El Güegüense (Spanish pronunciation: [el ɣweˈɣwen.se]; also known as Macho Ratón, pronounced [ˈma.tʃo raˈton]) is a satirical drama and was the first literary work of post-Colonial Nicaragua. It is regarded as one of Latin America's most distinctive colonial-era expressions and as Nicaragua's signature folkloric masterpiece combining music, dance and theater.[1] There was also a monument built in the center of a rotonda (roundabout) in Managua, in its honor.[2] El Güegüense is performed during the feast of San Sebastián in Diriamba (Carazo department) from 17 to 27 January.
| El Güegüense | |
|---|---|
 El Güegüense | |
| Written by | Anonymous |
| Characters |
|
| Date premiered | 16th century |
| Original language | Nahuat and Spanish |
| Genre | Satirical drama |
| El Güegüense | |
|---|---|
| Genre | Satirical drama performance |
| Date(s) | 17–27 January |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Location(s) | Diriamba, Nicaragua |
| El Güegüense | |
|---|---|
| Country | Nicaragua |
| Reference | 00111 |
| Region | Latin America and the Caribbean |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2008 (3rd session) |
| List | Representative |
Origin
editThe theatrical play was written by an anonymous author in the 16th century, making it one of the oldest indigenous theatrical/dance works of the Western Hemisphere.[3] It was passed down orally for many centuries until it was finally written down and published into a book in 1942.[4] According to the first written version the plot has 314 lines and was originally written in both Nahuat and Spanish.
Etymology
editThe name of the play comes from its main character, El Güegüense, which is derived from the Nahuat word Wewej, meaning 'old man' or 'wise man'.[4]
History
edit"El Güegüense" represents folklore of Nicaragua, therefore, UNESCO proclaimed it a "Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" in 2005 making Nicaragua the only country in Central America and one of six in Latin America to have two proclaimed masterpieces by UNESCO.[5]
Characters
editThe play includes fourteen characters.
- The three mestizos:
- Güegüense, and his sons Don Forcico and Don Ambrosio
- The Spanish authorities:
- Governor Tastuanes
- Captain Alguacil Mayor
- the Royal Clerk
- the Royal Assistant
- The women:
- Doña Suche Malinche and her two accompanying ladies
- The four beasts of burden; referred to as machos:
- Macho-moto
- Macho-viejo
- Macho-mohino
- Macho-guajaqueño
Language
editThe language is Spanish with intermixed portions of Nicarao (Nahuat), and this piece has sometimes been claimed to be a result of Spanish and Nahuat mixed or creole language. However, there is no actual evidence for this.[6]
Social controversy
editBecause deception for monetary gain is central to the plot of "El Güegüense", the play frequently is cited by newspaper editorials as a kind of symbolic archetype for perceived corrupt politicians or unaccountable public institutions.[7] Unpredictable election returns also have been attributed to the heritage of the masked "El Güegüense" figure reflected in an electorate skilled at masking their true voting intent, notably so with the FSLN party's crushing, unanticipated defeat at the polls in 1990.[8] While the role of "El Güegüense" as the highest expression of Nicaraguan folkloric art is secure, the overt theme of the play–entry into the aristocratic lifestyle through deceptive means–is frequently held at arm's length in political speeches as contrary to the current vision of national growth occurring through hard work, economic diversification, and manufacturing exports.[9]
See also
editBibliography
edit- Brinton, Daniel Garrison (1883), The Güegüence: a comedy ballet in the Nahuatl-Spanish dialect of Nicaragua. Philadelphia: D. G. Brinton. (online at archive.org)
References
edit- ^ Nicaragua's First Cultural Series to Debut in South Florida
- ^ Rotonda El Guegüense
- ^ "Event Calendar | National Museum of the American Indian". Archived from the original on 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
- ^ a b El Güegüense o Macho Ratón
- ^ List of masterpieces of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity Archived 2007-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Güegüence-Nicarao", in Lyle Campbell, 1997, American Indian Languages
- ^ Martinez, Edgard (2006-03-22). "Si te vi, ya no me acuerdo" (in Spanish). Bolsa de Noticias. Archived from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ "Hay que sacar del poder al Güegüence" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Diario. 2007-04-02. Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ Vukelich, Donna. "Bienvenidas a la Zona Franca" (in Spanish). Revista Envio Digital. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
External links
edit- El Güegüense Diriamba, Nicaragua
- Video of El Güegüense Diriamba, Nicaragua
- Video of El Güegüense dance show in Masaya
- Video of El Güegüense in the Managua parade
- Video of El Güegüense show
- Video of El Güegüense 10-minute show
- Diriamba, Nicaragua
- Rafael Lara-Martínez, Rick McCallister. "Glosario cultural NÁWAT PIPIL Y NICARAO. El Güegüense y Mitos en lengua materna de los pipiles de Izalco. (Del náwat-pipil y náwat-nicarao al español e inglés con anotaciones al náhuatl-mexicano)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-27. Retrieved 2012-09-30.