 58 136 107 540 1.43
70–74 37 134 44 984 82 118 1.09
75–79 24 368 30 225 54 593 0.72
80+ 24 845 30 021 54 866 0.73
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 517 206 1 476 290 2 993 496 39.72
15–64 2 064 620 2 179 719 4 244 339 56.31
65+ 135 751 163 366 299 117 3.97
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2010) (Data refer to projections based on the 2001 Population Census.):
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 3 965 430 4 080 560 8 045 990 100
0–4 549 179 530 110 1 079 289 13.41
5–9 525 938 509 139 1 035 077 12.86
10–14 492 090 481 523 973 613 12.10
15–19 434 856 431 337 866 193 10.77
20–24 371 818 375 696 747 514 9.29
25–29 326 377 337 526 663 903 8.25
30–34 282 042 295 519 577 561 7.18
35–39 230 506 244 378 474 884 5.90
40–44 181 554 200 161 381 715 4.74
45–49 140 031 161 534 301 565 3.75
50–54 116 240 135 378 251 618 3.13
55–59 93 205 109 982 203 187 2.53
60–64 72 071 85 246 157 317 1.96
65–69 53 835 63 955 117 790 1.46
70–74 40 470 49 655 90 125 1.12
75–79 27 381 34 757 62 138 0.77
80+ 27 837 34 664 62 501 0.78
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 567 207 1 520 772 3 087 979 38.38
15–64 2 248 700 2 376 757 4 625 457 57.49
65+ 149 523 183 031 332 554 4.13
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 10.VIII.2013): [9]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 4 052 316 4 251 456 8 303 771 100
0–4 494 034 476 980 971 015 11.69
5–9 489 821 468 723 958 543 11.54
10–14 520 842 499 564 1 020 406 12.29
15–19 487 949 494 215 982 164 11.83
20–24 398 093 442 708 840 800 10.13
25–29 303 379 353 065 656 443 7.91
30–34 262 951 304 416 567 367 6.83
35–39 224 965 259 775 484 740 5.84
40–44 190 323 209 232 399 555 4.81
45–49 150 635 167 391 318 026 3.83
50–54 141 174 152 082 293 256 3.53
55–59 101 062 109 646 210 708 2.54
60–64 91 291 98 345 189 636 2.28
65–69 64 441 71 267 135 709 1.63
70–74 51 803 54 762 106 566 1.28
75–79 38 419 39 988 78 407 0.94
80–84 22 977 25 988 48 965 0.59
85–89 13 681 15 851 29 532 0.36
90–94 3 162 5 079 8 241 0.10
95+ 1 313 2 379 3 692 0.04
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 504 697 1 445 267 2 949 964 35.53
15–64 2 351 823 2 590 875 4 942 698 59.52
65+ 195 796 215 314 411 110 4.95
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Projections based on the 2013 Population Census.): [10]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 4 599 323 4 851 388 9 450 711 100
0–4 499 399 481 326 980 725 10.38
5–9 487 201 470 343 957 544 10.13
10–14 498 226 483 892 982 118 10.39
15–19 479 112 485 063 964 175 10.20
20–24 439 748 465 939 905 687 9.58
25–29 403 089 436 407 839 496 8.88
30–34 361 467 397 429 758 896 8.03
35–39 304 818 339 274 644 092 6.82
40–44 246 965 278 001 524 966 5.55
45–49 205 536 232 492 438 028 4.63
50–54 168 437 191 093 359 530 3.80
55–59 139 061 157 969 297 030 3.14
60–64 112 471 128 236 240 707 2.55
65–69 88 488 102 590 191 078 2.02
70–74 65 693 77 874 143 567 1.52
75–79 45 441 54 983 100 424 1.06
80–84 28 378 35 119 63 497 0.67
85–89 15 164 19 214 34 378 0.36
90–94 7 624 9 864 17 488 0.19
95+ 3 005 4 280 7 285 0.08
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 484 826 1 435 561 2 920 387 30.90
15–64 2 860 704 3 111 903 5 972 607 63.20
65+ 253 793 303 924 557 717 5.90

Fertility and births

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[11]

Year Total Urban Rural
CBR TFR CBR TFR CBR TFR
1998–2001 4.4
2005–2006 27 3,3 (2,3) 24 2,6 (1,9) 29 4,1 (2,8)
2011–2012 25.6 2,9 (2,2) 24.2 2,5 (1,9) 27.2 3,5 (2,6)

Ethnic groups

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Immigrants in Honduras[12]
Country Immigrants
  United States 15,000+
  El Salvador 9,000+
  Nicaragua 8,000+
  China 6,000+
  Cuba 5,000+
  Guatemala 4,000+
  Mexico 2,000+
  Colombia 1,000+
  Costa Rica 1,000+
  Spain 1,000+

Ethnic groups in Honduras %[13]

  Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) (80%)
  Amerindians (8%)
  Blacks (2.9%)
  Whites (3%)

Religions: in Honduras %[13]

  Roman Catholic (46%)
  Protestant (39%)

Mestizos

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Mestizos (meaning mixed European and Amerindian) have been reported by the CIA World Factbook to be about 87% of the population of Honduras.[13] As in other Latin American countries, the question of racial breakdown of a national population is contentious. Since the beginning of the 20th century at least, Honduras has publicly framed itself as a mestizo nation, along with other Latin American countries such as Guatemala or Mexico, ignoring and at times disparaging both the European component of the population and the surviving Amerindian population that was still regarded as "pure blooded". It's well known that many Hondurans of European or almost entirely Amerindian background consider themselves mestizo.[14][15]

Because of social stigmas attached, many Honduran people denied having African ancestry, and after African descended Caribbean workers arrived in Honduras, an active campaign to denigrate all people of African descent, made persons of mixed race anxious to deny any African ancestry. Hence official statistics quite uniformly under-represent those people who have ancestry in favor of a "two race" solution.[14]

Examples of Honduran mestizos are, Poet Clemetina Suarez, novelist and poet Roberto Sosa, footballer Noel Valladares and former president Manuel Zelaya.

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  •  
    Jose Trinidad Reyes, Founder of the National University
  •  
    Writer and poet, Rigoberto Paredes.
  •  
    Novelist, Roberto Sosa
  •  
    Footballer, Noél Valladares

Amerindian

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The Amerindian population is the largest minority group in Honduras. The largest Amerindian group are the Lencan people. These people have been living in Honduran territory since before the colonization of the Americas, developing their own societies and civilizations. They still have many communities across the country. The indigenous population would begin to decline from the mid-16th century, mainly due to the various diseases brought by the Europeans in addition to the growing mestizo population after the founding of towns and cities. According to the 2001 census the Amerindian population in Honduras included 381,495 people (6.3% of the total population).[16] With the exception of the Lenca and the Ch'orti' they still keep their language.

Six different Amerindian groups were counted at the 2001 census:

  • the Lenca (279,507 in 2001;4.6% of the total population) living in the La Paz, Intibucá, and Lempira departments;
  • the Miskito (51,607 in 2001; 0.8%) living on the northeast coast along the border with Nicaragua.
  • the Ch'orti' (34,453 in 2001;0.6% of the total population), a Mayan group living in the northwest on the border with Guatemala;
  • the Tolupan (also called Jicaque, "Xicaque", or Tol; 9,617 in 2001; 0.2% of the total population), living in the reserve of the Montaña de la Flor and parts of the department of Yoro;
  • the Pech or Paya Indians (3,848 in 2001; 0.1% of the total population) living in a small area in the Olancho department;
  • the Mayangna or Tawahka (2,463 in 2001; <0.1%)

Examples of Honduran natives are the many Mayan rules of Copan and other Mayan cities, native chiefs such as Lempira and Cicumba, and environmental and feminist activist Berta Cáceres.

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  •  
    Copan founder, king Knich Yax Kuk Moo
  •  
    Mayan ruler, Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil
  •  
    Lencan ruler, Lempira
  •  
    Lencan environmental activist, Berta Cáceres

African

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Further information: Afro-Honduran

The Afro-Honduran population consist of people of African descent, Garifuna and Creoles. Most of them are descendants of African people brought by the Spanish and other European colonizers between the 16th and 18th centuries. Many of them came from the west African coast, from places like Angola or Senegambia, where European bought slaves for their colonies, while others came from the other colonies in the Caribbean.

  • The Garifuna are descendants of Carib, Arawak, and West African people. This ethnic group has its origins in a group from St. Vincent islands in the Caribbean, who came in 1797. At the 2001 census 46,448 people were registered as Garifuna, 0.8% of the total population of Honduras.[16] The Garifuna speak an Arawakan language. They live along the entire Caribbean coastline of Honduras, and in the Bay Islands.
  • The number of Creoles was 12,370 (0.2%) in 2001.

Examples of well-known Afro-Hondurans are footballers David Suazo, Victor "Muma" Bernardez, Dr. Emet Cherefant, and Wilson Palacios.

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  •  
    Footballer, David Suazo
  •  
    Footballer, Wilson Palacios

European

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Honduras of European descent or White Hondurans, along with Afro-descendants and Amerindians belong to the minorities of Honduras. Most of the white population are descendants of the Spanish settlers, who mainly came from southern Spain,[citation needed] and inhabit most of the western part of the country. Other populations include descendants of European immigrants who arrived at the beginning of the 20th century. In 2014, there were about 14,000 Hondurans of Italian descent, while there were around 400 Italian citizens.[17] Percentages of whites varied between 2% and 7%,[18] due to the fact that the majority of Hondurans identify themselves as mestizos, regardless of their ethnic and racial category.[19] Which makes it more difficult to study the number of people who fit into the white category in Honduras. In a census a total of 450,000 of people from Honduras have appeared who identify themselves as whites, therefore it gives the percentage is 4%.

However, other studies report that the percentage could rise much more, reaching close to a half a million white people in Honduras, which according to official national sources would make a percentage of between 5% and 6.9% of whites in Hondurans.[20] This is because the majority of whites in Honduras do not identify themselves as Euro-descendants as such, adopting and feeling more identified with the mestizo identity.[citation needed]

Examples of white Hondurans are ex president Simon Azcona del Hoyo, pharmacologist Salvador Moncada, film director Juan Carlos Fanconi, politician Roberto Micheletti, General Florencio Xatruch and former president of the Central American federation Don Francisco Morazán Quezada.

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  •  
    Central American president, General Francisco Morazán
  •  
    General, Florencio Xatruch
  •  
    Ex-President, Francisco Bertrand
  •  
    Sir. Salvador Moncada, Honduran pharmacologist
  •  
    Juan Carlos Fanconi, film director
  •  
    Ex president, José Simón Azcona del Hoyo

Other ethnicities

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Asians

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East Asians

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There's a small Chinese community in Honduras. A lawyer of the Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH) stated that the Chinese community in Honduras is rather small. Many of the Chinese are immigrants who arrived from China after the revolution and their descendants.[21]

  •  
    Hajime Waki, Honduran-Japanese singer.

Arabs

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Honduras hosts a significant Palestinian community (the vast majority of whom are Christian Arabs).[22] These Arab-Hondurans are sometimes called "Turcos", because they arrived in Honduras using Turkish travel documents, as their homeland was then under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The Palestinians arrived in the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, establishing themselves especially in the city of San Pedro Sula.[23] As mentioned earlier, they are also considered whites in the country's censuses, in total the Arab-Hondurans make up 3% of the Honduran population.

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  •  
    Businessman Miguel Facusse, son of immigrants from the Ottoman Empire
  •  
    TV host Salvador Nasralla, son of Palestinian immigrants
  •  
    Dr Kerim Gattas Asfura, of Arab descent
  •  
    Carlos Flores Facussé, first Honduran president of Palestinian descent

Other sources of demographic statistics

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Demographic statistics below are based on the 2022 World Population Review.[24]

  • One birth every 3 minutes
  • One death every 12 minutes
  • One net migrant every 96 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 3 minutes

Demographic statistics below are based on the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[25]

Population

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9,459,440 (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups

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Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%, African descent 2%, White 1%

Age structure

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0-14 years: 30.2% (male 1,411,537/female 1,377,319)
15-24 years: 21.03% (male 969,302/female 972,843)
25-54 years: 37.79% (male 1,657,260/female 1,832,780)
55-64 years: 5.58% (male 233,735/female 281,525)
65 years and over: 5.4% (male 221,779/female 277,260) (2020 est.)

Birth rate

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17.92 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 83rd

Death rate

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4.68 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 203rd

Median age

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total: 25.3 years (2023 est.). Country comparison to the world: 168th
male: 23.5 years
female: 25.2 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate

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1.19% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 78th

Total fertility rate

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2.01 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 106th

Mother's mean age at first birth

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20.3 years (2011/12 est.)
note: median age a first birth among women 25-49

Net migration rate

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-1.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 155th

Contraceptive prevalence rate

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73.2% (2011/12)

Education expenditures

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4.9% of GDP (2019) Country comparison to the world: 68th

Literacy

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definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 88.5%
male: 88.2%
female: 88.7% (2019)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

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total: 10 years
male: 10 years
female: 11 years (2019)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

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total: 17.8%
male: 11.1%
female: 27.7% (2020 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

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total population: 75.17 years. Country comparison to the world: 128th
male: 71.63 years
female: 78.82 years (2022 est.)

Urbanization

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urban population: 59.6% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanization: 2.48% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Languages

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Spanish (official), Amerindian dialects

Religions

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Evangelical/Protestant 48%, Roman Catholic 34%, other 1%, none 17% (2020 est.)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ cruz, Eduardo (11 April 2023). "Gobierno suma a 152 microempresarias en Pimienta, Cortés". www.ine.gob.hn.
  2. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  3. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision".
  5. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  6. ^ a b "United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org.
  7. ^ "CIFRAS DE PAÍS". Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas Honduras. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  8. ^ Worldbank, country Honduras, visited October 9, 2021
  9. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
  10. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
  11. ^ "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys". microdata.worldbank.org.
  12. ^ "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations". Migration Policy Institute. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  13. ^ a b c "Central America and Caribbean :: HONDURAS". CIA The World Factbook. 5 November 2021.
  14. ^ a b Dario Euraque, "The Threat of Blackness to the Mestizo Nation: Race and Ethnicity in the Honduran Banana Economy, 1920s and 1930s," in Steve Striffler and Mark Moberg, eds. Banana Wars: Power, Production and History in the Americas (Duke University Press, 2003), pp. 229–49.
  15. ^ Dario Euraque, "Antropólogos, archaeólogos, imperialismo y la mayanicación de Honduras, 1890–1940," Revista Historia 45 (2002): 73–103
  16. ^ a b "Atlas sociolingüístico de Pueblos Indígenas de América Latina Fichas nacionales" (PDF). UNICEF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  17. ^ "29 mil extranjeros viven el sueño hondureño" (in Italian). El Heraldo. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  18. ^ "Honduras | Map, Population, History, Geography, & Culture | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 21 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  19. ^ Euraque, Darío A. (1 June 2019), "SEXUALIDAD MASCULINA Y HOMOFOBIA EN LA HISTORIA DE HONDURAS", Antología del pensamiento hondureño contemporáneo, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales. CLACSO, pp. 293–308, doi:10.2307/j.ctvnp0kc9.17, retrieved 22 October 2024
  20. ^ Honduras - XVII Censo de Población y VI de Vivienda 2013». Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Honduras. 16 de noviembre de 2015
  21. ^ [1]. The UN Refugee Agency. "Honduras: Information on racism and treatment of ethnic Chinese."
  22. ^ The Arabs of Honduras Archived 9 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Larry Luxner. Saudi Aramco World.
  23. ^ "Luxner – Articles". www.luxner.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  24. ^ "Honduras Population 2022", World Population Review
  25. ^   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "World Factbook CENTRAL AMERICA : HAITI", The World Factbook, 2022
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